Breastfeeding

A Guide for the Medical Profession

9th Edition - April 17, 2021
Authors: Ruth A. Lawrence, Robert M. Lawrence
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 8 0 1 3 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 6 8 0 1 4 - 1

Written and edited by leading physicians, Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession, 9th Edition, offers comprehensive, dependable information and guidance in this… Read more

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Written and edited by leading physicians, Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession, 9th Edition, offers comprehensive, dependable information and guidance in this multifaceted field. Award-winning author and co-founder of the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine, Dr. Ruth Lawrence, and her son, Dr. Rob Lawrence, ensure that you’re brought fully up to date on everything from basic data on the anatomical, physiological, biochemical, nutritional, immunological, and psychological aspects of human lactation, to the problems of clinical management of breastfeeding—all in a highly readable, easily accessible desk reference.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Any screen, Any time, Anywhere
Copyright
Dedication
List of Contributors
Foreword from the Eighth Edition
Suggested Reading
Preface
1. Breastfeeding in a New Era
Abstract
Early History of Breastfeeding
Cultural Practices
Modern History of Breastfeeding
Disparities in Breastfeeding
Measures of Breastfeeding Success
Mortality Studies in Breastfed and Artificially Fed Infants
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Measuring Costs of Not Breastfeeding or Money Saved from Increased Breastfeeding
The Mammary Gland and Science
Support for the Breastfeeding Women of the World
Summary
2. Anatomy of the Breast
Abstract
Gross Anatomy
Embryonic Development
Fetal and Prepubertal Development
Pubertal Development
Anatomic Location
Abnormalities
Corpus Mammae
Nipple and Areola
Blood Supply
Lymphatic Drainage
Innervation
Microscopic Anatomy
Mature Mammary Gland
Mammary Gland in Pregnancy
Lactating Mammary Gland
Postlactation Regression of Mammary Gland
Summary
3. Physiology of Lactation
Abstract
Stages of Mammary Gland Development
Apoptosis in the Mammary Gland
Hormonal Control of Lactation
Embryogenesis
Mammogenesis: Mammary Growth
Lactogenesis—Initiation of Milk Secretion
Prolactin
Human Placental Lactogen and Human Growth Hormone
Oxytocin
Stage III Lactogenesis (Galactopoiesis): Maintenance of Established Lactation
Hormonal Regulation of Prolactin and Oxytocin
Changes in Breast Hemodynamics in Breastfeeding Mothers
Understanding the Myth of “MILK COMING IN”
Maternal Effects of Suckling
Concentrations of Oxytocin in Milk
Role of Prostaglandins as Milk Ejectors
Production of Hormones by the Mammary Gland
Feedback Inhibitor of Lactation (FIL)
Maternal Adaptation to Lactation
Delay in the Onset of Lactogenesis
Synthesis of Human Milk
Function of Cellular Components of the Lactating Breast
Intermediary Metabolism of Mammary Gland
Carbohydrates
Fat
Protein
Ions and Water
Milk Enzymes
Cellular Components
Involution: Weaning and Apoptosis
Summary
4. Biochemistry of Human Milk
Abstract
Normal Variations In Human Milk
Stages of Lactation
Lactogenesis Stage II
Carbohydrates
Minerals
Trace Elements
Vitamins
Enzymes
Hormones
Bile Salts
Epidermal Growth Factor
5. Host-Resistance Factors and Immunologic Significance of Human Milk
Abstract
Overview
Protective Effect of Breast Milk
Dose-Response Relationship
Developmental Deficiencies In Infants’ Immune Systems
Bioactive Factors
Mucosal Immunity
Cellular Components of Human Colostrum and Milk
Survival of Maternal Milk Cells
Humoral Factors
Other Bioactive Factors
Mucosal Immune System
Toll-Like Receptors
Microbiota
Genetics and Epigenetics
Effectiveness of Human Milk in Controlling Infection
Antiinflammatory Properties
Allergic Protective Properties (See Chapter 17 on Human Milk as Prophylaxis in Allergy)
Protection Against Chronic Disease in Childhood
Summary
6. Population Health and Informed Feeding Decisions
Abstract
Breastfeeding and Maternal Health
Breastfeeding and Infant Health
Contraindications to Breastfeeding
Population Health Impact
From Population to Patient: Counseling the Feeding Decision
7. Practical Management of the Nursing “Dyad”
Abstract
Basic Practical Management of Lactation
Prenatal Breastfeeding Education and Management
Going Home from The Hospital or Birthing Center
Part 2: Diagnosing Breastfeeding Problems
Overview
Maternal Problems
Milk Transfer/Observing a Latch or Pump Session
Expression of Milk to Feed
One-Breast/Two-Breast Feedings
Breast Rejection or Nursing “Strikes”
Infant-Side Problems
8. Maternal Nutrition and Supplements for Mother and Infant
Abstract
Nutrition for Breastfeeding
Impact of Maternal Diet on Milk Production
Maternal Nutrition: Immunologic Substances
Recommendations for Nutritional Support During Lactation
Foods to Avoid
Color of Milk and Maternal Diet
9. Weaning
Abstract
Infant’s Need
Cultural Patterns of Weaning
Role of Development In Initiation of Weaning
Introduction of Solids
Mothers’ Choices
Weaning Process
Infant-Initiated Weaning
Emergency Weaning
Milk Fever
Growth and Weaning
Changes in Milk Composition During Gradual Weaning
Physician’s Role In Weaning
Understanding The Reasons to Wean
Closet Nursing
Working Mothers and Weaning
Legal Issues
Why do some women not breastfeed?
Summary
10. Normal Growth, Growth Faltering, and Obesity in Breastfed Infants
Abstract
Normal Growth
Growth Faltering (Failure To Thrive)
Maternal and Infant Obesity and Breastfeeding
Childhood Obesity and Breastfeeding
Nutritional Programming
Summary
11. Medications, Herbal Preparations, and Natural Products in Breast Milk
Abstract
Misinterpretation of Drug Data
Possible Risk of Drug Appearing in Breast Milk
Important Variables Regarding Medications In Human Breast Milk
Infant Related Medication Factors
Characteristics of Drugs
Pharmacokinetic Principles
Infant-Related Factors
Milk-to-Plasma Ratio for Drugs is Usually Not Useful
Evaluating Drug Data
Safety for Infant
Correlation of Drug Safety in Pregnancy and Lactation
Classification Systems
Specific Drug Groups
Drugs of Abuse and Alcohol
Herbs and Herbal Teas
Galactagogues
Lactation Suppression
Cardiovascular Drugs and Diuretics
Central Nervous System Drugs
Psychotherapeutic Agents
Migraines and Headaches
Medications for Autoimmune Disorders in Lactation
Pesticides and Pollutants
Radioactive Materials
Dermatologic Medication
Immunizations
Summary of Medications in Breast Milk
12. Transmission of Infectious Diseases Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding
Abstract
Evidence for Transmission
Infection-Control Considerations
Misadministration of Breast Milk
Clinical Syndromes and Conditions
Bacterial Infections
Staphylococcal Infections
Streptococcal Infections
Viral Infections
Hepatitis in the Mother
Human Papillomavirus
Retroviruses
Spirochetes
Parasites
Candida Infections
Summary
13. Breastfeeding Infants With Problems
Abstract
Procedures and Surgery
Perinatal Issues
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Respiratory Illness and Otitis Media
Metabolic Disease
Neurologically Impaired Infants
Endocrine Diseases
Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice
Suckling Problems Related to Anatomy and Neural Disorders
Intestinal Tract Disorders
Malformations of central nervous system
Congenital Heart Disease
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Oral Health
14. Premature Infants and Breastfeeding
Abstract
Benefits of Human Milk for the Preterm
Gastrointestinal Tract Development
Gastrointestinal Priming
Colostrum
Low-Birth-Weight Infants
Optimal Growth for Premature Infants
Special Properties of Preterm Milk
Use of Human Milk
Gastrointestinal Characteristics of Premature Infants
Use of Human Milk for Premature Infants
Supplementation of Mother’s Own Milk or Pooled Human Milk
Artificial Fortification of Human Milk
Fortification of Human Milk with Human Milk
Long-Term Follow-Up of Growth Parameters in Infants with Very Low-Birth-Weight
Antimicrobial Properties of Preterm Breast Milk
Donor Milk
Kangaroo Care and Skin-to-Skin Care
Milk Production by Mothers of Premature Infants
Who Produces Milk for Low-Birth-Weight or Small-For-Gestational-Age Infants?
Feeding the Near-Term Infant (35 TO 37 Weeks’ Gestation) at the Breast
Premature Infants of 28 6/7 Weeks to 32 6/7 Weeks
Breastfeeding the Extremely Premature Infant
Small-For-Gestational-Age Infants
Transitioning from Hospital to Home
Improving Milk Production
Concluding Recommendations
15. Medical Complications of Mothers
Abstract
Shared Decision-Making
Management of Acute Conditions in the Breastfeeding Mother
Pregnancy Complications
Breastfeeding and Maternal Chronic Conditions
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Gastrointestinal Disorders
Pulmonary Disorders
Autoimmune Disorders
Neurologic Disorders
Renal Disorders
Cardiac Disorders
Organ Transplant
Musculoskeletal Disorders
Psychiatric Disorders
Summary
16. Breast Conditions in the Breastfeeding Mother
Abstract
Breast Physical ExamInation
Anatomic Variants
Nipple-Areolar Complex
Obstructive and Inflammatory Conditions
Benign Breast Masses, Breast Pain, and Other Conditions
Breast Cancer and Breastfeeding
Plastic Surgery and Breastfeeding
17. Human Milk and Atopic Disease
Abstract
Atopic Disease
Natural History of Food Allergy
Enteromammary Immune System
Prophylaxis of Allergy
Recommendations of the Committee on Nutrition and Section on Allergy and Immunology of the American Academy of Pediatrics
Immunologic Aspects of Allergy
Cow Milk Allergy
Food Allergy in Breastfed Infants
Celiac Disease
Summary
18. Breastfeeding and Return to Work or School
Abstract
Breastfeeding and Employment
Demographic Disparities
Maternal Employment Affects Breastfeeding Exclusivity and Duration
Decision-Making Regarding Continuing Breastfeeding
Counseling Breastfeeding Mothers Who Choose to Work
Summary
19. Induced Lactation and Relactation (Including Nursing an Adopted Baby) and Cross-Nursing
Abstract
Historical Perspective
Induced Versus Inappropriate Lactation
Animal Studies
Induced Lactation
Management of Mother and Infant
Protocols for Induced Lactation
Guidelines for Induced Lactation
When Adopting Mothers are a Same-Sex Couple
Relactation or Reinitiation of Lactation
Special Devices
Relactation During Disasters
Wet Nursing, Cross-Nursing, Co-Feeding, or Milk Sharing
Summary
20. Chestfeeding and Lactation Care for LGBTQ+ Families (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Plus)
Abstract
Creating a Respectful Health Care Environment
Physiology of Lactation in Special Circumstances
Transwomen (A Female at Birth, Affirmed Male)
Two or More Lactating Parents and Co-Lactation
Surrogacy and Adoption
Factors Common to all of These Cases
21. Reproductive Function During Lactation
Abstract
Lactation and Fertility
The Lactational Amenorrhea Method
Safety and Efficacy of other Contraceptive Methods During Lactation
Patient-Centered Counseling on Sexuality, Birth Spacing, and Contraception
22. The Collection and Storage of Human Milk and Human Milk Banking
Abstract
Prevalence of Human Milk Expression
Techniques for Human Milk Collection
Evaluation of Milk Expression Methods
Pumping in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Storage Containers
Human Milk Storage Recommendations
Risk of Human Milk Expression on Breastfeeding
Risks of Feeding Pumped Milk on Infant Health
Cultural Aspects Concerning Human Milk Collection
Historical Perspective Human Milk Sharing and Banking
Informal Milk Sharing
Human Milk Banking
Donor Human Milk
Financial Aspects of Banking
Cultural Issues Pertaining to Milk Sharing
23. Infant Feeding After a Disaster
Abstract
Benefits of Breastfeeding After a Disaster
Previous Experiences Feeding Infants
Challenges in Feeding Infant Formula After Disasters
Preparedness Plans to Support Breastfeeding and Safe Infant Feeding After a Disaster
Breastfeeding and Radiation Exposure
24. Establishing a Breastfeeding Medicine Practice or Academic Department
Abstract
Who is a Breastfeeding Medicine Provider?
Choosing a Model Type
Business Plan
Documentation to Support Sound Clinical Practice, for Billing, and to Limit Liability
Community Integration, Access, and Follow-Up
Inpatient Rounding and Support
Summary
25. Breastfeeding Support Groups and Community Resources
Abstract
Support for Breastfeeding
Historical Perspective
Development of Mother Support Groups
Government Organizations
Nongovernmental Organizations
Lactation Consultants
Peer Counseling
Summary
26. Educating and Training Medical Professionals
Abstract
Provider Education on Breastfeeding in the Twentieth Century
Principles of Educating Providers
Suggested Learning Objectives by Discipline
Formats
Specific Curricula
Organizations Devoted to Provider Education
Summary
Appendices
Appendix A. Composition of Human Milk
Appendix B. Normal Serum Values for Breastfed Infants
Appendix C. Herbals and Natural Products
Appendix D. Precautions and Breastfeeding Recommendations for Selected Maternal Infections
Appendix E. Manual Expression of Breast Milk
Procedure
Appendix F. Measurements of Weight Loss and Growth in Breastfed Infants
Weight Loss in the First Days of Life: The Newborn Weight Tool
Standards for Growth Until Age 5: World Health Organization
Appendix G. Organizations Supporting Breastfeeding and Promoting Lactation Knowledge
Government Agencies
Private Educational and Support Organizations
Other International Breastfeeding Support Organizations
Organizations For Physicians
Direct Access Lactation Information Sources
Public and Private Human Milk Banks/Laboratories
Information About Examination and Certification
Foundations Supporting Breastfeeding and Lactation Research and Knowledge
Appendix H. Breastfeeding Health Supervision
Glossary
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #1: Guidelines for Blood Glucose Monitoring and Treatment of Hypoglycemia in Term and Late-Preterm Neonates, Revised 2014
Abstract
Purpose
Background
General Management Recommendations (Table 5)
Management of Documented Hypoglycemia (Table 6)
Supporting the Mother
Recommendations for Future Research
Summary
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #2: Guidelines for Hospital Discharge of the Breastfeeding Term Newborn and Mother: “The Going Home Protocol,” Revised 2014
Abstract
Background
Suggestions for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #3: Supplementary Feedings in the Healthy Term Breastfed Neonate, Revised 2017
Abstract
Definitions Used in This Protocol
Background
Recommendations
Choice of Supplement
Volume of Supplemental Feeding
Methods of Providing Supplementary Feedings
Research Needs
Notes
Appendix 1
Appendix A2: Sample Maternity Care Infant Nutrition Algorithm
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #4: Mastitis, Revised March 2014
Abstract
Introduction
Definition and Diagnosis
Predisposing Factors
Investigations
Management
Follow-Up
Complications
Prevention (III)
Recommendations for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #5: Peripartum Breastfeeding Management for the Healthy Mother and Infant at Term, Revision 2013
Abstract
Background
Recommendations
Prenatal
Labor and Delivery
Immediate Postpartum
Problems and Complications
Recommendations for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. Bedsharing and Breastfeeding: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Protocol #6, Revision 2019
Abstract
Purpose
Summary and Recommendations
Evidence Base and Supporting Material
Disclosure Statement
Funding Information
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #7: Model Maternity Policy Supportive of Breastfeeding
Abstract
Background
Purpose
About the 2018 Policy Protocol
Recommendations
Application
Other related ABM Protocols
Research Needs
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #8: Human Milk Storage Information for Home Use for Full-Term Infants, Revised 2017
Abstract
Background
Preparation for Human Milk Storage
Storage of Human Milk
Using Stored Human Milk
Areas for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #9: Use of Galactagogues in Initiating or Augmenting Maternal Milk Production, Second Revision 2018
Abstract
Background
Potential Indications for Galactogogues
Pharmaceutical Galactogogues
Summary
Herbals, Foods, and Beverages as Galactogogues
Practice Recommendations
Conclusions
Recommendations for Further Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #10: Breastfeeding the Late Preterm (34–36 6/7 Weeks of Gestation) and Early Term Infants (37–38 6/7 Weeks of Gestation), Second Revision 2016
Abstract
Highlights of New Information Since the 2010 Revision Include
Purpose
Background
Recommendations
Recommendations for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #11: Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Neonatal Ankyloglossia and Its Complications in the Breastfeeding Dyad: The Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine: ABM Protocols
Abstract
Definition
Background
Assessment of Ankyloglossia
Assessment of the Breastfeeding Dyad
Recommendations
The Frenotomy Procedure
Management of Maternal and Infant Complications of Ankyloglossia
Further Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #12: Transitioning the Breastfeeding Preterm Infant from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit to Home, Revised 2018
Abstract
Introduction and Background
General Strategies
Predischarge Feeding Assessment
Discharge Feeding Plan (IV)
Postdischarge Assessment (IV)
Support for Breastfeeding Mothers of Premature Infants
Recommendations for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #13: Contraception During Breastfeeding, Revised 2015
Abstract
Purpose
Issues in Counseling and Selection of Contraceptives During Breastfeeding
LAM for Contraception in the Early Postpartum Period and for Introduction of Other Methods
Additional Comments on Individual Methods
Natural family planning
The Medical Eligibility Criteria
Future Research
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #14: Breastfeeding-Friendly Physician’s Office: Optimizing Care for Infants and Children, Revised 2013
Abstract
Definitions
Background
Obstacles to Providing Breastfeeding Care
Recommendations for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #15: Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Breastfeeding Mother, Revised 2017
Abstract
Background
Recommendations
Information About Specific Agents Used for Anesthesia and Analgesia
Perioperative Breastfeeding Plan
Recommendations for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #16: Breastfeeding the Hypotonic Infant, Revision 2016
Abstract
Goal
Definition
Background
Procedures
Further Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #17: Guidelines for Breastfeeding Infants with Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, or Cleft Lip and Palate—Revised 2019
Abstract
Background
Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Appendix A1 Frequently Asked Questions
References
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #18: Use of Antidepressants in Breastfeeding Mothers
Abstract
Background
Clinical Approach to Treating PPD
Treatment
Clinical Factors Affecting Antidepressant Choice
Choosing an Antidepressant During Lactation
Specific Antidepressants
Recommendations for Antidepressant Treatment in Lactating Women
Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #19: Breastfeeding Promotion in the Prenatal Setting, Revision 2015
Abstract
Background
Recommendations
Recommendations for Further Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #20: Engorgement, Revised 2016
Abstract
Purpose
Background
Assessment of Engorgement
Prevention and Treatment
Recommendations for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #21: Guidelines for Breastfeeding and Substance Use or Substance Use Disorder, Revised 2015
Abstract
Purpose
Background
Specific Substances
Recommendations
Recommendations for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #22: Guidelines for Management of Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant 35 Weeks or More of Gestation—Revised 2017
Abstract
Purpose
Biologic Basis for Jaundice in the Newborn and Its Relationship to Breastfeeding
Evidence-Based Strategies for Preventing or Ameliorating Jaundice in the Breastfeeding Infant
Management of Breastfeeding in the Newborn with Jaundice
Summary and Conclusions
Research Needs
Acknowledgment
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #23: Nonpharmacological Management of Procedure-Related Pain in the Breastfeeding Infant, Revised 2016
Abstract
Purpose
Background
Soothing the Newborn Infant
Sucrose and Sucking (in Combination or Separately)
Soothing the Preterm Newborn
Soothing the Older Infant (1 Month to 1 Year)
Recommendations for Further Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #24: Allergic Proctocolitis in the Exclusively Breastfed Infant
Abstract
Purpose
Definitions
Background
Maternal Elimination Diet
Difficult Cases
Use of Pancreatic Enzymes
Evaluation and Management
Recommendations
Suggestions for Areas of Future Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #25: Recommendations for Preprocedural Fasting for the Breastfed Infant: ‘‘NPO’’ Guidelines
Abstract
Purpose
Background
Recommendations
Summary
Suggested Areas for Future Research
Acknowledgments
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #26: Persistent Pain with Breastfeeding
Abstract
Purpose
Definitions
Background
History and Examination
Differential Diagnosis
Recommendations for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #27: Breastfeeding an Infant or Young Child with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Abstract
Purpose
Background
Principles of Management
The Impact of Hypo- and Hyperglycemia
Family Dynamics and the Importance of Breastfeeding
Summary of the Recommendations
Recommendations for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #28: Peripartum Analgesia and Anesthesia for the Breastfeeding Mother
Abstract
Background
Recommendations
Recommendations for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #29: Iron, Zinc, and Vitamin D Supplementation During Breastfeeding
Abstract
Recommendations
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin D
Preterm Infants
Summary
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #30: Breast Masses, Breast Complaints, and Diagnostic Breast Imaging in the Lactating Woman
Abstract
Introduction
Breast Masses
Non-Mass Breast Complaints
Diagnostic Breast Imaging and Breast Biopsy During Lactation
Recommendations for Future Research
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #31: Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Studies in Lactating Women
Abstract
Introduction
Recommendations
Recommendations for Future Research
Annotated Bibliography
Supplementary Material
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #32: Management of Hyperlactation
Abstract
Introduction
Differential Diagnosis
Management
Recommendations for Future Research
Annotated Bibliography
Disclosure Statement
Funding Information
Supplementary Material
Appendix I. Educational Objectives and Skills for the Physician with Respect to Breastfeeding, Revised 2018
Abstract
Introduction
Background
Guidelines
Summary
Acknowledgment
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #33: Lactation Care for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Questioning, Plus Patients
Definitions
Purpose
Background and the Importance of Language
General Considerations
Creating a Respectful Health Care Environment
Effects of Transition-Related Health Care on Pregnancy and Breast/Chestfeeding
Fertility Options
Induced Lactation and Colactation
Birth, Birth Plans, and Breast/Chestfeeding
Additional Considerations in the Hospital and NICU
Donor Milk and Informal Milk Sharing
Supports
Future Research
Disclosure Statement
Funding Information
Appendix I. ABM Clinical Protocol #34: Breast Cancer and Breastfeeding
Background
Recommendations
Recommendations for Future Research
Annotated Bibliography
Disclosure Statement
Funding Information
Supplementary Material
Appendix J. Medical Education for Basic Proficiency in Breastfeeding
Learning Objective/Transfer Goal
Curriculum Design Considerations
Appendix K. Glossary
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
R
S
T
U
W
References
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Chapter 16
Chapter 17
Chapter 18
Chapter 19
Chapter 20
Chapter 21
Chapter 22
Chapter 23
Chapter 24
Chapter 25
Chapter 26
Appendix C
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix H
Appendix J
Index
Confidence is ClinicalKey

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Ruth A. Lawrence

Robert M. Lawrence