Pediatric Surgery, 2-Volume Set

Expert Consult - Online and Print

7th Edition - January 30, 2012

Authors: Arnold G. Coran, N. Scott Adzick, Thomas M. Krummel, Jean-Martin Laberge, Robert Shamberger, Anthony Caldamone

Hardback ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 0 7 2 5 5 - 7

eBook ISBN:

9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 0 9 1 6 1 - 9

Pediatric Surgery, 7th Edition - edited by Arnold G. Coran, Anthony Caldamone, N. Scott Adzick, Thomas M. Krummel, Jean-Martin Laberge, and Robert Shamberger - features… Read more

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Pediatric Surgery, 7th Edition - edited by Arnold G. Coran, Anthony Caldamone, N. Scott Adzick, Thomas M. Krummel, Jean-Martin Laberge, and Robert Shamberger - features comprehensive, up-to-date guidance on all aspects of childhood surgery, including congenital malformations, tumors, trauma, and urologic problems. Apply the latest developments in fetal surgery, adolescent bariatric surgery, minimally invasive surgery in children, and tissue engineering for the repair of congenital anomalies, such as the separation of conjoined twins. you can also access the fully searchable text online at www.expertconsult.com, making this definitive resource more accessible than ever.

Cover
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
About the Editors
Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: History of Pediatric Surgery: A Brief Overview
Early Years
20th Century: The Formative Years
References
Chapter 2: Molecular Clinical Genetics and Gene Therapy
Molecular Clinical Genetics
Gene Therapy
References
Chapter 3: Impact of Tissue Engineering in Pediatric Surgery
Interdisciplinary Approach
Cartilage and Bone Tissue Engineering
Vascular Tissue Engineering
Gastrointestinal Tissue Engineering
Liver Replacement and Tissue Engineering
Future Directions: Vascular Networks
References
Chapter 4: Advanced and Emerging Surgical Technologies and the Process of Innovation
Current and Future Diagnostic Technologies
Innovative Therapeutics: Technologies and Techniques
Microtechnologies and Nanotechnologies—Size Matters
Surgical Innovator
Innovative Surgical Training
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy
Fetal Diagnosis
Echocardiography
Fetal Access
Management of Mother and Fetus
Risks of Maternal-Fetal Surgery
Fetal Anomalies
Myelomeningocele
Gastroschisis
References
Chapter 6: Neonatal Physiology and Metabolic Considerations
Premature, Small for Gestational Age, and Neonates with Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Predicting Neonatal Mortality
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance
Energy Metabolism
Thermoregulation
Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism of the Neonate
Metabolic Response to Stress
References
Chapter 7: Respiratory Physiology and Care
Lung Development
Pulmonary Physiology
Monitoring
Mechanical Ventilators
Investigational Adjuncts to Mechanical Ventilation
Management of Respiratory Failure
Complications of Mechanical Ventilation
References
Chapter 8: Extracorporeal Life Support for Cardiopulmonary Failure
Background
Indications
Methods of Extracorporeal Support
Extracorporeal Life Support Circuit
Patient Management
Cannulation for Cardiac Support
Complications
Results and Follow-Up
Future of Extracorporeal Life Support
References
Chapter 9: Neonatal Cardiovascular Physiology and Care
Cardiovascular Physiology
Fetal Circulation
Neonatal Management of Common Cardiovascular Problems
References
Chapter 10: Sepsis and Related Considerations
Sepsis Terminology and Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Management
References
Chapter 11: Surgical Implications of Hematologic Disease
Anemia
Thrombocytopenia and Disorders of Platelet Function
Disorders of Coagulation
Transfusion Therapy
Platelet Transfusion
References
Chapter 12: Nutritional Support in the Pediatric Surgical Patient
Normal Pediatric Growth
Nutritional Assessment
Nutritional Requirements
Enteral Nutrition
Parenteral Nutrition
Special Problems in the Nutritional Support of the Pediatric Surgical Patient
References
Chapter 13: Pediatric Anesthesia
Physiologic Considerations
Anesthetic Risk and Common Complications
Preanesthesia Evaluation and Preparation
Fluid Requirements
Inhalation Anesthetic Agents
Emergence Delirium
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
Malignant Hyperthermia
Intravenous Anesthetic Agents
Monitoring
Pain Management
Regional Anesthesia
References
Chapter 14: Clinical Outcomes Evaluation and Quality Improvement
Study Design and Sources of Evidence
Application of Clinical Evidence
Outcomes and Measuring Quality of Care
Conclusions
References
Chapter 15: Ethical Considerations
Resolution of Ethical Dilemmas
Informed Consent and Assent
Prenatal Surgical Consultation
End of Life
Ethical Issues in Pediatric Bariatric Surgery
Surgeons and Industry
Multiculturalism
Surgical Error
Innovation and Research
Conclusion
Suggested readings
References
Chapter 16: Patient- and Family-Centered Pediatric Surgical Care
Definition
Background
Core Concepts
Putting It All Together: PFCC in Action
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 17: Injury Prevention
Prevention Priorities
Measuring Success (Programmatic Evaluation)
References
Chapter 18: Infants and Children as Accident Victims and Their Emergency Management
Epidemiology of Childhood Injury
Resuscitation and Impact on Outcome
Resuscitation Principles
Damage Control
Pain Management
Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Thoracic Injuries
Epidemiology and Prevention
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Initial Resuscitation
Treatment
Complications
Outcome
Summary
References
Chapter 20: Abdominal Trauma
Diagnostic Modalities
Solid Organ Injuries
Injuries to the Duodenum and Pancreas
Injuries of the Stomach, Small Intestine, and Colon
Injuries to the Perineum, Anus, and Genitalia
Diaphragmatic Injuries
References
Chapter 21: Genitourinary Tract Trauma
Epidemiology
Mechanisms of Injury
Anatomic Considerations
Clinical Features
Diagnostic Evaluation
Injury Grading and Scoring Systems for Genitourinary Injuries
Management of Specific Injuries
Operative Management of Renal Trauma
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra
External Genitalia
References
Chapter 22: Musculoskeletal Trauma
Musculoskeletal Systems of Children and Adults
Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Injuries
Management of Musculoskeletal Injuries
High-Priority Musculoskeletal Injuries
References
Chapter 23: Hand, Soft Tissue, and Envenomation Injuries
Hand and Soft Tissue Injuries
Envenomation Injuries
References
Chapter 24: Central Nervous System Injuries
Basic Strategy of the Therapy of Central Nervous System Injury
Immediate Issues: Resuscitation and Transport of Injured Children
Traumatic Brain Injury
Spine and Spinal Cord Injury
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 25: Vascular Injury
Epidemiology
Evaluation
Traumatic Injuries
Iatrogenic Injury
Vasospasm
Digital Ischemia Syndrome
Conclusion
References
Chapter 26: Burns
Pathophysiology
Acute Management
Burn Wound Care
Hypermetabolic Response
Nutrition
Pharmacotherapy
Nonthermal Injuries
Outpatient Therapy
Rehabilitation
References
Chapter 27: Child Abuse and Birth Injuries
Child Abuse
Presentation
Birth Injuries
References
Chapter 28: Principles of Pediatric Oncology, Genetics of Cancer, and Radiation Therapy
Epidemiology and Survival Statistics
Molecular Biology of Cancer
Molecular Diagnostics
Childhood Cancer and Heredity
Genetic Screening
General Principles of Chemotherapy
Inhibition of Angiogenesis
Immunotherapy
General Principles of Radiation Therapy
General Principles of Stem Cell Transplantation
Clinical Trials
Conclusion
References
Chapter 29: Biopsy Techniques for Children with Cancer
Handling of Specimens
Percutaneous Needle Biopsy
Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Core Needle Biopsy
Minimal Access Surgery
Thoracoscopy
Open Incisional Biopsy
Conclusion
References
Chapter 30: Wilms' Tumor
Wilms' Tumor
History
Epidemiology
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Screening
Pathology
Staging
Treatment
Other Renal Tumors
References
Chapter 31: Neuroblastoma
Mass Screening
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Staging
Pathology and Histology
Biologic and Genetic Alterations
Neuroblastoma in Infancy
Stage IV-S
Cystic Neuroblastoma
Multifocal and Bilateral Neuroblastoma
Risk Stratification and Risk-Based Management
Operative Management
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Myeloablative Therapy
Immunotherapy
Additional Therapies
Summary and Future Directions
References
Chapter 32: Nonmalignant Tumors of the Liver
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Hepatic Hemangioma
References
Chapter 33: Malignant Liver Tumors
Historical Context
Diagnosis
Malignant Liver Tumors
References
Chapter 34: Pediatric Gastrointestinal Tumors
Esophageal Smooth Muscle Tumors
Esophageal and Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Intestinal Tumors
Carcinoid Tumors
Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
Polypoid Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Hereditary Associations
Other Associations
Diagnosis
Sporadic Colorectal Carcinoma
Treatment
Summary
References
Chapter 35: Diagnosis and Treatment of Rhabdomyosarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma Patient Demographics
Rhabdomyosarcoma Tumor Biology
Presentation of Rhabdomyosarcoma
Preoperative Workup
Pretreatment Clinical Staging
Surgical Principles
Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Assessment of Response to Treatment
Metastatic Disease
Prognosis
References
Chapter 36: Other Soft Tissue Tumors
Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma in Children: Background and Overview
Surgical Approach and Presentation of Nonrhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Desmoid Tumors
Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans
References
Chapter 37: Teratomas and Other Germ Cell Tumors
Embryology and Classification
Genetics and Risk Factors
Risk-Based Therapy
Testes
Ovary
Sacrococcygeal Tumors
Mediastinal Germ Cell Tumors
Abdominal and Retroperitoneal Germ Cell Tumors
Genital (Vaginal) Germ Cell Tumors
Cervicofacial Teratomas
Gastric Teratomas
References
Chapter 38: Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
References
Chapter 39: Ovarian Tumors
Ovarian Tumors Incidence
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Disease Classification and Staging
Treatment
Surgical Guidelines for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
Chemotherapy for Ovarian Germ Cell Tumors
Miscellaneous Tumors
Secondary Tumors
Unclassified Benign Tumors
Summary
References
Chapter 40: Testicular Tumors
Risk Factors for Testicular Cancer
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Tumor Markers
Classification and Stage
Surgical Management
References
Chapter 41: Adrenal Tumors
Anatomy
Embryology
Physiology
Lesions of the Adrenal Medulla
Lesions of the Adrenal Cortex
Hyperaldosteronism
Addison Disease
Incidental Adrenal Mass
Adrenalectomy
References
Chapter 42: Tumors of the Lung and Chest Wall
Benign Tumors of the Lung
Malignant Tumors of the Lung
Treatment of Metastatic Disease
Tumors of the Chest Wall
References
Chapter 43: Bone Tumors
General Considerations
References
Chapter 44: Brain Tumors
Clinical Features
Radiographic Evaluation
Surgical Intervention
Tumor Types
Tumor Genetics
References
Chapter 45: Principles of Transplantation
Enigma of Acquired Tolerance
Organ Preservation
Tissue Typing
Future Prospects
References
Chapter 46: Renal Transplantation
End-Stage Renal Disease in Children
Recipient Evaluation
Urologic Issues
Dialysis Access
Donor Selection
Transplantation
Postoperative Care
Evaluation of Early Allograft Dysfunction
Immunosuppression
Outcomes
References
Chapter 47: Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation
Pancreas Transplantation
Islet Transplantation
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 48: Liver Transplantation
Indications and Pretransplant Care
Organ Allocation and Pretransplant Care
Donor Procurement and Hepatobiliary Anatomy
Donor Operation
Segmental Liver Transplantation: Living Donor, Reduced Size, and Split
Liver Transplant Operation
Post-transplant Care
Technical Complications
Immunosuppressive Therapy and Rejection
Infectious Complications
Outcome and the Future
References
Chapter 49: Pediatric Intestinal Transplantation
Indications for Intestinal Transplantation
Assessment and Preparation for Intestinal Transplantation
Transplantation Surgery
Postoperative Care
Results of Intestinal Transplantation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 50: Heart Transplantation
Historical Notes
Indications
Preoperative Evaluation
Donor Evaluation and Organ Procurement
Recipient Preparation and Techniques of Implantation
Postoperative Management
Transplant Immunosuppression
Early Complications
Late Complications
Results
Conclusion
References
Chapter 51: Pediatric Lung Transplantation
Organ Allocation
Indications
Contraindications
Donor Evaluation and Organ Procurement
Technique of Transplantation
Immunosuppression
Post-transplantation Surveillance
Post-transplantation Complications
Survival
Pulmonary Function and Growth
Future Considerations
References
Chapter 52: Surgical Implications Associated with Pediatric Bone Marrow Transplantation
Stem Cell Harvest and Vascular Access
Complications of Immune System Ablation and Immunosuppression
Conclusion
References
Chapter 53: Craniofacial Anomalies
The Craniosynostoses
Common Patterns of Single Suture Craniosynostosis
Syndromic Craniosynostosis
Orthognathic Surgery
Craniofacial Clefts
Acknowledgments
Selected readings
References
Chapter 54: Understanding and Caring for Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Epidemiology
Etiology
Embryology
Anatomy
Treatment Protocols
Multidisciplinary Care
Secondary Cleft Management
Conclusions
References
Chapter 55: Otolaryngologic Disorders
Ear
Nose
Oral Cavity/Pharynx
Larynx
Neck
References
Chapter 56: Salivary Glands
Classification
Embryology
Anatomy and Physiology
Pathology
Diagnosis
Inflammatory Disease
Cystic Disease
Neoplasms
Surgical Considerations
Conclusion
References
Chapter 57: Lymph Node Disorders
Anatomy
Differential Diagnosis
Evaluation
Management of Adenopathy
Summary
References
Chapter 58: Childhood Diseases of the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands
Thyroid Embryology and Physiology
Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland
Non-neoplastic Thyroid Conditions
Neoplastic Thyroid Conditions
Parathyroid Embryology and Physiology
Disorders of the Parathyroid Glands
Parathyroid Carcinoma
References
Chapter 59: Neck Cysts and Sinuses
Embryology
Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
Branchial Anomalies
Dermoid Cysts
Congenital Midline Cervical Clefts
Cervical Thymic Cysts
References
Chapter 60: Torticollis
History
Etiology
Pathology
Clinical Features
Secondary Effects of Torticollis
Conservative Management
Operative Treatment
References
Chapter 61: Disorders of the Breast
Premature Thelarche
Congenital Anomalies of the Breast
Congenital Anomalies of the Nipple
Breast Asymmetry and Hypomastia
Breast Enlargement
Infections of the Breast
Nipple Discharge
Breast Masses
Gynecomastia
References
Chapter 62: Congenital Chest Wall Deformities
Depression Deformities: Pectus Excavatum
Evaluation Before Operation
History of Surgical Treatment
Surgical Technique (Nuss Procedure)
Complications
Results
Protrusion Deformities: Pectus Carinatum
Surgical Technique, Minimally Invasive Procedures
Poland Syndrome
Sternal Defects
Thoracic Deformities in Diffuse Skeletal Disorders
References
Chapter 63: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia and Eventration
History
Epidemiology and Genetics
Associated Anomalies
Embryology
Pathology
Differential Diagnosis
Prognostic Factors
Treatment
Foramen of Morgagni Hernia
Eventration of the Diaphragm
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 64: Cysts of the Lungs and Mediastinum
Embryology
Cystic Lung Lesions
Cystic Mediastinal Lesions
Anterior and Superior Mediastinum
Middle Mediastinum
Posterior Mediastinum
References
Chapter 65: Lesions of the Larynx, Trachea, and Upper Airway
Airway Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Considerations
Tracheotomy
Lesions of the Larynx and Subglottis
Tracheal Lesions
Tracheobronchial Vascular Compression
References
Chapter 66: Infections and Diseases of the Lungs, Pleura, and Mediastinum
Lung Infections
Pediatric Spontaneous Pneumothorax
Intrathoracic Access and Procedures
Chylothorax
Mediastinal Infections
References
Chapter 67: Esophagoscopy and Diagnostic Techniques
History
Evaluation of Esophageal Anatomy and Function
Indications and Applications of Esophagoscopy
Instrumentation
Patient Preparation, Sedation, and Pain Control
Technical Considerations
Complications
References
Chapter 68: Esophageal Rupture and Perforation
Classification and Incidence
Clinical Findings
Diagnosis
Treatment
Results of Therapy
References
Chapter 69: Congenital Anomalies of the Esophagus
Historical Background
Embryology
Epidemiology
Associated Anomalies
Classification
Diagnosis and Clinical Findings
Preoperative Treatment
Operative Repair
Outcomes
Complications
Congenital Stenosis of the Esophagus
Laryngotracheoesophageal Cleft
References
Chapter 70: Caustic Strictures of the Esophagus
Historical Note
Epidemiology
Cause
Pathophysiology
Clinical Presentation
Initial Management and Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications of Injury and Treatment
Long-Term Outcome
Results
References
Chapter 71: Esophageal Replacement
Indications for Esophageal Replacement
Characteristics of an Ideal Esophageal Substitution4
Types of Esophageal Replacement
Route for Positioning the Esophageal Substitute
Timing
Colonic Interposition
Gastric Tube Esophagoplasty
Jejunal Interposition
Gastric Transposition
References
Chapter 72: Disorders of Esophageal Function
History
Embryology
Anatomy
Physiology
Methods Used for Evaluating Esophageal Function
Disorders of the Upper Esophagus
Disorders of Esophageal Body
Disorders of the Distal Esophagus
References
Chapter 73: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Esophagogastric Junction
Pathologic Reflux
Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Diagnostic Investigations
Conservative Therapy of Reflux Disease
Surgical Therapy
Mechanisms of Antireflux Procedures
Results of Fundoplication
Complications
Barrett Esophagus
Reflux in Children with Neurologic Impairment
Impact of Delayed Gastric Emptying
Endoluminal Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Hiatal Hernia
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Congenital Anomalies and Diseases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 74: Disorders of the Umbilicus
History
Normal Embryology
Umbilicus at Birth
Umbilical Abnormalities
Umbilical Hernia
Use of the Umbilicus
Reconstruction and Preservation of the Umbilicus
References
Chapter 75: Congenital Defects of the Abdominal Wall
History
Spectrum of Clinical Congenital Abdominal Wall Defects
Embryology
Antenatal Considerations
Obstetric Delivery
Clinical Features
Complications
Outcome
Suggested readings
References
Chapter 76: Inguinal Hernias and Hydroceles
History
Incidence
Embryology
Clinical Features
Examination
Radiologic Investigations
Management
Contralateral Exploration
Nonreducible Hernia
Postoperative Complications
Mortality
Special Considerations
References
Chapter 77: Undescended Testis, Torsion, and Varicocele
Undescended Testis
Torsion of the testis
Varicocele
References
Chapter 78: Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
History
Anatomy and Histology
Etiology
Clinical Features and Differential Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Outcome
References
Chapter 79: Peptic Ulcer and Other Conditions of the Stomach
Acute and Chronic Peptic Ulcer
Epidemiology
Other Conditions of the Stomach
References
Chapter 80: Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents
History of Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents
Science of Obesity
Risk Factors for Adolescent Obesity
Adolescent Cognitive Development: Concepts and Principles Relevant to Adolescent Bariatric Surgery
Bariatric Surgery
Surgical Options
Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding
Biliopancreatic Diversion/Duodenal Switch
New Procedures
Guidelines for Performing Bariatric Surgery in Adolescence
Clinical Pathway for the Management of the Adolescent Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Conclusion
References
Chapter 81: Duodenal Atresia and Stenosis—Annular Pancreas
Short Capsule History
Introductory Issues
Embryology
Spectrum of Disorders Involved
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
Complications (Intraoperative and Postoperative)
Outcomes
References
Chapter 82: Jejunoileal Atresia and Stenosis
History
Prevalence
Etiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Postoperative Care
Morbidity and Mortality
References
Chapter 83: Meconium Ileus
History
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Nonoperative Management
Operative Management
Postoperative Management
Complications
Results of Treatment
References
Chapter 84: Meckel Diverticulum
History
Embryology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Associations
Incidental Diverticulectomy
Clinical
Treatment
Outcome
Selected readings
References
Chapter 85: Intussusception
History
Introduction
Incidence and Demographics
Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings and Physical Examination
Diagnosis
Radiologic Diagnostic Evaluation
Treatment
Complications
Results and Outcome
Future
Summary
References
Chapter 86: Disorders of Intestinal Rotation and Fixation
History
Normal Rotation and Fixation
Radiologic Diagnosis of Abnormalities of Rotation and Fixation
Treatment
Postoperative Management and Complications
References
Chapter 87: Other Causes of Intestinal Obstruction
Embryology
Spectrum of Disorders
Postoperative Adhesions
Postoperative Ileus
Postoperative Intussusception
Inflammatory Adhesions
Hernias
Large Bowel Obstruction
Miscellaneous Causes of Small and Large Intestinal Obstruction
References
Chapter 88: Short Bowel Syndrome
Definitions
Etiology
Incidence, Morbidity, and Mortality
Clinical Presentation
Clinical Assessment
Nutritional Management
Medical Management
Surgical Treatment
Multidisciplinary Short Bowel Program
References
Chapter 89: Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Resuscitation and Evaluation
Swallowed Maternal Blood
Sources of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Sources of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Infectious Agents Associated with Hematochezia
Evaluation of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Novel Techniques for Identifying Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Pediatric Gastrointestinal Vascular Anomalies
References
Chapter 90: Alimentary Tract Duplications
Embryology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Cervical Esophageal Duplications
Thoracic and Thoracoabdominal Duplications
Abdominal Foregut Duplications
Duplications of the Small Intestine
Hindgut Duplications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 91: Mesenteric and Omental Cysts
History
Embryology
Classification Systems
Spectrum of Disorders and Differential Diagnosis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Outcome
Summary
References
Chapter 92: Ascites
Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Hepatocellular Ascites
Biliary Ascites
Chylous Ascites
Urinary Ascites
References
Chapter 93: Polypoid Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Juvenile Polyps
Polyposis Syndromes
Adenomatous Polyposis Syndromes
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes
Nonepithelial Polyps
References
Chapter 94: Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Historical Perspective
Incidence
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis
Unifying Hypothesis for Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Pathology
Diagnosis
Microbiology
Imaging
Classification
Management
Survival
Complications
Prevention
References
Chapter 95: Crohn's Disease
Epidemiology
Etiology
Pathology and Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Medical Therapy
Surgical Therapy
Cancer
References
Chapter 96: Ulcerative Colitis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Pathology
Clinical Manifestations
Clinical Examination
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Ileoanal Pouch Construction
J Pouch Construction
Modification of the Pull-Through
Postoperative Care
Additional Surgical Considerations
Complications and Outcomes
Conclusions
References
Chapter 97: Primary Peritonitis
Clinical History, Laboratory Data, and Diagnostic Studies
Primary Peritonitis in Healthy Children
Nephrotic Syndrome
Peritonitis with Peritoneal Dialysis
Hepatic Dysfunction
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunts
Sterile Peritonitis
References
Chapter 98: Stomas of the Small and Large Intestine
Historical Note
Child with a Stoma
Types of Enterostomas
Indications for Enterostomas in Children
Choice of Enterostoma
Select Technical Aspects
Stoma Care
Reestablishing Intestinal Continuity
Complications of Enterostomas
References
Chapter 99: Atresia, Stenosis, and Other Obstructions of the Colon
Atresia and Congenital Stenosis of the Colon
Embryology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Acquired Colonic Stenosis
Functional Colonic Obstruction
Meconium Ileus
Miscellaneous Causes of Obstruction
Summary
References
Chapter 100: Appendicitis
Embryology and Anatomy
Spectrum of Disease
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications
Outcomes
Suggested readings
References
Chapter 101: Hirschsprung Disease
History
Etiology and Genetics
Diagnosis
Preoperative Management
Pull-through Procedure for Hirschsprung Disease
Role of Colostomy
Minimal Access Approaches
Surgical Approach to Long-Segment Hirschsprung Disease
Postoperative Care
Long-Term Outcomes
“Variant” Hirschsprung Disease
References
Chapter 102: Intestinal Dysganglionosis and Other Disorders of Intestinal Motility
Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia
Isolated Hypoganglionosis
Internal Anal Sphincter Achalasia
References
Chapter 103: Anorectal Malformations
History
Incidence
Classification
Embryology
Associated Malformations
Anorectal Anatomy and Pathophysiology
Clinical Findings and Initial Management
Anorectal Reconstruction
Outcomes
References
Chapter 104: Other Disorders of the Anus and Rectum, Anorectal Function
Anatomy
Physiology of Anal Continence
Physiology of Defecation
Constipation
Functional Fecal Soiling Without Constipation
Rectal Prolapse
Anal Fissure
Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis
Perianal Abscess and Fistula in Ano
Vascular Malformations
Hemorrhoids
Solitary Rectal Ulcer
Infantile Proctocolitis
Proctalgia Fugax
Sexual Abuse
References
Chapter 105: The Jaundiced Infant: Biliary Atresia
History
Incidence, Demographics, and Classification
Etiology
Embryology
Pathology
Clinical Evaluation
Liver Biopsy
Other Tests
Treatment
Outcomes
Complications
Acknowledgments
Suggested reading
References
Chapter 106: Choledochal Cyst
Epidemiology and Etiology
Embryology
Anatomic Classification
Pathology
Prenatal Diagnosis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Surgical Management
Outcome and Complications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 107: Gallbladder Disease and Hepatic Infections
Gallbladder Disease
Hepatic Infections
References
Chapter 108: Portal Hypertension
Historical Background
Embryology and Anatomy
Definition
Collateral Circulation
Causes: A Spectrum of Disorders
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Complications of Surgery
Outcome
Summary
References
Chapter 109: The Pancreas
Embryology
Surgical Anatomy
Pancreatitis
Cysts and Pseudocysts
Hyperinsulinism
Neoplasms
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 110: The Spleen
History
Embryology and Anatomy
Function
Anatomic Abnormalities
Indications for Splenectomy
Splenectomy
Postoperative Considerations
References
Chapter 111: Renal Agenesis, Dysplasia, and Cystic Disease
Renal Development
Renal Dysgenesis
Renal Agenesis
Hypoplasia and Hypodysplasia
Renal Cystic Disease
Autosomal Dominant (Adult) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Autosomal Recessive (Infantile) Polycystic Kidney Disease
Multiple Malformation Syndromes with Renal Cysts
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Benign Multilocular Cyst (Cystic Nephroma)
Simple Cyst
Acquired Renal Cystic Disease
Caliceal Diverticulum
References
Chapter 112: Renal Fusions and Ectopia
Embryology
Anomalies Related to Abnormal Ascent of the Kidneys (Ectopic Kidneys)13
Anomalies Related to Abnormal Fusion of the Kidneys
References
Chapter 113: Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
Etiology/Incidence
Embryology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Outcome
Summary
References
Chapter 114: Renal Infection, Abscess, Vesicoureteral Reflux, Urinary Lithiasis, and Renal Vein Thrombosis
Urinary Tract Infection, Renal Abscess, and Vesicoureteral Reflux
Urinary Lithiasis
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Suggested reading
References
Chapter 115: Ureteral Duplication and Ureteroceles
Embryology
Incomplete Duplicated Systems
Ureteroceles
Summary
Acknowledgments
Suggested readings
References
Chapter 116: Disorders of Bladder Function
History and Physical Examination
Radiographic and Dynamic Assessment of Bladder Dysfunction
Neuropathic Causes of Bladder Dysfunction
Anatomic Causes of Bladder Dysfunction
Nonneuropathic, Nonanatomic Causes of Bladder Dysfunction
References
Chapter 117: Reconstruction of the Bladder and Bladder Outlet
Disorders of Bladder and Urethra
Reconstructive Philosophy
Compensating for Inadequate Bladder Capacity or Compliance
Procedures to Correct Deficient Bladder Outlet Resistance
Providing for Alternate Continent Urine Drainage
Interface with Fecal Incontinence
Urinary Reconstruction and End-Stage Renal Disease
Complications
References
Chapter 118: Incontinent and Continent Urinary Diversion
Incontinent Urinary Diversion
Continent Urinary Diversion
Autoaugmentation
Summary
References
Chapter 119: Megaureter and Prune-Belly Syndrome
Megaureter
Prune-Belly Syndrome
Conclusions
References
Chapter 120: Bladder and Cloacal Exstrophy
Bladder Exstrophy
Cloacal Exstrophy
Suggested readings
References
Chapter 121: Hypospadias
Historical Notes
Embryology
Incidence
Associated Anomalies
Cause
Normal and Hypospadiac Penile Anatomy
Technical Considerations
Complications
Results
Summary
References
Chapter 122: Abnormalities of the Urethra, Penis, and Scrotum
Posterior Urethral Valves
Anterior Urethral Valves in Boys
Urethral Diverticulum in Girls
Urethral Stricture
Urethral Atresia
Urethral Stenosis in Girls
Urethral Mass in Girls
Labial Adhesions
Cowper Gland Anomalies
Urethral Polyps
Prostatic Utricle
Urethral Duplication
Megalourethra
Congenital Urethral Fistula
Phimosis
Circumcision
Meatal Stenosis
Penile Agenesis
Diphallia
Penile Torsion
Penoscrotal Transposition and Scrotal Ectopia
Suggested Readings
References
Chapter 123: Disorders of Sexual Development
Nomenclature
Developmental Biology of Mammalian Sexual Differentiation
Pathophysiology of Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
Diagnosis
Medical Management
Surgical Treatment of Urogenital Sinus Anomalies and Disorders of Sexual Differentiation
Preoperative Evaluation
Laparoscopy
Preoperative Preparation
Surgical Reconstruction
Reconstruction for Female Gender Assignment
Planning and Timing the Surgical Reconstruction
Clitoroplasty, Vaginoplasty, Labioplasty, Incorporated into a Single Procedure
Clitoroplasty
Labioplasty
Vaginoplasty
Postoperative Care of the Female Patient
Reconstruction for Male Gender Assignment
Penoscrotal Transposition
Müllerian Duct Remnants
Penile Agenesis
Vaginal Agenesis
Surgical Treatment of Vaginal Agenesis
Summary
Acknowlegments
References
Chapter 124: Abnormalities of the Female Genital Tract
Embryology
Vaginal Agenesis
Congenital Vaginal Obstruction
Agenesis of the Lower Vagina
Transverse Vaginal Septum
Anomalies of Fusion
Longitudinal Vaginal Septum
Urogenital Sinus Anomalies
Cloacal Malformations
Other Gynecologic Issues
Other Vaginal Tumors
References
Chapter 125: Vascular Anomalies
Historical Perspective
Vascular Tumors
Vascular Malformations
Complex-Combined Vascular Malformations
Conclusions
References
Chapter 126: Pediatric Arterial Diseases
Aortic Disease
Renal Artery Disease
Splanchnic Artery Disease
Extremity Arterial Disease
Cerebrovascular Disease
References
Chapter 127: Congenital Heart Disease and Anomalies of the Great Vessels
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Coarctation of the Aorta
Atrial Septal Defects
Ventricular Septal Defects
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Single Ventricle and the Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Vascular Rings and Slings
References
Chapter 128: Management of Neural Tube Defects, Hydrocephalus, Refractory Epilepsy, and Central Nervous System Infections
Neural Tube Defects
Hydrocephalus
Epilepsy Surgery in Children
Suppurative Central Nervous System Infections
References
Chapter 129: Major Congenital Orthopedic Deformities
Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip
Congenital Abnormalities of the Feet
Congenital Dislocation of the Knee
Congenital Dislocation of the Patella
Congenital Deformities of the Spine
Suggested readings
References
Chapter 130: Congenital Defects of the Skin and Hands
General Incidence and Risk
Analysis of Defects and Technical Aspects of Treatment
Specific Anatomic Regions
Summary
References
Chapter 131: Conjoined Twins
Symmetrical Conjoined Twins
Heteropagus (Parasitic) Twins
Acknowledgments
References
Index