3rd Generation Biofuels

Disruptive Technologies to Enable Commercial Production

1st Edition - June 1, 2022
Editors: Eduardo Jacob-Lopes, Leila Queiroz Zepka, Ihana Aguiar Severo, Mariana Manzoni Maroneze
Language: English
Paperback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 9 7 1 - 6
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 9 0 3 3 8 - 7

3rd Generation Biofuels: Disruptive Technologies to Enable Commercial Production is a comprehensive volume on all aspects of algal biofuels, offering the latest advances on commer… Read more

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3rd Generation Biofuels: Disruptive Technologies to Enable Commercial Production is a comprehensive volume on all aspects of algal biofuels, offering the latest advances on commercial implementation. In addition to the fundamentals, the book discusses all applied aspects of 3rd generation biofuels production, including design approaches, unit operations of the upstream and downstream biomass processing, and every potential microalgae-based energy product, including microbial fuel cells. Policy, economic, environmental, and regulatory issues are addressed in a dedicated section. Finally, the book presents pilot and demonstration-scale projects for 3rd generation biofuels production in the format of a white paper. Each chapter reviews the state of the art, discusses the disruptive technological approaches that will potentially enable large-scale production, and concludes with specific recommendations on how to achieve commercial competitiveness.

The book provides readers with an invaluable reference for researchers, graduates, and practitioners working in the areas of renewable energy, bioenergy and alternative fuels, and biotechnology.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
About the editors
Preface
Part One: Fundamentals
1: The choice of algae strain for the biofuel production: Native, genetically modified, and microbial consortia
Abstract
1.1: Introduction
1.2: Native microalgae for biofuel production
1.3: Genetically modified microalgae
1.4: Microalgal consortia
1.5: Conclusion and future perspective
References
2: Criteria for the development of culture media applied to microalgae-based fuel production
Abstract
2.1: Introduction
2.2: Current stage of microalgae-based fuels
2.3: New cultivation media development: The present and future
2.4: Cultivation modes and cultivation media development
2.5: Negative impacts of cultivation media: How to mitigate
2.6: The future of the culture media development: Modeling and aquaculture 4.0
2.7: Processing the biomass produced
2.8: Conclusions
References
3: Genome editing approaches applied to microalgae-based fuels
Abstract
3.1: Introduction
3.2: ZFN: Programmable DNA-binding protein system for genome editing
3.3: TALEN: Activator-like effector applicable for genome editing
3.4: CRISPR-Cas: RNA-guided DNA endonuclease
3.5: Cpf1: A RNA-guided genome editing alternative
3.6: Improving the performance of CRISPR-Cas in microalgae
3.7: Examples of CRISPR-Cas genome editing for increasing oil content in microalgae
3.8: Prospect and challenge
References
4: Biochemical engineering approaches to enhance the production of microalgae-based fuels
Abstract
4.1: Introduction
4.2: Fatty acid biosynthesis in microalgae
4.3: Manipulation of microalgae fatty acid biosynthesis using biochemical engineering approaches
4.4: Conclusion
References
Part Two: From upstream to downstream processing
5: Impact of culture conditions on microalgae-based fuel production
Abstract
5.1: Introduction
5.2: State of the art
5.3: Disruptive technological approaches
5.4: Recommendations
References
Further reading
6: Process control strategies applied to microalgae-based biofuel production
Abstract
6.1: Introduction
6.2: Why process monitoring and control are important for large-scale microalgal cultivations
6.3: Process control variables in cultivation of microalgae
6.4: Tools for real-time monitoring and control of microalgae production processes
6.5: Smart sensors and actuators
6.6: Smart microalgae cultivation/farming systems
6.7: Automation for the continuous cultivation of microalgae
6.8: Challenges
6.9: Conclusion and future directions
References
7: Carbon dioxide capture and its use to produce microalgae-based fuels
Abstract
7.1: Introduction
7.2: Oxygenic photosynthesis
7.3: Role of CO2 in photosynthesis
7.4: CO2 and biomass production
7.5: Carbon dioxide and microalgae-based biofuels
7.6: Conclusions
References
8: Wastewater, reclaimed water, and seawater utilization in the production of microalgae-based fuels
Abstract
8.1: Introduction
8.2: Wastewater for the production of microalgae for fuel generation
8.3: Seawater as a medium for the production of microalgae for fuel generation
8.4: Reclaimed water for the production of microalgae to fuel generation
8.5: Contribution to the circular economy
8.6: Conclusions
References
9: Unit operations applied for microalgae-based solid–liquid separation
Abstract
9.1: Introduction
9.2: Solid–liquid separation processes employed for algae harvesting
9.3: Coagulation-flocculation: A method to enhance separation
9.4: Algal characteristics and the associated influence on separation
9.5: The cost of algal cultivation and harvesting
9.6: Unit operation selection
9.7: Conclusions
References
10: Unit operations applied to drying microalgal biomass
Abstract
Acknowledgment
10.1: Introduction
10.2: Unit operations of drying
10.3: Disruptive technologies for predrying treatments
10.4: Recommendations
References
11: Unit operations applied to cell disruption of microalgae
Abstract
11.1: Introduction
11.2: Standard methods
11.3: Novel techniques
11.4: Applications
11.5: Considerations regarding cell-wall characteristics and energy consumption
11.6: Future perspective
References
12: Microalgae biofuels: Engineering-scale process integration approaches
Abstract
12.1: Background
12.2: State-of-the-art
12.3: Disruptive technological approaches
12.4: Recommendations
References
13: Process intensification of microalgal biofuel production
Abstract
13.1: Introduction to intensified microalgal processing
13.2: Intensification via co-cultivation or biofilm techniques
13.3: Dual harvesting and cell disruption using ozone-flotation
13.4: Rapid biofuel production using chemical, biological, or thermal methods
13.5: Options for process intensification in industry
13.6: Perspective and conclusions
References
14: Biofuels and chemicals from microalgae
Abstract
14.1: Introduction
14.2: Current state-of-the-art technologies for extraction and conversion of microalgae
14.3: Disruptive technological approaches
14.4: Conclusions and recommendations
References
15: Biorefinery approaches for integral use of microalgal biomass
Abstract
Acknowledgments
15.1: Introduction
15.2: State of the art in microalgal processing
15.3: Integrating processes
15.4: Modeling and simulation as tools for process development
15.5: Mass culture management and fertilization
15.6: Perspectives and conclusions
References
16: Topology analysis of the third-generation biofuels
Abstract
16.1: Introduction
16.2: State of the art
16.3: Disruptive technological approaches
16.4: Recommendations
References
17: Nanotechnology approaches to enhance the development of biofuels from microalgae
Abstract
17.1: Introduction
17.2: Microalgae-mediated biofuel production
17.3: Nanoparticles as additives in microalgal biofuel production
17.4: Nanoparticles to improve enzyme kinetics in microalgae
17.5: Photocatalytic nanoparticles for microalgal biofuel production
17.6: Future perspective
17.7: Conclusion
References
18: Biotechnology advancements in CO2 capture and conversion by microalgae-based systems
Abstract
18.1: Introduction
18.2: State of the art
18.3: New scientific trends are pointing toward a most promising future of CO2 mitigation by microalgae
18.4: Recommendations
References
Part Three: Microalgae-based energy products
19: Biodiesel from microalgae
Abstract
Declaration
19.1: Introduction
19.2: Lipids integrated into microalgal cell structures
19.3: Stimulating lipid yield and quality
19.4: Scaling up microalgae to biodiesel production
19.5: Extracting lipids from dewatered or wet microalgal biomass
19.6: Transesterification of lipids to produce FAME
19.7: Improving lipid yield and quality
19.8: Genetically engineering fourth-generation biodiesel
19.9: Non-fuel co-products associated with microalgal lipids
19.10: Offering wastewater and effluent handling solutions
19.11: Conclusions
References
20: Bioethanol from microalgae
Abstract
20.1: Introduction
20.2: Microalgae and cultivation systems to produce carbohydrate-rich biomass
20.3: Cultivation/harvesting methods
20.4: Saccharification methods
20.5: Ethanolic fermentation
20.6: Conclusions and future prospects
References
Further reading
21: Biomethane from microalgae
Abstract
Acknowledgments
21.1: Introduction
21.2: Biomethane production potential from microalgae
21.3: Operational parameters affecting anaerobic digestion of microalgae
21.4: Disruptive technological approaches
21.5: Future research needs for commercialization
References
22: Biohydrogen from microalgae
Abstract
Acknowledgments
22.1: Introduction
22.2: State of the art
22.3: Disruptive technological approaches
22.4: Recommendations
References
23: Biobutanol from microalgae
Abstract
23.1: Introduction
23.2: State of the art
23.3: Disruptive technological approaches
23.4: Recommendations
References
24: Syngas from microalgae
Abstract
24.1: Background
24.2: Syngas production via gasification
24.3: Syngas clean-up
24.4: Tar treatment
24.5: Industrial applications of syngas
24.6: Recommendation
References
25: Volatile organic compounds from microalgae as an alternative for the production of bioenergy
Abstract
25.1: Introduction
25.2: Volatile organic compounds from microalgae
25.3: Microalgae gaseous biofuel
25.4: Microalgae metabolism
25.5: Final considerations
25.6: Conclusion
References
26: Biochar from microalgae
Abstract
26.1: Introduction
26.2: Microalgal biochar characterization
26.3: Production of microalgal biochar
26.4: Preparation of microalgal biochar before applications
26.5: Application of microalgal biochar
26.6: Summary and perspectives
References
27: Production of renewable aviation fuel from microalgae
Abstract
Acknowledgments
27.1: Introduction
27.2: State of the art
27.3: Disruptive technological approaches
27.4: Recommendations
References
28: Direct combustion of microalgae biomass to generate bioelectricity
Abstract
28.1: Introduction
28.2: State of the art
28.3: Experimental
28.4: Recommendations
References
29: Phototrophic microbial fuel cells
Abstract
29.1: Microbial fuel cells and photosynthesis: PMFC, living within the immediate carbon cycle
29.2: Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
29.3: Primary biomass
29.4: Secondary or tertiary biomass
29.5: Climate and environment
29.6: Standard MFC
29.7: Open-to-air, single-chamber MFC
29.8: Proton exchange membranes
29.9: Large and small MFC
29.10: Membraneless MFC
29.11: Microfluidic MFC (MMFC)
29.12: Organic feedstock and inocula
29.13: Acclimation of the inoculum
29.14: Electrodes
29.15: Thick and thin electroactive biofilms
29.16: Microalgae
29.17: Photobioreactors (PBRs)
29.18: Algal cell biofilms
29.19: Photo-microbial fuel cells (PMFCs)
29.20: Cathodic PMFC
29.21: Summary
References
Part Four: Policy, regulatory, economic, intellectual property, and environmental aspects
30: Energy policies in the context of third-generation biofuels
Abstract
30.1: Introduction
30.2: Evolution of biofuels
30.3: Third-generation biofuel
30.4: Biofuel policy across the world
30.5: Policies regarding third-generation biofuel
30.6: Conclusion
References
31: Global profile and market potentials of the third-generation biofuels
Abstract
31.1: Introduction
31.2: Global profile of third-generation biofuels
31.3: Market potentials of third-generation biofuels
31.4: Future projections of the global algae biofuel market
31.5: Conclusions
References
32: Third-generation biofuels and food security
Abstract
Acknowledgments
32.1: Introduction
32.2: Food vs fuel dilemma
32.3: Third-generation biofuels
32.4: Impact of third-generation biofuels on food security
32.5: Conclusion
References
33: Bioeconomy of microalgae-based fuels
Abstract
33.1: Introduction
33.2: The green business model as a framework for the algae industry
33.3: Algae biofuel and the environment
33.4: Economic viability of algae biofuels
33.5: Social sustainability
33.6: Conclusions
References
34: Cost–benefit analysis of third-generation biofuels
Abstract
34.1: Introduction
34.2: Feedstocks and biofuels in third generation
34.3: Techno-economic analysis
34.4: Models and tools for cost–benefit analysis
34.5: Methods of cost calculations
34.6: Different types of algal biofuel productions and cost analysis
34.7: Sensitivity analysis
34.8: Conclusion
References
35: Environmental sustainability metrics and indicators of microalgae-based fuels
Abstract
35.1: Introduction
35.2: Current LCA of microalgal biofuels
35.3: Sustainability targets in LCA
35.4: LCA results for biodiesel from freshwater autotrophic microalgae compared with the conservation of natural capital, the conservation of carrying capacity of ecosystems and staying within planetary boundaries
References
36: Exergy analysis of the third-generation biofuels
Abstract
36.1: Exergy concept
36.2: Exergy components
36.3: Exergy analysis
36.4: Exergetic variables
36.5: Exergy analysis for production process of third-generation biofuels
36.6: Exergy analysis of syngas production from microalgae
36.7: Exergy analysis for third-generation biofuel utilization
References
37: Synthetic Genomics: Intellectual property, innovation policy, and advanced biofuels
Abstract
37.1: Introduction
37.2: State-of-the-art: Synthetic Genomics
37.3: Patent law and biofuels
37.4: Secondary forms of intellectual property
37.5: Disruptive technological approaches
37.6: Recommendations/conclusion
References
38: Socioeconomic aspects of third-generation biofuels
Abstract
Acknowledgment
38.1: Introduction
38.2: Biofuel generations and production
38.3: Socioeconomic aspects of biofuels
38.4: Environmental aspects and sustainability
38.5: Policy and geopolitical aspects
38.6: Discussion and conclusions
References
39: Social acceptance of third-generation biofuels
Abstract
39.1: Introduction
39.2: Defining social acceptance
39.3: Socio-political acceptance
39.4: Community acceptance
39.5: Market acceptance
39.6: Conclusions
References
Part Five: Pilot projects and demonstration-scale: Case studies for biofuels production
40: Production of microalgae on source-separated human urine
Abstract
40.1: Introduction
40.2: Urine collection systems
40.3: Microalgae strain selection
40.4: Microalgae cultivation systems
40.5: Microalgal reactors
40.6: Parameters impacting performance
40.7: Operation of pilot reactors
40.8: Concluding remarks and perspectives
References
41: Practical guide to algal biomass production: What can we learn from past successes and failures?
Abstract
41.1: Introduction
41.2: Phytoplankton cultivation
41.3: Successes and failures during outdoor phytoplankton cultivation in ponds
41.4: Constraints during commercial cultivation
41.5: Managing biological risks
41.6: Regulatory aspects
41.7: Conclusions and recommendations
References
42: Challenges for microalgae cultivation in sugarcane processing wastewater (vinasse) for biodiesel production: From the bench to pilot scale
Abstract
Acknowledgments
42.1: Sugarcane vinasse
42.2: Studies pre-scaling for microalgal lipid productivity from vinasse
42.3: Experiences and challenges of sugarcane vinasse microalgae cultivation in pilot-scale bioreactor
42.4: Conclusions and outlook
References
43: Hybrid photobioreactors: The success-to-failure experiences on pilot scale
Abstract
Acknowledgment
43.1: Background
43.2: Hybrid photobioreactor—A framework
43.3: Plant pilot hybrid photobioreactor
43.4: Failures and successes on photobioreactors—Critical review
43.5: Knowledge × know-how—Current microalgal scenario
43.6: Conclusions
References
44: The experiences of success and failure in the pilot and real-scale photosynthetic biogas production
Abstract
Acknowledgments
44.1: Introduction
44.2: Biogas production from anaerobic digestion process
44.3: Photosynthetic biogas upgrading with microalgae
44.4: Life cycle assessment of photosynthetic biogas upgrading
44.5: Techno-economic analysis of photosynthetic biogas upgrading
44.6: Final considerations
References
45: Best practices for bio-crude oil production at pilot scale using continuous flow reactors
Abstract
45.1: Background: Developing larger-scale hydrothermal liquefaction reactor systems
45.2: Challenges for transitioning from batch to continuous reactors
45.3: Reactor systems at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
45.4: Reactor systems at Aarhus University
45.5: Pilot-scale HTL reactor system at NMSU
45.6: Conclusions and recommendations
References
Index

Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

Prof. Eduardo Jacob-Lopes is currently associate professor at the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Brazil. He has more than 18 years of teaching and research experience. He is a technical and scientific consultant of several companies, agencies, and scientific journals. He has more than 600 publications/communications and has registered 15 patents. His research interest includes biotechnology and bioengineering with emphasis on microalgal biotechnology.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil

Leila Queiroz Zepka

Dr. Leila Queiroz Zepka is currently an Associate professor at the Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM). She has more than 15 years of teaching and research experience. She has published more than 500 scientific publications/communications, which include 10 books, 50 book chapters, 100 original research papers, 350 research communications in national and international conferences, and 12 patents. She is a member of the editorial board of 5 journals and acts as a reviewer for several national and international journals. Her research interest includes microalgal biotechnology with an emphasis on microalgae-based products.

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Professor, Department of Food Technology and Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil

Ihana Aguiar Severo

Dr. Ihana Aguiar Severo is currently a researcher at the Sustainable Energy Research and Development Center (NPDEAS), Federal University of Paraná, Brazil. She has published more than 60 scientific publications/communications, which include book chapters, original research papers, research communications in national and international conferences, and patents. She acts as a reviewer for several international journals. Her research interests include microalgae-based processes and products with an emphasis on process integration.

Affiliations and expertise

Researcher, Sustainable Energy Research and Development Center (NPDEAS), Federal University of Paraná, Brazil

Mariana Manzoni Maroneze

Dr. Mariana Manzoni Maroneze is currently a researcher at the Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico. She has published more than 65 scientific publications/communications, which include a book, book chapters, original research papers, research communications in national and international conferences, and patents. She acts as a reviewer for several international journals. Her research focuses on microalgae-based process and products.

Affiliations and expertise

Researcher, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico.