Advances in Animal Experimentation and Modeling

Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena updates our knowledge about the newer technologies such as molecular biology, genomics including sequencing, proteomics, transcriptomics, cell culture, stem cell culture, transgenesis and their translation to understand systematics and phylogeny of laboratory animals at molecular level. In seven sections Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena resolves issues of conservation, applications in environment monitoring, production of drugs and others. Comparative research has enabled use of domestic animal models that translate the advances in basic biosciences to the schemes for human welfare including medicine. Molecular geneticists are unravelling the complexities of mammalian genes and the field of biotechnology is maturing at a fast pace. Additionally, research focused on immunology and animal behavior offer new insight into ways of enhancing animal welfare. The rise in consumption of animal proteins in addition to the challenges of sustaining our natural resources has given animal scientists a vast array of opportunities to engage in integrative systems-based research for meeting the challenges that behold us.

Exploration in Laboratory Animal Sciences Understanding Life Phenomena also discusses the manipulation of animals as factories for the production of safe foods, drugs, and sensors and others to meet the contemporary challenges faced by mankind in the new world order created by pandemic of Covid 19. It also includes several chapters on the causation and management of certain diseases and impact of microbes on life.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Preface
Part A: Modern technological advancements in the field of animal experimentation
Chapter 1. Emerging techniques in biological sciences
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Artificial Intelligence
1.3 Imaging cells to molecules in 3D
1.4 Microarray
1.5 Genetic engineering with precision
1.6 Omics technologies
1.7 Informatics and simulations
1.8 Automation and miniaturization of experiments
1.9 BioMEMS (Biomedical micro electro-mechanical systems in biology)
References
Chapter 2. Molecular basis of animal systematics including barcoding
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Morphological systematics and its shortcomings
2.3 Molecular markers
2.4 DNA barcoding: an effective technique in molecular systematics
2.5 Concluding remarks
References
Chapter 3. Mitochondrial DNA: a tool for elucidating molecular phylogenetics and population
Abstract
3.1 Size of mtDNA in different livestock species
3.2 Mitochondrial DNA vis a vis genomic DNA
3.3 Mitochondrial DNA as genetic marker
3.4 Mitochondrial DNA as a molecular clock
3.5 Domestication of livestock species and mitochondrial DNA
3.6 Challenges and future prospects
References
Chapter 4. Somatic cell nuclear transfer in cellular medicine and biopharming
Abstract
Highlights
4.1 Introduction
4.2 SCNT as potent genome reprogramming tool
4.3 Cloned transgenic animals
4.4 Development of therapeutic cells
4.5 Biopharming using cloned transgenic animals
4.6 Outlook and challenges
References
Chapter 5. Animal cloning: perspectives for futuristic medicine
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer
5.3 Molecular/gene cloning
5.4 Human reproductive cloning
5.5 Risk of cloning
5.6 Ethical issues of human cloning
5.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. CRISPR/Cas9 system and prospects in animal modeling of neurodegenerative diseases
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background and basic technique
6.3 Technique basics
6.4 Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology
6.5 CRISPR-Cas9 in neurodegenerative diseases
6.6 Challenges, limitations and adaptations in CRISPR/Cas9 technique
6.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7. Semen quality biomarkers for improvement of production in livestock
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Canonical methods of semen quality evaluation
7.3 Biochemical evaluation
7.4 Microscopic examination
7.5 Computer-assisted semen analysis
7.6 Flow cytometry
7.7 Sperm RNA(s) as semen quality biomarker
7.8 Sperm DNA methylation as semen quality biomarker
7.9 Sperm SNPs as semen quality biomarkers
7.10 Sperm proteins as semen quality biomarker
References
Part B: Animal modeling and its applications
Chapter 8. Animal models and their substitutes in biomedical research
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Alternatives to animal models in scientific research
8.3 Concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Chapter 9. Experimental models for investigating the pathogenesis of heart failure
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Myocardial ischemia induced heart failure
9.3 Hemodynamic overload-induced heart failure
9.4 Pressure overload-induced models
9.5 Tachycardia-induced heart failure model
9.6 Genetic cardiomyopathy model of heart failure
9.7 Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 10. Animal models of inflammatory musculoskeletal diseases for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine: updates and translational application
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Musculoskeletal tissue engineering
10.3 Animal models in biomedical research
10.4 Challenges and perspective
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interests
References
Chapter 11. Selection of experimental models mimicking human pathophysiology for diabetic microvascular complications
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Diabetic nephropathy
11.3 Diabetic neuropathy
11.4 Diabetic retinopathy
11.5 Discussion
11.6 Summary
References
Chapter 12. Exploration on different animal models used in drug-induced adverse reactions research; current scenario and further prospectives
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Animal models used in research
12.3 Studies of adverse drug reactions associated with different drugs on different animal models
12.4 Common adverse reactions of drugs
12.5 Conclusions and recommendations
References
Chapter 13. Animal models for hepatoxicity
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Classification of animal models for hepatotoxicity
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 14. Drosophila embryo as experimental model: lessons learnt from genes in axis formation
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Anterior-posterior axis formation in Drosophila
14.3 Dorsal-ventral axis formation in Drosophila melanogaster
14.4 Concluding remarks
References
Part C: Animal diversity and conservation
Chapter 15. Exploration of biological science in extreme environment: an Indian experience at the Arctic
Abstract
15.1 Long-term objectives
15.2 Short-term objectives
References
Chapter 16. Parlance of insect systematics: from classical to molecular—the journey has been long
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classical taxonomy-morphological attributes
16.3 New trends
16.4 Larval taxonomy/embryology
16.5 Eco-taxonomy
16.6 Ethological taxonomy
16.7 Cytotaxonomy
16.8 Molecular taxonomy
16.9 Identification of members of a target group of species
16.10 Identification of disease causing agents
16.11 Phylogeny and classification
16.12 Conclusion and discussion
16.13 Status of insect taxonomy in India
16.14 Need of the hour
16.15 Networking between different research institutions
References
Chapter 17. Parasites in a changing world
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Parasites and wildlife
17.3 Parasites in farming systems
17.4 Zoonotic parasitic diseases
17.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18. Ambient ecological conditions of the Gangetic dolphin- Platanista gangetica gangetica of river Ganga, between Varanasi to Farakka
Abstract
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Field survey and habitat related protocols
18.3 Result and discussion
18.4 Dolphin status and distribution
18.5 Conclusion and recommendations
References
Chapter 19. Entomopathogenic nematode in national development through enhancing the socio-economic condition of Indian farmers
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Historical approach of EPN
19.3 Major techniques/important observations
19.4 Nematode species and target insect pests
19.5 Entomopathogenic nematodes based formulations
19.6 Formulation development at Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut
19.7 Applications of entomopathogenic nematodes-based formulation
19.8 Summary
Acknowledgment
Declaration
References
Further reading
Chapter 20. Molecular studies of pest termites in India
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Materials and methods
20.3 Results
20.4 Discussion
20.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21. Roadmap for wildlife research and conservation in India
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Review
21.3 Discussion
References
Chapter 22. Flying fox: threats and global conservation status
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Why do flying foxes need to be conserved?
22.3 Threat factors
22.4 Hunting
22.5 Cultural/symbolic threats
22.6 Medicinal use
22.7 Roost distraction/deforestation
22.8 Ambient temperature
22.9 Natural calamities
22.10 Pest
22.11 Predators
22.12 Global status
22.13 Conservation measures
22.14 Captive breeding
22.15 Roost monitoring
22.16 Awareness campaign
22.17 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 23. Importance of need-based and applied research for conservation of animal fauna towards national development—an insight
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Habitat preservation
23.3 Climate change impact
23.4 Importance of animal research
23.5 Research priorities
Chapter 24. Strategies for characterizing and protecting animal resources for future generations
Abstract
24.1 Introduction
References
Part D: Advances in livestock research
Chapter 25. Buffaloes for nutritional secure and economically empowered rural India
Abstract
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Buffalo is India’s primary dairy livestock
25.3 Issues with buffalo production systems
25.4 Suggested remedies for sustainable buffalo production
25.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26. Livestock sector: an integral component for country’s food and social security
Abstract
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Contributions of various livestock species—the Indian perspective
26.3 Cattle and buffalo
26.4 Sheep and goat
26.5 Pigs
26.6 Poultry
26.7 Other livestock species
26.8 Bottlenecks in livestock production
26.9 Opportunities and challenges
References
Chapter 27. Proteomics-based advancements in research toward sustainable production from dairy livestock
Abstract
27.1 Challenges in enhancing future milk production
27.2 Need for an integrated approach to enhance production
27.3 Importance of information-based policy
27.4 Proteomics in feed, fodder, and ruminant digestion
27.5 Proteomics for low-yielding indigenous and exotic cows
27.6 Proteomics for diseases in dairy animals
27.7 Proteomics for diagnostics and therapeutics in cows
27.8 Proteomics to tap the full potential of milk
27.9 Milk safety, adulterants and milk-borne pathogens
27.10 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 28. Artificial insemination: scope and challenges for indian dairy sector
Abstract
28.1 Artificial insemination
28.2 Artificial insemination and frozen semen production network in India
28.3 Challenges in implementation of artificial insemination in India
28.4 Supply of frozen semen and liquid nitrogen to artificial insemination workers
28.5 Effective artificial insemination delivery at farmers’ doorstep
28.6 Awareness among the farmers
28.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 29. Livestock health: current status of helminth infections and their control for sustainable development
Abstract
29.1 Current livestock status
29.2 Impact of helminth diseases on livestock industry
29.3 Pathogenicity caused by helminth parasites
29.4 Diagnosis of helminth infections
29.5 Strategies to control parasitic infections in animals
29.6 Socioeconomic impact of control of helminth infections: prosperity and education for children
29.7 Concluding remarks
29.8 Outstanding questions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 30. Harnessing potential of A2 milk in India: an overview
Abstract
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Gene polymorphism and bioactive peptides
30.3 Protein variants of beta casein gene
30.4 Bioactive peptides from A1/A2 types of milk
30.5 Mode of action of milk derived peptides
30.6 A1 milk consumption and human health
30.7 Demographic distribution pattern of A1/A2 allele of beta casein gene
References
Chapter 31. Understanding heat stress response in dairy animals: an overview
Abstract
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Physiological responses to heat stress
31.3 Hematological responses to heat stress
31.4 Biochemical responses to heat stress
31.5 Cellular and molecular responses to heat stress
31.6 Genomics: a way forward
31.7 Opportunities and challenges
References
Chapter 32. Livestock sector between pushing and pulling factors-evolving scenario for national livestock development
Abstract
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Livestock population dynamics
32.3 Adoption of crossbred/improved animals
32.4 Production of livestock & its products
32.5 Growth of veterinary institutions
32.6 Deterioration of common property resource and integration with crop culture
32.7 Planning and fiscal support
32.8 Prospects for livestock farming
32.9 Limiting factors
32.10 Evolving options for sustenance of livestock sector
Acknowledgements
References
Part E: Futuristic Approaches in the Field of Environment
Chapter 33. Parasite diversity strategies under influence of pollutants
Abstract
33.1 Introduction
33.2 Diversity of parasites on fish in the challenged environment
33.3 Interactions of pollutants and parasites on hosts
33.4 Use of sensitivity of parasites to the ambient chemical environment
33.5 Parasite response towards pollution
33.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 34. Parasites : futuristic indicators of an altered aquatic environment
Abstract
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Bioindicators from Indian perspective
34.3 Fish as biomarkers in water bodies in India
34.4 Helminth bioindicators from international perspective
34.5 Conclusions and perspectives of parasites as accumulation indicators
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 35. Effect of climate change on mosquito population and changing pattern of some diseases transmitted by them
Abstract
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Discussion and conclusion
References
Chapter 36. New dimensions in self employment for sustainability in a changing environment
Abstract
36.1 Introduction
36.2 Major technologies
36.3 Industrial linkage
36.4 Apiculture and beekeeping organizations in India
36.5 Summary
References
Index

Understanding Life Phenomena

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Ranbir Chander Sobti