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Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization
A Problem-Solution Discussion with Geoscience Experts
- 1st Edition - April 9, 2021
- Editor: Enwenode Onajite
- Language: English
- Paperback ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 2 3 6 - 0
- eBook ISBN:9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 1 7 2 3 7 - 7
Over the past several years, there has been a growing integration of data – geophysical, geological, petrophysical, engineering-related, and production-related – in predicting an… Read more
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Request a sales quoteOver the past several years, there has been a growing integration of data – geophysical, geological, petrophysical, engineering-related, and production-related – in predicting and determining reservoir properties. As such, geoscientists now must learn the technology, processes, and challenges involved within their specific functions in order to optimize planning for oil field development.
Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization presents challenging questions encountered by geoscientists in their day-to-day work in the exploration and development of oil and gas fields and provides potential solutions from experts. From basin analysis of conventional and unconventional reservoirs, to seismic attributes analysis, NMR for reservoir characterization, amplitude versus offset (AVO), well-to-seismic tie, seismic inversion studies, rock physics, pore pressure prediction, and 4D for reservoir monitoring, the text examines challenges in the industry as well as the techniques used to overcome those challenges.
This book includes valuable contributions from global industry experts: Brian Schulte (Schiefer Reservoir Consulting), Dr. Neil W. Craigie (Saudi Aramco), Matthijs van der Molen (Shell International E&P), Dr. Fred W. Schroeder (ExxonMobil, retired), Dr. Tharwat Hassane (Schlumberger & BP, retired), and others.
- Presents a thorough understanding of the requirements of various disciplines in characterizing a wide spectrum of reservoirs
- Includes real-life problems and challenging questions encountered by geoscientists in their day-to-day work, along with answers from experts working in the field
- Provides an integrated approach among different disciplines (geology, geophysics, petrophysics, and petroleum engineering)
- Offers advice from industry experts to geoscience students, including career guides and interview tips
- Cover image
- Title page
- Table of Contents
- Copyright
- List of contributors
- Foreword
- Acknowledgments
- Section I: Geological Architecture of Unconventional and Deep Water Offshore Reservoirs
- Chapter 1. Unconventional and deepwater reservoir architecture
- Abstract
- Outline
- Basin analysis: overview and uses
- Uses of basin analysis
- Basin analysis workflow: from large-scale to mini-scale
- Geological architecture of unconventional reservoirs
- Deepwater reservoir
- References
- Further reading
- Section II: Structural and Stratigraphy Interpretation
- Chapter 2. Qualitative seismic interpretation
- Abstract
- Outline
- Understand your seismic data
- Advantages of seismic data
- Disadvantages of seismic data
- Two-dimensional seismic data
- Three-dimensional seismic data
- Seismic data interpretation and analysis
- Data set needed for seismic interpretation
- Seismic interpretation step-by-step methods
- Structural analysis
- Structural trap
- Fault interpretation
- Gridding
- Tying loops
- Technique used to enhance fault in three-dimensional seismic data
- Fault picking
- Seismic horizon mapping
- Sequence stratigraphy interpretation
- Reduce uncertainties in reservoir predictions using sequence stratigraphy and seismic inversion
- Unconformities
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 3. Chemostratigraphy and its application in integrated reservoir correlation
- Abstract
- Outline
- Introduction
- Analytical methodology
- Assessment of data quality
- Geochemistry and mineralogy
- Construction of A chemostratigraphic scheme
- Case study on the chemostratigraphy of Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian sediments, Eastern Saudi Arabia
- Concluding remarks
- References
- Section III: Seismic Attributes and Thin Reservoir Bed Analysis
- Chapter 4. Amplitude and attribute analysis for reservoir characterization
- Abstract
- Outline
- Seismic amplitude analysis
- Seismic attributes analysis
- Application of seismic attributes
- Analysis of different seismic attributes
- The use of interval attributes on an interface property
- Seismic attribute as direct hydrocarbon indicator
- Direct hydrocarbon indicator
- Direct hydrocarbon indicator fluid characteristics
- Poststack attributes
- Prestack attributes
- Spectral decomposition
- Techniques used for spectral decomposition
- Application of spectral decomposition for reservoir characterization
- Thin reservoir bed characterization using a wedge model
- How to detect faults in thin bed using seismic attributes
- Attribute analysis in carbonate reservoir (Fig. 4.32)
- Seismic attribute for unconventional reservoirs
- References
- Further reading
- Section IV: Petrophysical Analysis for Reservoir Characterization
- Chapter 5. Nuclear magnetic resonance and its applications for reservoir characterization
- Abstract
- Outline
- Introduction
- Historical development
- Purpose of nuclear magnetic resonance logging
- Application of nuclear magnetic resonance data
- Combinable magnetic resonance tool (Schlumberger Brand)
- Combinable magnetic resonance sonde
- Combinable magnetic resonance cartridge
- How does nuclear magnetic resonance work?
- Alignment
- Tipping
- Precession and dephasing
- Refocusing
- Irreversible dephasing: transverse relaxation time (T2)
- Realignment
- Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation mechanisms
- Nuclear magnetic resonance applications for reservoir characterization
- Lithology-independent porosity
- Shale delineation in radioactive sands and carbonate
- Multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance fluid characterization
- Case study from real data from middle east carbonate reservoir using nuclear magnetic resonance
- Magnetic resonance fluid method
- Method and data processing
- Fluid identification and saturation
- Viscosity computation
- Results and conclusions
- Logging conditions and data quality
- T2 domain processing indicating the reservoir quality
- Saturation and viscosity analysis
- Estimating nuclear magnetic resonance-derived permeability in sandstones
- Linking nuclear magnetic resonance to permeability
- Low resistivity pay
- How the nuclear magnetic resonance is affected by oil viscosities and TAR
- New approach for solving heavy oil effect on nuclear magnetic resonance permeability
- Integration of MDT and combinable magnetic resonance permeability
- Gas detection from nuclear magnetic resonance and DPHI (density porosity)
- Nuclear magnetic resonance support in geosteering
- In-flow control device design and nuclear magnetic resonance
- Further reading
- Section V: Subsurface Velocity and Time–Depth Conversion
- Chapter 6. Subsurface velocity measurement
- Abstract
- Outline
- Understanding velocity data
- Check-shot data
- Application
- Vertical seismic profile field operation
- Check-shot and vertical seismic profile field operation: practical application
- Difference between check-shot and vertical seismic profile data
- How to convert vertical seismic profile into a well log curve
- How to QC vertical seismic profile data
- Planning
- Execution
- Processing
- How to determine the static correction for vertical seismic profile data
- Vertical seismic profiles replacement velocity
- Walk-away vertical seismic profile field operation
- Chapter 7. Time-to-depth conversion
- Abstract
- Outline
- Importance of time–depth conversion
- Velocity data used for depth conversion
- The accurate seismic velocity for depth conversion
- Depth calibration technique
- Velocity modeling for depth conversion
- Input data sets used for velocity modeling
- How to QC velocity model for depth conversion
- References
- Further reading
- Section VI: Seismic Petrophysics and Petrophysical Well Curves Analysis for QI
- Chapter 8. Seismic petrophysics and petrophysical well curves analysis for quantitative seismic interpretation
- Abstract
- Outline
- Seismic Petrophysics: Introduction
- What is quantitative seismic interpretation?
- Density log
- Sonic log
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 9. Well-to-seismic tie
- Abstract
- Outline
- Objective of well-to-seismic tie
- Input data for well-seismic tie
- Uncertainties in well-to-seismic tie
- Time–depth relationship for well-tie
- Bulk shift and stretch issues when doing well-to-seismic tie
- Stretch/squeeze to improve well synthetics to seismic match
- Knee picking in sonic calibration
- Difference between time and phase shift in well ties
- How to determine the wavelet used for synthetic trace
- Synthetic seismogram
- Reasons why we do synthetic seismograms
- Depth–depth curve synthetic seismogram
- Seismic attributes from synthetic seismic data
- References
- Chapter 10. Gassmann’s fluid substitution
- Abstract
- Outline
- Fluid substitution
- Forward stratigraphy modeling
- Porosity concepts in fluid substitution
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 11. Wavelet extraction/derivation
- Abstract
- Outline
- Wavelet extraction
- Wavelet extraction methods
- Seismic phase analysis
- Seismic polarity
- How to predict the phase of a wavelet in thin reservoir bed
- Reference
- Chapter 12. Amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis and interpretation
- Abstract
- Outline
- Understanding amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis
- Data calibrations for amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis and reservoir characterization
- Amplitude-variation-with-offset attributes
- Factors that affect amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis
- Reflection characteristics of sand and shale
- Amplitude-variation-with-offset classification
- Class 2P amplitude-variation-with-offset response
- Effect of multiple in amplitude-variation-with-offset modeling
- Amplitude-variation-with-offset analysis in carbonate reservoir
- References
- Further reading
- Chapter 13. Seismic inversion for reservoir characterization
- Abstract
- Outline
- Factors that contribute to good inversion
- Benefits of seismic inversion
- Data sets needed for seismic inversion
- Seismic inversion techniques
- Benefits of deterministic inversion
- Areas where deterministic inversion will work better
- Low-frequency model use for seismic inversion
- How to determine the low-frequency model
- Simultaneous elastic inversion
- Performing seismic inversion on high-resolution 2D seismic data
- Difference between AVO analysis and seismic inversion
- Advantages of colored inversion over trace integration method
- References
- Further reading
- Section VII: Pore Pressure and Wellbore Instability
- Chapter 14. Pore pressure and wellbore instability
- Abstract
- Outline
- Pore pressure prediction
- How to estimate pore pressure prior to drilling
- Relationship between shale anisotropy and pore pressure
- Pore pressure prediction using seismic data and well data
- Pressure gradient and fracture gradient
- Methods of pore pressure prediction
- Impedance-based pore pressure prediction
- Pore pressure prediction using Eaton’s method
- Pore pressure prediction using Bowers’ method
- Pore pressure prediction in carbonate reservoir
- Pore pressure prediction in an unconventional reservoir
- Postdrill pore pressure prediction
- How to validate your pore pressure result
- Wellbore instability
- RT pore pressure analysis
- References
- Further reading
- Section VIII: 4D Seismic for Reservoir Characterization
- Chapter 15. 4D (3D time lapse) for reservoir characterization
- Abstract
- Outline
- What does a 4D achieve in reservoir characterization?
- Use of 4D reservoir monitoring
- Understanding 4D seismic response and interpretation
- Types of 4D changes to a reservoir
- Kinds of time-lapse reservoir measurements
- Areas where 4D seismic monitoring is applicable
- Reference
- Further reading
- Advice from the industry: career guide to geosciences students and how to prepare for interview
- Understanding what it is to work in an integrated geoscience team
- Index
- No. of pages: 434
- Language: English
- Edition: 1
- Published: April 9, 2021
- Imprint: Elsevier
- Paperback ISBN: 9780128172360
- eBook ISBN: 9780128172377
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Enwenode Onajite
Enwenode Onajite, M.Sc, is a former research reservoir geophysicist with Shell Petroleum Development Company of Nigeria (SPDC). He is now an independent research reservoir geophysicist, as well as an associate member of the Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists (NAPE) and a member of the Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG). He is the author of Seismic Data Analysis Techniques in Hydrocarbon Exploration, published with Elsevier in 2013.
Affiliations and expertise
Nigerian Association of Petroleum Explorationists (NAPE), Nigeria, and Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG), NigeriaRead Applied Techniques to Integrated Oil and Gas Reservoir Characterization on ScienceDirect