Atomic Radiation and Polymers

International Series of Monographs on Radiation Effects in Materials, Vol. 1

1st Edition - January 1, 1960
Author: A. Charlesby
Editor: A. Charlesby
Language: English
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 1 - 4 8 3 2 - 2 2 7 9 - 0

Radiation Effects in Materials, Volume 1: Atomic Radiation and Polymers considers the theoretical and experimental studies on the association between polymers and atomic radiation.… Read more

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Radiation Effects in Materials, Volume 1: Atomic Radiation and Polymers considers the theoretical and experimental studies on the association between polymers and atomic radiation. The use of radiation in polymer science constitutes a powerful tool for the quantitative study of macromolecules. This book consists of 31 chapters, and starts with a brief introduction to fundamentals of atomic radiation and polymer structure. The next chapters focus on some aspect of atomic radiation, including radiation units, radiation-matter interaction, and nuclear and electrical sources of radiation. A chapter presents the appropriate methods to study radiation chemistry and polymer. Considerable chapters are devoted to the molecular structure, chemistry, and reactions of polymers. This volume also describes some significant chemical changes of radiation. Other chapters explore the properties and reactions of various irradiated polymers. The remaining chapters deal with radiation protection effects in polymers, which are processes wherein small changes in chemical structure within a molecule or in its neighborhood can exert a disproportionately large influence on the overall chemical reactions. This book is of value to nuclear and solid state physicists, organic and polymer chemists, and nuclear engineers and radiobiologists.

PrefaceChapter 1. Introduction Nuclear and Electronic Sources Fundamental Reactions Metals Covalent and Ionic Structures Molecular Structures Fields of ApplicationChapter 2. Radiation Units Energy per Particle Radiation Yield - G Values Intensity of Radioactive Sources - the Curie Unit of Radiation Flux - the Roentgen and Rep Energy Deposited - the RadChapter 3. Interaction of Radiation with Matter Electrons X-Rays and γ-Rays Protons and α-Particles Fast Neutrons Slow Neutrons Ultraviolet Light Distribution of IonizationChapter 4. Nuclear Sources of Radiation Nuclear Reactors Cooling Circuits Short-Lived Gaseous Fission Products Fuel Rods Radioactive Waste Separated Fission Products Radioactive Cobalt and TantalumChapter 5. Electrical Sources of Radiation Voltage Multiplier Circuits Electrostatic Generators Resonant Transformer Linear Electron Accelerators Very High Voltage Particle Accelerators X-Ray EquipmentChapter 6. Dosimetry Absolute Measurements Ferrous Sulphate as a Secondary Standard Other Chemical Dosimeters Colorimetric Methods Changes in Plastics Photographic Methods Dosimetry in ReactorsChapter 7. Long Chain Polymers Polymerization Structural Variations in Homopolymers Crystallinity Structural Variation in CopolymersChapter 8. Molecular Weight Distribution Definition of Molecular Weight DistributionChapter 9. Properties of a Crosslinked Network Increase in Average Molecular Weight due to Crosslinking Changes below the Gel Point (δ < 1) Dose for Incipient Gelation Soluble Fraction Effect of Crosslinking on Elastic Properties Tensile Strength Swelling of Crosslinked PolymersChapter 10. Theory of Polymer Degradation Reduction in Number Average Molecular Weight Initially Random Distribution General Relation Changes in Intrinsic ViscosityChapter 11. Alternative Methods of Network Formation Condensation Reactions Simultaneous Crosslinking and Degradation Endlinking Network Formation as a Chain ReactionChapter 12. Radiation-Induced Changes in Organic Molecules ParaffinsChapter 13. Polyethylene Effect of Crosslinking Crystallinity Changes Chemical Changes Mechanical and Electrical PropertiesChapter 14. Rubber Early Work Crosslinking of Unvulcanized Rubber Irradiation of Cured Rubbers Physical Properties of Radiation-cured Rubber Synthetic RubbersChapter 15. PolystyreneChapter 16. SiliconesChapter 17. Other Crosslinking Polymers Polyvinyl Chloride Polyacrylates Polyacrylonitrile Nylon Polyethylene Terephthalate PolypropyleneChapter 18. Polyisobutylene Effects of RadiationChapter 19. Polymethyl MethacrylateChapter 20. Polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) PolymonochlorotrifluoroethyleneChapter 21. Cellulose Dextran Mechanical PropertiesChapter 22. Polymerization Radiation as an Initiator of Polymerization Factors affecting Polymerization Rate Kinetics of Radiation Polymerization Polymerization in a Solvent Polymerization in the Solid State Emulsion Polymerization Polymer Yield Ionic PolymerizationChapter 23. Graft and Block Copolymers Grafting from Monomer and from Solution Effect of Radiation Intensity Grafting and Crystallinity Comparison of Polymerization and GraftingChapter 24. Curing of Unsaturated Polyester Resins Network Formation by a Chain Reaction Comparison of Radiation and Thermal Cure Transition Temperature Kinetics of Network Formation in Polyesters Reactions of Unsaturated Polyesters Advantages of Radiation CureChapter 25. Irradiation of Polymers in Solution Degradation in Dilute Aqueous Solutions Effect of Polymer Concentration in Aqueous Solvents Degradation in Organic Solvents Mechanism of Polymer Reactions in Aqueous SolutionChapter 26. Reactions of Irradiated Molecules Behavior of the Excited Molecule Behavior of the Ionized Molecule Fate of the Free Electron Energy Transfer Reaction of Ions and MoleculesChapter 27. Radical and Ion Yield Measurement of Radical Yield Effect of Concentration and Intensity Experimental G Values for Radical Production Comparison with Photochemistry Distribution of Radicals Measurement of Ionic YieldChapter 28. Mechanism of Crosslinking and Degradation Theories of Reaction Mechanisms in Polymers DiscussionChapter 29. Radiation Protection Internal Radiation Protection External Protection Radiation Protection against Degradation Protection against Crosslinking Protection in Solutions Protection in Curing of Unsaturated Polyesters Mechanisms of Radiation ProtectionChapter 30. Changes in Electrical ConductivityChapter 31. Use of Polymers in Nuclear ReactorsAppendix Theory of Network Formation by Random CrosslinkingName IndexSubject Index