Biomass, Biofuels, Biochemicals

Biochemicals and Materials Production from Sustainable Biomass Resources

1st Edition - January 30, 2022
Editors: Hu Li, S. Saravanamurugan, Ashok Pandey, Sasikumar Elumalai
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 4 1 9 - 7
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 6 0 0 1 - 7

Biochemicals and Materials Production from Sustainable Biomass Resources provides a detailed overview of the experimentally developed approaches and strategies that facilitat… Read more

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Biochemicals and Materials Production from Sustainable Biomass Resources provides a detailed overview of the experimentally developed approaches and strategies that facilitate carbon-based materials and fine chemicals derivation from biomass feedstocks with robust catalyst systems and renewed conversion routes. In addition, the book highlights theoretical methods like techno-economic analysis of biobutanol synthesis. As academia and industry are now striving to substitute fossil-based chemicals with alternative renewable resources, second-generation lignocellulosic biomass which does not depend on the food cycle has become increasingly important.

Lignocellulosic biomass is composed of three major polymeric components - lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose. The polymers can be degraded into monomeric counterparts through selective conversion routes like hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose and of hemicellulose to xylose.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Chapter 1. Biochemicals and materials production: an introduction
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Enzymatic biomass conversion
1.3 Thermochemical biomass conversion
1.4 Chemocatalytic biomass conversion
1.5 Biomass-derived materials
1.6 Green techniques developed for biomass valorization
1.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 2. Enzymatic production of methane and its purification
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sources of methane
2.3 Methane fermentation process
2.4 Enzymes in methane fermentation process
2.5 Biological aspects of methane fermentation
2.6 Principles of methane fermentation process
2.7 Technological developments for purification of methane
2.8 Factors affecting methane fermentation process
2.9 Limitations and their resolutions on methane fermentation process
2.10 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 3. Enzymatic production of organic acids via microbial fermentative processes
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Purpose of enzymatic production of organic acids via anaerobic digestion
3.3 Significance of biomass pretreatment via enzymatic methods
3.4 Fermentation process to produce organic acids
3.5 Organic acids synthesized through enzyme-based anaerobic digestion
3.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 4. Chemoenzymatic conversion of biomass for production of value-added products
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Importance of enzymes in depolymerization of biomass
4.3 Role of microorganisms in biomass conversion
4.4 Pretreatment of biomass
4.5 Biological and chemical hybrid catalytic processes for converting biomass into value-added products
4.6 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 5. Techno-economic analysis of butanol biosynthesis
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biological effects
5.3 Chemical methodologies
5.4 Techno-economical analysis
5.5 Optimization of butanol production cost
5.6 Commercial production cost and analysis
5.7 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 6. Updated technologies for sugar fermentation to bioethanol
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Bioethanol as a sustainable energy source
6.3 Bioethanol as a precursor for valued chemicals
6.4 Industrial bioethanol production strategy
6.5 Methods of commercial level bioethanol production
6.6 Feedstocks for potential bioethanol production commercially
6.7 Modes of operation of commercial level ethanol fermentation
6.8 Challenges in cellulosic ethanol production and technological advancements
6.9 Advanced strategies to improve enzyme saccharification of lignocelluloses
6.10 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 7. Pretreatment methods for converting straws into fermentable sugars
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Composition of straw material
7.3 Utilization of straw in biomass
7.4 Pretreatment methods for converting straw into fermentable sugars
7.5 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 8. Thermal catalytic conversion of bioderived oils to biodiesel with sulfonic acid–functionalized solid materials
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of biodiesel
8.3 Preparation of biodiesel with sulfonic acid–functionalized catalyst
8.4 Structure–activity relationship of the functionalized catalyst with sulfonic acid
8.5 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 9. Syngas production via biomass gasification
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Potential feedstocks for syngas production
9.3 Biomass: a potent feedstock for the production of syngas production
9.4 Technologies for the generation of syngas from biomass
9.5 Gasification and different gasifiers
9.6 Process intensification approaches for syngas production
9.7 Industrial production of syngas
9.8 Industrial applications of syngas
9.9 Challenges and barriers
9.10 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 10. Production and applications of biochar
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Raw materials used for the production of biochar
10.3 Production of biochar
10.4 Characterization of biochar
10.5 Applications of biochar
10.6 Conclusions and perspective
References
Chapter 11. Upgradation of bio-oil derived from various biomass feedstocks via hydrodeoxygenation
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Upgradation of bio-oil using noble metal–based catalysts
11.3 Upgradation of bio-oil using nonnoble metal catalysts
11.4 Upgradation of lignin pyrolytic oil with metal-containing catalysts
11.5 Mechanism for upgradation of bio-oil
11.6 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12. Sustainable approaches to selective hydrolysis of cellulose with robust crystalline structure into glucose promoted by heterogeneous acid catalysts
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Heterogeneous catalysis
12.3 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 13. Conversion of cellulosic biomass to furanics
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Significance of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural
13.3 Lignocellulosic biomass to furanics
13.4 Direct conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to furanics
13.5 Mechanistic pathway for the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural from lignocellulosic biomass
13.6 Industrial production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural
13.7 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 14. Polyalkylglycosides: sustainable production of nonionic biosurfactants from lignocellulosic biomass
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Significance and general synthesis of nonionic surfactants
14.3 Catalytic production of nonionic surfactants from cellulose as feedstocks
14.4 Biomass as a feedstock for the production of alkyl glycoside
14.5 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 15. Lignocellulosic biopolymers as potential biosorbents
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Characterization of lignocellulosic biopolymer
15.3 Natural lignocellulosic biosorbents for the removal of toxic inorganic pollutants
15.4 Lignocellulosic-based biosorbents chemically modified for the removal of toxic inorganic pollutants
15.5 Mechanism of biosorption
15.6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
Chapter 16. Biomass-derived carbonaceous materials and their applications
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Different types of carbonaceous materials and their preparation methods
16.3 Application of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials
16.4 Applications in biomedical devices
16.5 Application in printing
16.6 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17. Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin to hydrocarbons
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Plant biomass as renewable carbon source
17.3 Lignin as a source of fuel
17.4 Chemical conversion of lignin
17.5 Depolymerization of lignin
17.6 Hydrodeoxygenation of depolymerized lignin derivatives
17.7 Copyrolysis of lignin with other carbon sources
17.8 Techno-economical approaches
17.9 Challenges for commercial-scale production
17.10 Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 18. Thermochemical methods for upgrading of lignin to aromatic chemicals
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Lignin: basic units and linkages, classification, and types
18.3 Thermochemical methods for the depolymerization of lignin to aromatic chemicals
18.4 Conclusions and perspectives
References
Chapter 19. Photocatalysis of biomass lignin to simple aromatic molecules
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Lignin: chemical structure, property, and source
19.3 Fundamental concept of semiconductor photocatalysis
19.4 Photocatalysis of lignin to simple phenolics over common semiconductor materials
19.5 Photocatalysis of lignin over metal-supported semiconductor materials
19.6 Photocatalysis of lignin over metal-free carbonaceous materials
19.7 Quantum dots–decorated solid catalysts for lignin photocatalysis application
19.8 Photocatalysis of lignin over other metal composites
19.9 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 20. Oxidation of bio-based alcohols/carbonyls
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Heterogeneous catalytic process
20.3 Biorefining of lignocellulose for value addition
20.4 Oxidation of ethylene glycol
20.5 Oxidation of glycerol
20.6 Oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
20.7 Conclusion and perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 21. Amination of biomass to nitrogen-containing compounds
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Conversion of carbohydrates into nitrogen-containing compounds
21.3 Conversion of chitin/chitosan to amines
21.4 Conversion of vegetable oils (fatty acids/esters) to amines
21.5 Conversion of lignocellulose to amines
21.6 Conversion of natural biomass to amines
21.7 Conclusions and perspectives
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 22. Catalytic upgrading of CO2 to N-formamides
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The different low-cost catalyst applied to the N-formylation of amines with CO2 and hydrosilane
22.3 Mechanism of the N-formylation of amines with CO2
22.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23. Role of noble metal catalysts for transformation of bio-based platform molecules
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Noble metal catalysts and platform chemicals
23.3 Process intensification for tetrahydrofuran production
23.4 Conclusions and perspective
References
Chapter 24. Catalytic transformation of biomass-based feedstocks in green solvents
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Source, pretreatment of bio-based feedstocks, and its application
24.3 Green solvent–mediated catalytic transformation of starch/cellulose to C6-sugar
24.4 Green solvent–mediated catalytic transformation of hemicellulose to C5 sugar
24.5 Green solvent–mediated catalytic transformation of lignin
24.6 Green solvent–mediated catalytic transformation of vegetable oils
24.7 Conclusions and perspective
References
Index

Hu Li

Hu Li is currently associate Professor at Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University (GZU), China. He worked as a postdoctoral fellow with a research topic on biomass upgrading at Tohoku University (Japan) and Nanjing Agricultural University (China) under supervision of Prof. R. L. Smith and Prof. Z. Fang, respectively. His research focuses on the catalytic conversion of biomass into chemicals and biofuels with functional catalytic materials. Dr. Li has more than 60 peer-reviewed papers (H-index 16), 6 patents, 1 co-edited Springer book and 2 book chapters on biomass valorization. He is a guest editor of Current Organic Chemistry, and recently was award by the Fok Ying-Tong Education Foundation, Ministry of Education (2018).

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, State-Local Joint Laboratory for Comprehensive Utilization of Biomass, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China

S. Saravanamurugan

Dr. S. Saravanamurugan is currently Scientist-E at Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, India. Formerly, he was working as Senior Researcher at Centre for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Denmark since 2010. He moved to Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) in South Korea as Research Scientist in 2005 after obtaining his Ph.D from Anna University, Chennai in the same year. He also worked as post-doctoral fellow at Inha University, South Korea between 2006 and 2007 before moving to Denmark in January 2008. He has more than sixteen years of research experience and his main research topics include synthesis and modification of zeolite and zeotype materials, biomass transformations and ionic liquids. He has 54 peer reviewed publications; two book chapter contributions, and eight patents filed/granted with more than 2000 citations (h Index 21). He has co-authored an article in the prestigious journal Science in 2010, related to conversion of sugars to lactic acid derivatives with Lewis acid containing zeolites. He is visiting professor of Guizhou University, China. He received a DST-DAAD Fellowship during his doctoral studies in 2004.

Affiliations and expertise

Scientist, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India

Ashok Pandey

Professor Ashok Pandey is currently Distinguished Scientist at the Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India and Executive Director (Honorary) at the Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability – India. Formerly, he was Eminent Scientist at the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali and Chief Scientist & Head of Biotechnology Division and Centre for Biofuels at CSIR’s National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum. His major research and technological development interests are industrial & environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels & chemicals, waste to wealth & energy, industrial enzymes, etc. Professor Pandey is Adjunct/Visiting Professor/Scientist in universities in France, Brazil, Canada, China, Korea, South Africa, and Switzerland and also in several universities several in India. He has ~1425 publications/communications, which include 16 patents, 90 books, >700 papers and book chapters, etc with h index of 105 and ~48,800 citations (Goggle scholar). He has transferred several technologies to industries and has done industrial consultancy for about a dozen projects for Indian/international industries. Professor Pandey is the recipient of many national and international awards and honours, which include Highest Cited Researcher (Top 1% in the world), Clarivate Analytics, Web of Science (2020, 2019 & 2018); Top scientist in Biotechnology (#1 in India and #8 in the world), Stanford University world ranking (2020); Fellow, World Society of Sustainable Energy Technologies (2020); Fellow, Indian Chemical Society (2020); Distinguished Scientist, VDGOOD Professional Association, India (2020); Distinguished Professor of Eminence with global impact in the area of Biotechnology, Precious Cornerstone University, Nigeria (2020); IconSWM Life-time Achievement Award 2019, International Society for Solid Waste Management, KIIT, Bhubaneshwar, India (2019); Yonsei Outstanding Scholar, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea (2019); Life-Time Achievement Award from the Biotech Research Society, India (2018); Life-Time Achievement Award from Venus International Research Awards (2018), Most Outstanding Researcher Award from Career360 (2018), Life-Time Achievement Award from the International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (2017); Fellow, Royal Society of Biology, UK (2016); Felow, International Society for Energy, Environment and Sustainability (2016); Academician of European Academy of Sciences and Arts, Austria (2015); Fellow, National Academy of Sciences, India (2012); Fellow, Association of Microbiologists of India (2008); Honorary Doctorate degree from Univesite Blaise Pascal, France (2007); Fellow, International Organization of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (2007); Thomson Scientific India Citation Laureate Award, USA (2006); Fellow, the Biotech Research Society, India (2005); UNESCO Professor (2000); Raman Research Fellowship Award, CSIR (1995); GBF, Germany and CNRS, France Fellowships (1992) and Young Scientist Award (1989), etc. Professor Pandey is Founder President of the Biotech Research Society, India (www.brsi.in); Founder & International Coordinator of International Forum on Industrial Bioprocesses, France (www.ifibiop.org), Chairman of the International Society for Energy, Environment & Sustainability (www.isees.in), Editor-in-chief of Bioresource Technology (http://ees.elsevier.com/bite/), Honorary Executive Advisor of Journal of Energy and Environmental Sustainability (www.jees.in), Journal of Systems Microbiology and Biomanufacturing (https://www.springer.com/journal/43393), Journal of Environmental Sciences and Engineering (http://neerijese.org/editorial-board/), Subject Editor, Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, India (https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/journal/40011) and Associate Editor, Biologia – Section Cellular and Molecular Biology (https://www.springer.com/journal/11756/editors) and editorial board member of several international and Indian journals.

Affiliations and expertise

Distinguished Scientist, Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Sasikumar Elumalai

Dr. Elumalai is currently a research scientist at the Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), India. He obtained his PhD in Chemical Engineering discipline from the Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu. He then moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA) for gaining the post-doctoral experience. His current research at CIAB, Mohali focuses on the thermochemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass materials to high-value platform molecules (bulk chemicals). The principal activities of his research work include the development of protocols for the selective isolation of biomass constituents like lignin and hemicellulose for the synthesis of low molecular weight compounds, catalytic conversion of cellulose/glucose to fructose and further to levulinic acid and its kinetic modelling. He has about 20 peer reviewed publications, three book chapter contributions, and two patents filed and one granted patent.

Affiliations and expertise

Research Scientist, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing (CIAB), Mohali, Punjab, India