Carotenoids: Biological Functions of Carotenoids and Apocarotenoids in Natural and Artificial Systems

1st Edition, Volume 674 - August 23, 2022
Editor: Eleanore T Wurtzel
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 3 5 1 - 5
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 3 5 2 - 2

Carotenoids: Biological Functions of Carotenoids and Apocarotenoids in Natural and Artificial Systems, Volume 674 in the Methods in Enzymology series, highlights new advances… Read more

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Carotenoids: Biological Functions of Carotenoids and Apocarotenoids in Natural and Artificial Systems, Volume 674 in the Methods in Enzymology series, highlights new advances in the field, with this new volume presenting interesting chapters on topics such as Ultrafast laser spectroscopic studies on carotenoids in solution and on those bound to photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes, Assessing photoprotective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic systems of plants and green algae, Fluorescence of carotenoids: probing binding site interactions and conformational motion in carotenoproteins, Resonance Raman: A powerful tool to interrogate carotenoids in biological matrices, and much more.

Other chapters in the book cover Engineering the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway to study the function of carotenoids in light-harvesting complexes, Carotenoids as proxies for variations in photosynthesis and phenology in response to environmental and climatic change, Apocarotenoid pigment biosynthesis in non-model plants, Apocarotenoid transport in plants, Screening for apocarotenoid plant growth regulators in Arabidopsis, Effects of herbivory on carotenoid biosynthesis and breakdown, Biosynthesis and action of apocarotenoid plant hormones, and much more.

Cover
Titlepage
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Chapter One: Ultrafast laser spectroscopic studies on carotenoids in solution and on those bound to photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Femtosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy
3: Sub-nanosecond time-resolved absorption spectroscopy
4: Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy of carotenoids in solution
5: Time-resolved absorption spectroscopy of carotenoids in photosynthetic pigment-protein complexes from purple bacteria
6: Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Two: Assessing photoprotective functions of carotenoids in photosynthetic systems of plants and green algae
Abstract
1: Introduction: Functions of carotenoids in the photosynthetic apparatus
2: In vivo photobleaching assay
3: In vivo detection of ROS release
4: Assess sensitivity to exogenously added ROS
5: Protein carbonylation assay
6: Detect and quantify lipid peroxidation
7: Measurement of PSI and PSII photoinhibition
8: Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Three: Fluorescence of carotenoids: Probing binding site interactions and conformational motion in carotenoproteins
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Fluorescence spectrometers for studies of carotenoproteins
3: Fluorescence spectra and Raman interferences
4: Analysis of fluorescence line shape
5: Detection of conformational motion
6: Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Four: Resonance Raman: A powerful tool to interrogate carotenoids in biological matrices
Abstract
1: Carotenoids: Electronic properties
2: Vibrational spectroscopy: Tools to describe molecules precisely
3: Resonance Raman of carotenoid molecules
4: Applications of resonance Raman to carotenoids in biological systems
5: Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Five: Engineering purple bacterial carotenoid biosynthesis to study the roles of carotenoids in light-harvesting complexes
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Carotenoid biosynthesis in purple bacteria
3: Genetic modification of Rba. sphaeroides and purification of pigment–protein complexes
4: Protocols
5: Analysis and characterization of purified pigment–protein complexes
6: Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Six: Extraction, detection, and imaging of the macular carotenoids
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Extraction of macular carotenoids
3: Detection of macular carotenoids
4: Methods for imaging macular carotenoids
5: Summary
References
Chapter Seven: Analysis of macular carotenoids in the developing macaque retina: The timeline of macular pigment development
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Materials and methods
3: Results
4: Discussion
5: Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Eight: Assessment of dietary carotenoid intake and biologic measurement of exposure in humans
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Assessment of carotenoids in the diet
3: Biological assessment of carotenoids
4: Factors affecting bioavailability and carotenoid status
5: Future directions
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter Nine: A guide for the evaluation of in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Materials and equipment
3: Prepare before you begin
4: Step-by-step method
5: Final remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Ten: A fast and simplified method to estimate bioaccessibility of carotenoids from plant tissues
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: A bioaccessibility protocol adapted to plant molecular biology lab settings
3: Protocol description
4: Testing the protocol
5: Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Eleven: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein-mediated transfer of β-carotene from donor to acceptor vesicles in vitro
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Preparation of β-carotene-containing donor vesicles
3: Preparation of acceptor vesicles
4: Preparation of liver homogenates as a source of MTP
5: MTP multistep transfer assay for β-carotene
6: Extraction and quantification of β-carotene by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)
7: Calculation of % transfer based on HPLC measurements of β-carotene
8: Calculation of % transfer based on β-carotene fluorescence
9: Optimization
10: Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Twelve: Development and validation of a method to deliver vitamin A to macrophages
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Protocol
3: Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Thirteen: Methods for assessing the interaction of apocarotenoids with vertebrate nuclear receptors
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Chemical synthesis of apocarotenoids
3: Methods for studying the binding of apocarotenoids to nuclear receptors
4: Methods for studying the effects of apocarotenoids on nuclear receptor activation
5: Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Fourteen: Carotenoid modifying enzymes in metazoans
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Roles of carotenoids in the animal kingdom
3: Metabolism of carotenoids in animals
4: Functional identification of carotenoid processing enzymes
References
Chapter Fifteen: Expression and biochemical analyses of proteins involved in the transport of carotenoids and retinoids
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Methods overview
3: Carotenoid uptake assays
4: Heterologous expression and purification of human RBP4 from bacteria
5: Quality control for purified holo-RBP4
6: Expression and purification of human cellular retinol-binding proteins
7: High-throughput screening for nonretinoid CRBPs ligands and verification of their interaction with the proteins
8: Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Sixteen: Screening for apocarotenoid plant growth regulators in Arabidopsis
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Materials
3: Methods
4: Notes
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Seventeen: Effects of herbivory on carotenoid biosynthesis and breakdown
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Herbivory treatments
3: Measurement of carotenoid biosynthesis via the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway
4: Analysis of carotenoid breakdown products
5: Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter Eighteen: Strigolactone signaling complex formation in yeast: A paradigm for studying hormone-induced receptor interaction with multiple downstream proteins
Abstract
1: Introduction
2: Yeast hybrid system to identify protein-protein interactions
3: Materials and equipment
4: Protocol
5: Analysis
6: Discussion
Acknowledgment
References

Eleanore T Wurtzel

As a Ph.D student, Eleanore Wurtzel innovated gene tagging and isolated the first genes for two-component signaling in bacteria, laying the foundation for study of signaling mechanisms found throughout nature, including plants. With an NSF postdoctoral fellowship, Dr. Wurtzel boldly changed fields from bacterial membrane biochemistry to plant biology, when maize was the only model system. She established some of the first experiments on plant chromatin structure as an NSF Plant Biology postdoctoral fellow at Brookhaven National Laboratory. She then joined Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and began research on maize carotenoid biosynthesis, then a poorly studied area. Dr. Wurtzel next joined the Biological Sciences Department at Lehman College, City University of New York, where she is currently a Full Professor and on the faculty of the CUNY Biology and Biochemistry PhD programs. Eleanore Wurtzel has made fundamental and longstanding contributions to the field of plant carotenoid biosynthesis, plant biochemistry, and plant metabolic engineering which are enabling improvement of crops for sustainable solutions to global vitamin A deficiency affecting the health and mortality of 250 million children worldwide. Dr. Wurtzel is grateful to the many students, postdocs, and visiting scientists who have contributed to her laboratory’s research for which she has been recognized as a Fellow of AAAS, Fellow of ASPB, and most recently as a Fellow of the International Carotenoid Society. Dr. Wurtzel serves as a Monitoring Editor of Plant Physiology. Dr. Wurtzel has also been a long-standing elected member of the Gordon Research Conferences (GRC) Board of Trustees. She has been instrumental at GRC in developing and contributing to programs for women in science. She also founded and chaired the first GRC on Plant Metabolic Engineering and founded the GRC seminar for early career scientists for both the GRC Plant Metabolic Engineering community and the GRC Carotenoids community.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College and the Graduate Center, The City University of New York, USA