An Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation
Pergamon International Library of Science, Technology, Engineering and Social Studies
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An Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation presents a course of study and applications covering the basic principles of medical and biological instrumentation, as well as the typical features of its design and construction. The book aims to aid not only the cognitive domain of the readers, but also their psychomotor domain as well. Aside from the seminar topics provided, which are divided into 27 chapters, the book complements these topics with practical applications of the discussions. Figures and mathematical formulas are also given. Major topics discussed include the construction, handling, and utilization of the instruments; current, voltage, resistance, and meters; diodes and transistors; power supply; and storage and processing of data. The text will be invaluable to medical electronics students who need a reference material to help them learn how to use competently and confidently the equipment that are important in their field.
Table of Contents
Foreword
1 Instrument Construction
Seminar
Human Engineering in Instrument Design
Physical Construction
Heat Sinks
Interconnection of Instruments
Soldering
Failures in Equipment
Practical
Assembly of Leads, Assembly of Components on Insulating Board and Printed Circuit
Sheet Metal Working
2 Current, Voltage, and Resistance
Seminar
Definitions
Resistors, Noise in Resistors, Combinations of Resistors
Power Sources for Biomedical Equipment
Practical
Ohm's Law, Varying e.m.f. and Resistance
Power Dissipation
3 Meters
Seminar
Basic Moving-Coil Meter; Use as Ammeter, Voltmeter, Ohmmeter
Multimeters
Insertion Errors
Meter Accuracy
Practical
Construction of Simple Multimeter
Calibration and Testing
Resistors in Series and Parallel
4 The Potentiometer and Wheatstone Bridge
Seminar
Potentiometer
Thermocouple Thermometry
Thermoelectric Cooling Elements
Wheatstone Bridge
Resistance Thermometry
Thermistor Thermometer
Practical
5 Alternating Currents
Seminar
Nature of Alternating e.m.f.; Method of Generation
Peak and r.m.s. Voltages and Currents
Power
Measurement of Alternating Voltage and Current
Practical
Output of Simple a.c. Generator
Rectification
Calibration of a.c. Meter
6 Capacitance
Seminar
Constant Voltage and Constant Current Sources
Storage of Energy in a Capacitor; Capacitance
Permittivity of Free Space; Electric Field
Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Strength
Energy Stored
Commercial Capacitors
Charge and Discharge of Capacitor-Resistor Combination
Leakage Testers
Alternating Voltage Applied to a Capacitor, and to a Capacitor and Resistor in Series; Impedance
Measurement of Capacitance
Practical
Plot of Charge and Discharge Curve of Capacitor-Resistor Combination; Estimation of Time Constant
A.C. Applied to Capacitor
Capacitance Bridge
7 Inductance
Seminar
Storage of Energy in an Inductor; Inductance
Permeability of Free Space; Magnetic Field
Stored Energy
Commercial Inductors
Charge and Discharge of Inductor-Resistor Combination
Alternating Current Passed through an Inductor, and through an Inductor and Resistor in Series
Measurement of Inductance
Mutual Inductance; The Transformer
Magnetizing Current, Transformer Losses
Power Transformers, Failures
Resistive, Capacitive and Inductive Circuit Elements; Duals
Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series; Resonance
Electromagnetic Radiation
Practical
Energy Storage in an Inductor
Impedance Measurement
Transformer
Power Transformer; Losses
Broadcast Band Resonant Circuit
8 Diodes and Transistors
Seminar
Semiconductors
The PN Junction; The Bipolar Transistor
Transfer Characteristic
Commercial Transistors
Voltage Amplifier
Reproducibility
Coupling of Amplifier Stages
Practical
Diode Characteristic
Base-To-Emitter Diode Characteristic
ß of NPN Transistor
Transistor Amplifier
Simple Broadcast Receiver
9 Field Effect Transistors
Seminar
Field Effect Transistor
Junction FET; Characteristics
Insulated Gate FET
Use of FETs; FET Amplifier, FET Gate
Practical
FET Characteristic
FET Amplifier
10 Power Supplies
Seminar
Reliability and Safety
Types of Rectifier Circuit
Decoupling
Power Supply Performance
Regulation; Zener Diode Regulator
Principle of Series Regulator
Practical Series Regulator
Commercial Regulator Packages
Practical
Construction of Regulated Supply
Unregulated Supply Performance, Addition of Regulator
Testing
11 Operational Amplifiers
Seminar
Operational Amplifiers
Inverting Amplifier
Commercial Operational Amplifiers
Frequency Response and Slew-Rate
Summing Amplifier, Non-Inverting Amplifier
Difference Amplifier
Integrator
Practical
Operational Amplifier Card; Use as Unity Gain Amplifier, X10 Amplifier, Summing Amplifier, Non-Inverting Amplifier, Difference Amplifier, Integrator
12 Frequency Response and Filters
Seminar
Need for Filtering
Frequency Response of Ideal Recording System
Single RC Low-Pass Filter
Single RC High-Pass Filter; Practical High-Pass Filter
Decibels
Transient Response of Simple Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
Application of Filter Concept
Typical Biological Amplifier
Frequency Range of Biological Signals
Practical
Response of Simple Low and High-Pass Filters
Transient Response of Filters
Response of Typical Electrocardiograph
Active Low-Pass Filter Performance
13 The Cathode Ray Tube
Seminar
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
The Cathode Ray Tube
Phosphors
Voltage Supplies
Magnetic Shielding
Deflection Sensitivity
Magnetic Deflection
Practical
Construction of Oscilloscope; Power Supplies, Deflection Sensitivity of CRT
14 Oscilloscope Amplifiers
Seminar
Requirements for Amplifiers
The Balanced Amplifier
Practical Circuits for Amplifiers
Source Follower
Y Input Attenuator
Practical
Source Follower
Construction of X and Y Amplifiers for Oscilloscope; Testing
15 Time Base Generation
Seminar
Function of a Time Base
Generation of Sawtooth Waveform
Practical Time Base
Practical
Assembly of Time Base Circuit; Testing
16 Pulse Generation—The Astable Multivibrator
Seminar
Requirements for Pulse Generation
The Transistor as a Switch
The Astable Multivibrator
Differentiation of Output Pulse
Practical
Construction of Astable Multivibrator Card
17 Pulse Generation—The Monostable Multivibrator and Schmitt Trigger
Seminar
Applications of Monostable Multivibrator; Basic Monostable Multivibrator
Triggering
Monostable Multivibrator as Time Base Switch, as Pulse Delay Generator
Schmitt Trigger, Use in Time Base Circuit
Practical
Assembly of Monostable Multivibrator; Testing
Assembly of Schmitt Trigger; Testing
Testing of Complete Time Base
18 Optoelectronics
Seminar
Scope of Optoelectronics
Units Used in Photometry
Incandescent Lamp Sources; Light Emitting Diodes
Photocells; Photo-Transistor, Photo-Diode, Photo-Multiplier
Light Pipes, Fiber Optics
Photo-Isolators
Isolator for Oscilloscope Beam Switching
Practical
Construction of Optoelectronic Isolator for Oscilloscope Beam Switching
19 Binary Logic—Gates
Seminar
Binary Logic
Elements of Boolean Algebra
Diode Logic, Diode-Transistor Logic, Transistor-Transistor Logic
Standard Symbols
Logic Laboratory Unit
Practical
Exercises in Boolean Algebra; Use of Logic Laboratory Unit
20 Binary Logic—Data Storage and Counting
Seminar
Need for Data Storage
The Bistable Multivibrator
Gated Flip-Flops
RS and JK Flip-Flops
Flip-Flops as Frequency Divider
Binary Number System; Binary Counter
Binary Coded Decimal Counting
BCD to Decimal Conversion
Decimal Displays
Data Transfer between Registers
TTL Astable and Monostable Multivibrators, Schmitt Triggers
Medium and Large Scale Integration
Details of Logic Laboratory Unit
Practical
Use of JK Flip-Flop
Binary Counter, BCD Counter
Data Transfer Methods
21 Measurement of Radioactivity
Seminar
Detection of Radiation
Rules for a Radio-Chemical Laboratory
Geiger-Muller Counter
Background
Equipment for Geiger Counting; Diode Pump Ratemeter
Simple Geiger Counter
Scintillation Counter
Discriminator and Pulse Height Analyzer
Statistics of Counting
Practical
Construction and Testing of Simple Geiger Counter
Sample Counting, Check of Statistics
22 Recording from Living Tissue: Stimulation of Tissue
Seminar
Recording from Tissue
Electrode Systems
Recording from a Volume of Tissue
Rejection of External Interference
Rejection of in-Phase Interference
Practical ECG Amplifier
Common Mode Rejection Ratio
Tissue Stimulation; Pulse Waveforms
Practical
Testing of Reversible (Silver Chloride) and Irreversible (Stainless Steel) Electrodes
ECG Electrodes
Measurement of Patient Interference Voltages
Construction of Biological Preamplifier
23 Electrical Safety
Seminar
Need for Precautions
Macro- and Micro-Shock; Safe Current Limits
Electrical Wiring in Buildings
Possibility of Electrocution
Macroshock Hazards and Protection
Isolating Transformer, Core Balance Relay
Virtual Patient Earth, Macro-Shock Protected ECG Amplifier
Microshock Hazards and Protection; Equipotential Area
Tests for Microshock Protection
Isolated Preamplifier ECG
Defibrillators
Practical
Acceptance Tests for Electrocardiograph, Defibrillator
24 Regulated Systems
Seminar
Behavior of Unregulated Water Bath; Heating Curve
Regulated Bath; on-off Control, Oscillation about Desired Temperature
Proportional Control, Non-Linear Systems
General form of Regulated Systems
Practical
Behavior of Unregulated Water Bath
Regulated Systems with Human Operator Included
Regulated Water Bath With on-off Control
25 Transducers
Seminar
Transducers
Displacement Transducers; Potentiometer, LVDT, DCDT, Photoelectric, Digital, Shaft Encoder
Velocity Transducers; By Computation, Electromagnetic
Electromagnetic Flowmeters, Doppler Flowmeters
Resistance Flowmeters
Force Transducers; Resistance Strain Gauge, Unbonded and Bonded
Proving Ring and Design Equations
Piezoelectric Strain Gauge
Resonance in Force Transducers
Accelerometers; Principle, Piezoelectric, Displacement
Pressure Measurement
Practical
Construction of LVDT, Balanced Demodulator
Moiré Gratings
Frequency Response of Arterial Manometer and Connecting Catheter or Needle
26 Some Biological Analytical Methods
Seminar
Ionic Composition of Tissue Fluids; Sodium and Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium and Trace Ions
Chloride
Oxygen and CO2 in Solution
Gas Analysis for Oxygen, CO2, Helium, Nitrogen
Ion-Sensitive Electrodes
Practical
Experiments Based on the Methods Described above
27 Storage and Processing of Data
Seminar
Transmission of Data; Quantity of Information
Human Capability
Data Storage Systems, Irretrievable and Retrievable
Pen Recorders, Potentiometric Recorders, Incremental Recorders
Photographic Recording
Storage Oscilloscopes, Rolling Displays
Magnetic Tape; Analogue Storage
Magnetic Core Memory; Analogue-to-Digital Conversion
Buffer Registers
Magnetic Tape; Digital Storage
Punched Paper Tape
Random Access Memory
Data Processing
Practical
Experiments Based on the Methods Described above
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 276
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Pergamon 1976
- Published: January 1, 1976
- Imprint: Pergamon
- eBook ISBN: 9781483187525
About the Author
D. J. Dewhurst
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