Biochemistry of Taste and Olfaction

List of Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Some Reflections on Biochemical Approaches to the Phenomena of Taste and Olfaction

Text

Part I Olfactory Receptor Mechanisms


1 Biochemical Studies on the Boar Pheromones, 5α-Androst-16-en-3-one and 5α-Androst-16-en-3α-ol, and Their Metabolism by Olfactory Tissue

I. Introduction

II. Androst-16-enes

III. Distribution of Tissues in the Porcine Nasal Cavity

IV. Metabolism of [5α-3H]5α-Androstenone in Vitro by Porcine Nasal Epithelium and the Effect of 17β-Hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one

V. Subcellular Location and Co-factor Dependency of 3α- and 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases

VI. Time Course of the Reduction of [5α-3H]5α-Androstenone in Porcine Nasal Tissues

in Vitro

VII. Measurement of Apparent Km Values for 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Porcine Nasal Tissues

VIII. Possible Significance of 3-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases in Porcine Nasal Epithelium

References


2 Accessibility of Odorant Molecules to the Receptors

I. Introduction

II. Odorant Access

III. Mucosa/Air Partitioning of Odorants

IV. Odorant Removal

V. Limitation of the Radioisotope Procedures

VI. Further Considerations

VII. Conclusion

References


3 Role of Cilia in Olfactory Recognition

I. Introduction

II. Cilia in Sensory Organs

III. Morphology of Olfactory Cilia

IV. Experimental Basis for Role of Cilia in Olfaction

V. Odorant Interactions Studied Biochemically

VI. Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Olfactory Cilia

VII. Isolation of Plasma Membranes from Cilia

VIII. Future Prospects

References


4 Receptor Proteins in Vertebrate Olfaction

I. Introduction

II. Olfactory Receptor Proteins

III. Research Needs

References


5 Chemosensation: An Aspect of the Uniqueness of the Individual

Text

References


6 The Major Histocompatibility Complex and Olfactory Receptors

I. Introduction

II. Self, Non-Self, and Olfaction

III. Monoclonal Antibody Production

IV. Experimental Study of Relationships between Olfactory Receptors and the MHC

V. Future Prospects

References

Part I Discussion

Part II Taste Receptor Mechanisms


7 Comparative Study of Sweet Taste Specificity

I. Introduction

II. Specificity of Sugar Taste Response

III. Nonsugar Sweeteners

IV. Receptor Site Models

V. Research Needs

References


8 Biochemical Aspects of Sugar Reception in Insects

I. Introduction

II. General Features of Taste Hairs

III. Specificity of the Sugar Receptor

IV. Transduction

V. The Pharmacological Approach

VI. Glucosidases as Possible Receptor Proteins of the Pyranose Site

References


9 A Molecular Approach to Intensity/Time Phenomena in Sugar Sweetness

I. Introduction

II. Measurements and Observations in Intensity/Time Relationships

III. Significance of Time in Models of Chemoreception and Transduction

IV. Intensity/Time and the Sweet Pharmacophore

V. Conclusions and Future Prospects

References


10 Recognition of Taste Stimuli at the Initial Binding Interaction

I. Introduction

II. Sweet Taste Receptors

III. Glutamate Taste Receptors

IV. Catfish Taste Receptors and the Role of the Plasma Membrane

V. Taste Receptor Site Antagonist

VI. Covalent Labeling and Isolation of a Taste-Receptor Macromolecule

VII. Research Needs

References

Part II Discussion

Part III Physicochemistry and Transduction


11 Physicochemical Principles in Taste and Olfaction

I. Introduction

II. Mass Transport in Chemoreception

III. A Generalized Response Function

IV. Surface Activity and Taste

V. Research Needs

References


12 Transduction through Receptor State Transitions

I. Introduction

II. Study of Biochemical Events in Taste Reception without Isolating Receptor Tissue

III. Dynamics of Receptor Activation by Sodium and Potassium Salts

IV. Research Needs

References


13 Molecular Mechanisms of Transduction in Chemoreception

I. Introduction

II. Comparison of Chemoreceptive Function in Various Organisms

III. Reaction Scheme for Initial Process of Chemoreception

IV. Structural Changes of Receptor Membranes

V. Membrane Potential Changes in Response to Chemical Stimuli

VI. Transduction Mechanisms

VII. Research Needs

References


14 Intracellular Calcium and Taste Cell Transduction

I. Introduction

II. Structural Aspects of Taste Cells

III. Plasma Membrane and Mitochondria as Calcium Regulators

IV. Models of Taste Receptor Transduction

V. Monitoring of Mitochondrial Activity

VI. Monitoring of NADH and Flavoprotein during Taste Stimulation

VII. Research Needs

References


15 Isolation, Separation, and Analysis of Cells from Olfactory Epithelium

I. Introduction

II. Olfactory Cell Separation

III. Pharmacological Studies of the Olfactory Epithelium

IV. Conclusions and Suggestions for Future Research

References


16 Biochemical Mechanisms in Vertebrate Primary Olfactory Neurons

I. Molecular Mechanisms in Olfaction

II. Transduction and Coding in Primary Neurons

III. Olfactory Mechanisms—Experimental Strategies

IV. Prospects for Future Studies

References

Part III Discussion

Part IV Neurotransmitters in Taste and Olfaction


17 Neurotransmitter Biochemistry of the Mammalian Olfactory Bulb

I. Introduction

II. Anatomical Organization

III. Transmitter Biochemistry

IV. Summary and Future

References


18 Neurochemical Studies of the γ-Aminobutyric Acid System in the Olfactory Bulb

I. Introduction

II. GABA in the Olfactory Bulb

III. Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase

IV. Dendrodendritic Synaptosomes

V. Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase in Dendrodendritic Synaptosomes

VI. GABA Binding to Membranes from Dendrodendritic Synaptosomes

VII. Future Prospects

References


19 Neurochemistry of the Olfactory Tubercle

I. Introduction

II. Anatomy and Biochemistry

III. Physiology

IV. Pharmacology

V. Pathology

References


20 Quantitative Histochemistry of Gustatory and Olfactory Cholinergic Pathways

I. Introduction

II. Quantitive Histochemical Methodology

III. Summary

References

Part IV Discussion

Part V Analogous Chemoreceptors


21 Chemical Sensing by Bacteria

I. Introduction

II. Brief Description of the Bacterial System

III. The Receptors

IV. The Proteins of the Processing System

V. The Reversible Methylation System

VI. The Response Regulator Model

VII. Summary and Conclusions

References


22 Biology and Physical Chemistry of Feeding Response of Hydra

I. Introduction

II. Biology and Quantification of Glutathione-Activated Feeding Behavior

III. Other Feeding Activators in Cnidarians

IV. Integration of GSH Receptor-Effector System with Other Sensory Systems of Hydra

V. Properties of the GSH Receptor

VI. Structure-Activity and Conformational Relationships of GSH and Its Analogs to the Receptor

VII. Concluding Remarks

References


23 Sealed Membrane Vesicles from Torpedo Electroplax as a Model System for Synaptic Transmission

I. Introduction

II. Cholingergic Ligand-Binding Studies

III. Agonist-Induced Ion Flux: Loading of Solutes into Vesicles by Osmotic Shock

IV. Osmotic Properties of Purified AcChR-Containing Vesicles

V. Effects of Agonists

VI. Correlation of Polypeptide Composition and AcChR Cation Transport

References


24 From Receptors to Brain Circuitry

I. Introduction

II. Brain Receptors

III. Identical Stereoselectivity, Diverse Functional Significance Depending on Anatomical

Position

IV. From Receptors to Brain Circuitry

References

Part V Discussion

Index