Advanced Biosensors for Virus Detection

Smart Diagnostics to Combat SARS-CoV-2

1st Edition - March 4, 2022
Editors: Raju Khan, Arpana Parihar, Ajeet Kumar Kaushik, Ashok Kumar
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 1 2 - 8 2 4 4 9 4 - 4
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 8 5 9 8 9 - 9

Advanced Biosensors for Virus Detection: Smart Diagnostics to Combat Against the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic covers the development of biosensor-based approaches for the diagnosis and progn… Read more

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Advanced Biosensors for Virus Detection: Smart Diagnostics to Combat Against the SARS-CoV2 Pandemic covers the development of biosensor-based approaches for the diagnosis and prognosis of viral infections, specifically coronaviruses. The book discusses wide-ranging topics of available biosensor-based technologies and their application for early viral detection. Sections cover the emergence of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, the global health response, the impact on affected populations, state-of-the art biomarkers, and risk factors. Specific focus is given to COVID-19, with coverage of genomic profiling, strain variation and the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV2.

In addition, current therapeutics, nano-abled advancements and challenges in the detection of SARS-CoV2 and COVID-19 management are discussed, along with the role of nanomaterials in the development of biosensors and how biosensors can be scaled up for clinical applications and commercialization.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 epidemic and pandemic
Abstract
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2: the member of the coronavirus family
1.3 Virion structure of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2
1.4 Pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 infection
1.5 Transmissibility of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2
1.6 Origin and etiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2
1.7 From epidemic to pandemic
1.8 Perspective
References
Chapter 2. Lesson learned from coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) and socioeconomic impact of (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Coronaviruses and family
2.3 Diagnostics
2.4 Therapeutics
2.5 Vaccines
2.6 World health response to coronavirus disease
2.7 Public health response to coronavirus disease
2.8 Human–animal nexus
2.9 What we learned from pandemic and future
2.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 3. Structure, genomic analysis, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
Abstract
3.1 Classification of coronaviruses
3.2 Morphology and structure of SARS-CoV-2
3.3 Nonstructural proteins
3.4 Genomic analysis
3.5 Pathogenesis of coronavirus 19
3.6 Extrapulmonary manifestations of coronavirus 19
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 4. COVID-19 diagnosis: approaches and challenges
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sample collection
4.3 qRT-PCR for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA
4.4 Cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification tests
4.5 Pooling of specimens for nucleic acid amplification test
4.6 Isothermal assays
4.7 Rapid antigen detection test
4.8 Quality control of COVID-19 testing
4.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5. Current therapeutic choices for coronavirus disease 2019: a state-of-the-art review
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pathophysiology of coronavirus disease
5.3 Therapeutics of proven utility, targeting stage of infection and viremia
5.4 Therapeutics of limited or unproven utility, targeting stage of Infection and viremia
5.5 Therapeutics of proven utility, targeting cytokine storm
5.6 Therapeutics of limited utility, targeting cytokine storm
5.7 Therapeutics of limited or uncertain utility, targeting post-coronavirus disease complications
5.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6. Genomic, proteomic biomarkers and risk factors associated with COVID-19
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biomarkers
6.3 Proteomic Biomarkers for COVID-19
6.4 Genetic biomarkers
6.5 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 7. Biological/synthetic receptors (antibody, enzyme, and aptamer) used for biosensors development for virus detection
Abstract
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of bioreceptors
7.3 Properties of biosensors based on bioreceptors
7.4 Examples of biosensors for detection of coronavirus disease 2019 based on different bioreceptors
7.5 Future prospects
7.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8. Potential electrochemical biosensors for early detection of viral infection
Abstract
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of viral infections and their detection
8.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9. Optical biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection
Abstract
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biosensors: an introduction to optical biosensors
9.3 Surface-plasmon resonance-based biosensors
9.4 Localized surface plasmon resonance-based optical biosensors
9.5 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based optical biosensors
9.6 Optical lateral flow assay for SARS-CoV-2-detection
9.7 Challenges in developing optical biosensors
9.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10. Recent developments of molecular/biosensor diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 detection
Abstract
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nucleic acid-based detection
10.3 Serological testing
10.4 Biosensors for COVID-19 diagnostics
10.5 Electrical and piezoelectric biosensors
10.6 Future directions
10.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 11. Role of magnetic nanoparticles in development of biosensors for viral infection diagnostics
Abstract
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Capture, preconcentration, extraction
11.3 Multiple detections with immunomagnetic separation
11.4 Labeling
11.5 Magnetic label
11.6 Fluorometric label
11.7 Labeling based on the enzyme-like activity of magnetic nanoparticles
11.8 Dual role of magnetic nanoparticles and application in microfluidics
11.9 Conclusion and perspective
References
Chapter 12. Advances in nanomaterials-based biosensors for the development of virus detection
Abstract
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamental principles
12.3 Gold nanoparticles-based biosensor
12.4 Quantum dots-based nanomaterials
12.5 Upconversion nanoparticles
12.6 Conclusion and future perspective
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 13. Multiplexed biosensors for virus detection
Abstract
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Biosensors
13.3 Application of multiplex biosensors on detection of viruses
13.4 Conclusion
13.5 Future perspectives
References
Chapter 14. Electrical biosensors for virus detection
Abstract
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Electrical biosensor
14.3 Electrode-based biosensor
14.4 Transistor-based biosensor
14.5 Biorecognition elements
14.6 Electrical biosensor measurement techniques
14.7 Recent development in electrical biosensor
14.8 Conclusion and future scope
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 15. Diagnostic biosensors for coronaviruses and recent developments
Abstract
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Traditional detection methods
15.3 Biosensors in coronavirus detection
15.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
Chapter 16. Fluorescence-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection diagnostics
Abstract
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Fluorescence-based strategies in biosensors
16.3 Fluorescence-based biosensors in viral diagnostic applications
16.4 Advances in fluorescence-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 viral infection diagnostics
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17. Miniaturized analytical system for point-of-care coronavirus infection diagnostics
Abstract
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Current diagnostic techniques
17.3 Potential point-of-car miniaturized biosensor
17.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 18. Microfluidic devices with integrated biosensors for coronavirus infection diagnostics
Abstract
18.1 Introduction to coronavirus
18.2 Available detection methods for SARS-CoV-2 virus
18.3 Microfluidic-based biosensor system
18.4 Commercially available biosensor systems
18.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Conflicts of interest
References
Chapter 19. Approaches for fabrication of point-of-care biosensors for viral infection
Abstract
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Methodology for fabrication of biosensor
19.3 Fabrication of electrochemical biosensor
19.4 Fabrication of optical biosensor
19.5 Fabrication of paper-based biosensor
19.6 Fabrication of microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip biosensor
19.7 Fabrication of molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensor
19.8 Fabrication of magnetic biosensor
19.9 Fabrication of three-dimensional printing biosensor
19.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20. Currently available biosensor-based approaches for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 detection
Abstract
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Diagnostic approaches for viral diseases
20.3 Biosensors in the detection of respiratory viruses
20.4 Present diagnostic methods for severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 detection
20.5 Advantages offered by biosensors
20.6 Concluding remark
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 21. Biosensors-based approaches for other viral infection detection
Abstract
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Appropriate target sites for the detection of viruses
21.3 Importance of biosensor in the diagnostics
21.4 Detection of mammalian viruses by a biosensor
21.5 Importance and significance of biological analytes
21.6 Future scopes
Abbreviations
References
Further reading
Chapter 22. Scaling up of biosensors for clinical applications and commercialization
Abstract
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Commercialization of biosensors
22.3 Future outlook
References
Chapter 23. Future aspects of biosensor-based devices in disease detection
Abstract
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Need for advanced nanobiosensors
23.3 Detection of metabolites and metals by nanobiosensors
23.4 Applications of nanobiosensors in the detection of noncommunicable diseases
23.5 Applications of nanobiosensors in the detection of infectious diseases
23.6 Advanced biosensing applications toward disease detection
23.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Index

Raju Khan

Raju Khan, FRSC, is a Senior Principal Scientist & Professor, CSIR - Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, MP, India. He has more than 15 years of experience in electrochemistry to explore electrochemical properties of nanostructure materials to design and develop efficient biosensor devices integrated with microfluidics for biomedical applications.

Affiliations and expertise

Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced, Materials and Processes, Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya, Pradesh, India

Arpana Parihar

Arpana Parihar is a DST Scientist B at CSIR-Advanced Materials and Processes Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, India. She has 8 years of research and teaching experience and her current research interests include fabrication (Micro/Nano-fabrication) of Bio-devices/bio-medical POCT Devices for early diagnosis of cancer and infectious disease. She has gained significant expertise in the field of 3D cell culture, drug designing, tissue engineering, photodynamic therapy, molecular dynamic simulations, and immunoinformatics.

Affiliations and expertise

Industrial Waste Utilization, Nano and Biomaterials, CSIR-Advanced, Materials and Processes, Research Institute (AMPRI), Bhopal, Madhya, Pradesh, India

Ajeet Kumar Kaushik

Dr. Ajeet Kaushik is Assistant Professor at the NanoBioTech laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, USA. He is the recipient of various reputed awards for his service in the area of nano-biotechnology for health care. He has edited four books, written 100 international research peer reviewed publications, and has three patents in the area of nanomedicine and smart biosensors for personalized health care. In the course of his research, Dr. Kaushik has been engaged in design and development of various electro-active nanostructures for electrochemical biosensor and nanomedicine for health care. His research interests include nanobiotechnology, analytical systems, design and develop nanostructures, nano-carries for drug delivery, nano-therapeutics for CNS diseases, on-demand site-specific release of therapeutic agents, exploring personalized nanomedicines, biosensors, point-of-care sensing devices, and related areas of health care monitoring.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor of Chemistry, NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, USA

Ashok Kumar

Dr. Ashok Kumar is currently working as an Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry of All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhopal. His current research interest is understanding the role of non-coding RNAs and sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling in Head and Neck Cancer. He received his PhD degree from Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS) Lucknow, India. Then, he received postdoctoral training from UCSFBenioff’s Children’s Hospital Oakland & Research Centre, Oakland, CA, USA. Dr. Ashok Kumar’s major area of research work are Cell & Molecular Biology, Cancer Biology, Immunology & Sphingolipid signaling. He has more than 15 years of research experience. He has published more than 50 research articles and 10 book chapters and he has edited two books. He is a member of several international professional societies including American Association of Cancer Research and Fellow of Royal Society of Biology

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal, MP, India