An Introduction To Solar Radiation

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsChapter 1 Sun-Earth Astronomical Relationship 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Sun-Earth Distance r 1.3 Solar Declination δ 1.4 Equation of Time Et 1.5 Position of the Sun Relative to Horizontal Surfaces 1.6 Position of the Sun Relative to Inclined Surfaces 1.7 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 2 Thermal Radiation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Blackbody Radiation 2.3 Blackbody Radiation in a Wavelength Interval 2.4 Angular Dependence of Radiation 2.5 Real-Body Properties 2.6 Definitions 2.7 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 3 The Solar Constant and Its Spectral Distribution 3.1 Introduction 3.2 The Sun 3.3 Extraterrestrial Solar Spectral Irradiance 3.4 The Solar Constant 3.5 Blackbody Temperature of the Sun 3.6 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 4 Extraterrestrial Solar Irradiation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Extraterrestrial Irradiation on a Horizontal Surface 4.3 Radiation on Inclined Planes 4.4 Calculation of ṙb, rb, ṝb, Rb, and Ṝb 4.5 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 5 A Cloudless-Sky Atmosphere and Its Optics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Earth's Atmosphere 5.3 Clean Dry Air 5.4 Water Vapor 5.5 Aerosols 5.6 Relative Optical Path Length, Relative Optical Mass m 5.7 Relative Optical Air Mass ma 5.8 Relative Optical Water-Vapor Mass mw 5.9 Relative Optical Ozone Mass mo 5.10 Relative Optical Aerosol Mass md 5.11 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 6 Solar Spectral Radiation under Cloudless Skies 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Attenuation of Direct Solar Radiation: Basic Formulation 6.3 Scattering of Direct Solar Radiation 6.4 Rayleigh Scattering of Air Molecules 6.5 Mie Scattering of Water Vapor and Dust Particles 6.6 Ångström's Turbidity Formula for All Aerosols 6.7 Direct Transmittance due to Continuum Attenuation 6.8 Absorption of Direct Solar Radiation by Gases 6.9 Absorbers in the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrum 6.10 Absorbers in the Infrared Spectrum 6.11 Transmittances of Molecular Absorbers 6.12 Transmittance of Ozone 6.13 Transmittances of Uniformly Mixed Gases and Water Vapor 6.14 Direct Spectral Irradiance on the Ground 6.15 Origins of Diffuse Spectral Radiation 6.16 Rayleigh-Scattered Spectral Diffuse Irradiance 6.17 Aerosol-Scattered Spectral Diffuse Irradiance 6.18 Atmospheric Albedo 6.19 Multiply Reflected Spectral Diffuse Irradiance 6.20 Diffuse Spectral Irradiance on the Ground 6.21 Global Spectral Irradiance on the Ground 6.22 Further Reading 6.23 Historical Notes Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 7 Total (Broadband) Radiation under Cloudless Skies 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Spectral Integration Model 7.3 Parameterization Method 7.4 Parameterization Model A 7.5 Parameterization Model B 7.6 Parameterization Model C 7.7 Comparison of the Parameterization Models 7.8 The ASHRAE Algorithm and Its Improvement 7.9 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 8 Solar Radiation under Cloudy Skies 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Hourly Global I, Diffuse Id, and Beam Ib Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 8.3 Daily Global H, Diffuse Hd, and Beam Hb Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 8.4 The Availability of Data 8.5 Correlation of Average Daily Global Radiation with Hours of Sunshine 8.6 Correlation of Average Daily Global Radiation with Cloud Cover 8.7 Estimation of the Monthly Average Hourly Global Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 8.8 Statistical Distribution of the Daily and Hourly Global Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 8.9 Estimation of the Daily Diffuse Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 8.10 Estimation of the Monthly Average Daily Diffuse Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 8.11 Estimation of the Monthly Average Hourly Diffuse Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 8.12 Estimation of the Hourly Diffuse Radiation on a Horizontal Surface 8.13 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 9 Ground Albedo 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Elementary Definitions 9.3 Spectral Albedo and the Effect of Solar Height 9.4 The Overall Albedo Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 10 Configuration Factors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Mathematical Formulation 10.3 Unit-Sphere Method of Evaluating Configuration Factors 10.4 Configuration Factors between an Inclined Flat-Plate Collector and the Sky and between the Collector and the Ground Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 11 Solar Radiation Incident on Tilted Planes on the Earth's Surface 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Beam Radiation Incident on an Inclined Surface 11.3 Ground-Reflected Radiation Incident on an Inclined Plane 11.4 Angular Distribution of Sky Diffuse Radiation Intensity 11.5 Sky Diffuse Radiation Incident on an Inclined Plane 11.6 Global Irradiation on an Inclined Plane 11.7 Ratio of Global Radiation on a Tilted Surface to That on a Horizontal Surface 11.8 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesChapter 12 Solar Radiation Measuring Instruments 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Radiation Sensors 12.3 Measurement of Direct Irradiance: Pyrheliometers 12.4 Pyrheliometric Scales 12.5 Pyrheliometer Aperture Angle 12.6 Pyrheliometer Classification 12.7 Measurement of Global Irradiance: Pyranometers 12.8 Pyranometer Characteristics 12.9 Pyranometer Calibration 12.10 Pyranometer Classification 12.11 Measurement of Diffuse Irradiance: Pyranometer with Shadow Band 12.12 Optical Filters 12.13 Measurement of Albedo 12.14 Measurement of Bright Sunshine Duration 12.15 Further Reading Nomenclature ReferencesAppendix A List of Basic Constants and DimensionsAppendix B Conversion FactorsAppendix C Spectral Distribution of the Extraterrestrial Solar IrradianceAppendix D Methods of Statistical Tests D.1 Mean Bias Error D.2 Root Mean Square Error D.3 Correlation Coefficient D.4 Time of Day Bias D.5 Tests of Models ReferencesIndex