Cardiovascular Pathology

5th Edition - January 22, 2022
Editors: L. Maximilian Buja, Jagdish Butany
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 2 2 2 4 - 9
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 1 2 5 8 - 7

Cardiovascular Pathology, Fifth Edition provides a comprehensive treatise on the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, combining presentations of detailed pathology of cardiovas… Read more

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Cardiovascular Pathology, Fifth Edition provides a comprehensive treatise on the pathology of cardiovascular diseases, combining presentations of detailed pathology of cardiovascular diseases coupled with contemporary insights into etiology and pathogenesis. Twenty-two chapters cover general topics, including cardiovascular genetics, heart failure, and transplantation, and specific congenital and acquired cardiovascular diseases, therapeutic interventions, and forensic aspects. New chapters address the scope of practice and training in cardiovascular pathology, with a focus on major diagnostic approaches used in contemporary practice and research in cardiovascular pathology, and a perspective on the field of cardiovascular regenerative medicine linked to the basic pathobiology of cell-based therapy.

The book provides a unique combination of details of pathological anatomy essential for pathologists involved in the evaluation of cardiovascular specimens and cardiovascular diseases, and is an excellent reference for anyone interested in the natural history and therapeutic advances in the cardiovascular field.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
About the editors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Cardiovascular pathology: guide to practice and training
Abstract
Introduction
Autopsy
Genetics and molecular biology
Surgical pathology
Endomyocardial biopsy
Heart transplant pathology
Cardiovascular clinical diagnostic and imaging studies
Training in cardiovascular pathology
Cardiovascular pathologist roles as diagnostician, teacher, consultant, and care team member
Summary
References
Chapter 2. Anatomic considerations and examination of cardiovascular specimens (excluding devices)
Abstract
Gross examination of the heart
Examination of surgical cardiovascular specimens
Microscopic examination of the blood vessels and heart
Genetics
Summary
References
Chapter 3. Age-related cardiovascular changes and diseases
Abstract
Introduction
Nonspecific cardiovascular changes of aging
Changes in the conduction system
Changes in arteries
Age-related diseases
Genetic and molecular aspects of cardiovascular aging
Summary
References
Chapter 4. Fundamental principles in cardiovascular genetics
Abstract
Central concept figure
Notable abbreviations
Genetic variation
Modern molecular diagnostics
Identifying the genetic basis of cardiovascular disease
Molecular diagnostics in cardiovascular pathology practice
Summary
References
Chapter 5. Pathophysiology of heart failure and an overview of therapies
Abstract
Overview of heart failure
Clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria
Pathophysiology of heart failure
Neurohormonal alterations in heart failure
Myocardial architecture
Molecular responses and adaptation of cardiac cells
Metabolic remodeling in heart failure
Short- to intermediate-term circulatory support devices
Conclusion
Summary
References
Chapter 6. Congenital heart disease: pathology, natural history, and interventions
Abstract
Abbreviations
Introduction
Definition
Epidemiology
Etiology
Embryology of the cardiovascular system
Clinical features and consequences
Specific forms of congenital heart disease
Surgical and nonsurgical interventions
Congenital heart disease in the adult
Natural history without and with interventions
Summary
References
Chapter 7. Vascular Pathobiology: Atherosclerosis and Large Vessel Disease
Abstract
Introduction to atherosclerosis
Epidemiology and risk factors
Gross and microscopic morphology of the fibroinflammatory lipid plaque
Steps in atherosclerotic plaque formation and complications
Cellular function and pathways in atherogenesis
Nonatherosclerotic diseases of the aorta
Summary
References
Chapter 8. Diseases of small and medium-sized blood vessels
Abstract
Introduction
Vascular activation and common vascular pathologic changes
Congenital vascular diseases
Genetic vascular disorders
Endocrine/metabolic vascular disorders
Vasculitis
Infection
Toxic vasculopathies
Coagulopathic disorders
Hypertension
Vascular deposition disorders
Intimal proliferative diseases
Arterial dissections
Miscellaneous conditions
Disorders of veins
Summary
References
Chapter 9. Aneurysms of the aorta: ascending, thoracic, and abdominal and their management
Abstract
Introduction
Normal anatomy and histology of the aorta
Aging changes of the aorta
Thoracic aortic aneurysms
Etiology and pathologic findings
Clinical presentation and natural history
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Aortic dissection
Management
Summary
References
Chapter 10. Myocardial ischemia and its complications
Abstract
Definition and history
Universal definition of myocardial infarction
Clinical manifestations
Epidemiology
Biochemical changes with ischemia and biochemical markers
Ultrastructural evolution of acute ischemic injury
Cellular and subcellular mechanisms of myocardial injury
Microscopic evolution of acute ischemic injury
Morphology of coronary arteries and plaques
Tako–Tsubo cardiomyopathy
Gross evolution of acute ischemic injury
Patterns of myocardial infarction
Phenomena associated with ischemic injury
Reperfusion of ischemic myocardium
Complications of myocardial infarction
Recognition and quantification of acute ischemic injury
Pathology of interventions
Pathophysiological and pharmacological interventions
Genetics and molecular biology of ischemic heart disease
Genetics of coronary artery disease
Molecular biology of coronary artery disease
Cell-based therapies for ischemic heart disease
Summary
References
Chapter 11. Pathology of sudden death, cardiac arrhythmias, and conduction system
Abstract
Sudden death
Cardiac conduction system
Atrial fibrillation
Appendix guidelines for postmortem study of sudden death
Acknowledgments
Summary
References
Chapter 12. Toxins and the heart
Abstract
Introduction
Endocardium
Myocardium
Pericardium
Coronary arteries and ischemia
Conduction system
Specific drug considerations
Environmental pollutants
Myocardial toxins as a cause of death
Genetics and molecular biology
Summary
References
Chapter 13. Myocarditis
Abstract
Abbreviations
Definition of myocarditis
Diagnosis of myocarditis
Histopathologic patterns of myocarditis
Etiologies of myocarditis
Treatment of myocarditis
Molecular and genetic technologies and considerations in myocarditis
Summary
References
Chapter 14. Cardiomyopathies
Abstract
Definition and classification of cardiomyopathies
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Others
Genetics and molecular biology
Summary
References
Chapter 15. The pericardium and its diseases
Abstract
Normal pericardium
Patterns of pathology
Diagnostic techniques
Major diagnoses
Molecular considerations
Summary
References
Chapter 16. Valvular heart disease
Abstract
Introduction
Normal valvular function
Valvular dysfunction
Aortic stenosis
Mitral stenosis
Nonrheumatic mitral stenosis
Rheumatic mitral regurgitation
Other causes of mitral regurgitation
Tricuspid valvular dysfunction
Pulmonary valvular dysfunction
Verrucous endocarditis
Summary
References
Chapter 17. Cardiac valve replacement and related interventions
Abstract
General considerations
Valve-related complications: clinical importance, morphology, secondary effects, and pathogenesis
Other tissue valve substitutes
Transcatheter valve implantation
Valve repair and valve sparing procedures
New developments and future considerations
Pathologic considerations in analysis of heart valve substitutes
Disclosure
Appendix. Some Heart valve prostheses approved by the FDA
Summary
References
Chapter 18. The pathology of cardiovascular interventions and devices for coronary artery disease, vascular disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias
Abstract
Central concept figure: comprehensive medical device pathology
Introduction
Endovascular therapies and myocardial revascularization
Aortic and peripheral vascular replacement and reconstruction
Cardiac assist and replacement
Arrhythmia control
Summary
References
Chapter 19. Tumors of the cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels
Abstract
Incidence and classification
Clinical symptoms
Reactive cardiac masses and pseudotumors
Ectopias
Hamartomas and benign neoplasms
Hamartomas of the cardiac muscle
Benign fatty tumors
Benign tumors of the myofibroblastic tissue
Miscellaneous benign fibrous tumors
Cardiac myxoma
Benign neural neoplasms
Primary neoplasms and genetics
Metastatic tumors
Sarcomas of the great vessels
Summary
References
Chapter 20. Pathology of cardiac transplantation
Abstract
General clinicopathologic considerations
Pathology of the explanted recipient heart
Pathology of the donor heart
Pathology of the allograft
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders
Causes of death in heart transplant recipients
Heart transplantation in combination with other organs
Pathological review of an endomyocardial biopsy
Approach to the examination of a failed allograft
Noninvasive molecular testing for cardiac allograft rejection
Future considerations
Summary
References
Chapter 21. Basic pathobiology of cell-based therapies and cardiac regenerative medicine
Abstract
Central concept figure: evolution of cell therapy for myocardial repair and regeneration
Introduction
The rise (and fall) of the myocardial regeneration hypothesis
Classic descriptions of growth, hypertrophy and failure of the heart
Contemporary overview of cardiomyocytes biology
Contemporary perspectives on myocardial pathobiology
Experimental studies of stem cell therapy
Clinical studies and trials of stem cell therapy
Challenges to the rationale for cardiac stem cell therapy
Regulatory considerations
Alternatives to exogenous stem cell therapy
Perspectives
Summary
References
Chapter 22. Forensic aspects of cardiovascular pathology
Abstract
Investigative information
General changes
Cardiovascular pathology consultation
Injuries of the heart and major vessels
Primary diseases of the heart
Infectious and inflammatory conditions affecting the heart
Diseases of the cardiac valves
Anomalies and diseases of the aorta and coronary arteries
Systemic diseases affecting the heart and major vessels
Ancillary studies
Sudden death following surgical and medical procedures
Organ and tissue procurement
Summary
References
Index

L. Maximilian Buja

Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth); Distinguished Teaching Professor, The University of Texas System; Executive Director, The TMC Library; Editor-in-Chief, Cardiovascular Pathology (the official journal of the Society for Cardiovscular Pathology) Dr. Buja MD is a Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. His subspecialty interest is cardiovascular pathology with research interests in myocardial cell injury, myocardial ischemia, atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathies. Dr. Buja teaches medical students, medical residents, clinical fellows, graduate students and research post-doctoral fellows. He also conducts a clinical practice in cardiovascular pathology providing staffing of autopsy cases and surgical pathology consultation of cardiac and vascular cases and interpretation of myocardial biopsies from referrals. He directs a cardiovascular pathology fellowship approved by the Texas Medical Board. He is the editor-in-chief of Cardiovascular Pathology, the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology. He also serves as the Executive Director of The Texas Medical Center Library located adjacent to the medical school.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA

Jagdish Butany

Consultant Cardiovascular Pathologist/Director Autopsy Services Co-Editor-in-Chief, Cardiovascular Pathology, Guest Editor, Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology Secretary-Treasurer, WASPaLM, Professor, University of Toronto & Director, Division of Pathology,Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network / Laboratory Medicine Program Toronto General Hospital,Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Butany is Professor in the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology at the University of Toronto, Canada and Director of the Division of Pathology in the Department. He is a Staff Cardiovascular Pathologist at the University Health Network (Toronto General Hospital Site), and Director of Autopsy Services. His investigative work has primarily been based on clinical investigations and outcomes and collaboration with clinical colleagues in basic and applied research. His major interest has been prosthetic heart valves. Dr. Butany has been involved in teaching at the undergraduate and post-graduate levels, including medical students, pathology residents, cardiology residents and cardiac surgery residents and fellows. He is a founding member of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology and served as the president from 2007-2009). He has been Co-Editor-in-Chief of Cardiovascular Pathology, the official journal of the Society of Cardiovascular Pathology and continues to serve on its Editorial Board.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, University of Toronto and Director, Division of Pathology, Deptartment of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network / Laboratory Medicine Program Toronto General Hospital, Canada