Study Points to Metabolic Health as a Key Factor in Mood Disorders

While they share similar depressive and cognitive symptoms, the biological underpinnings of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder are distinct. A novel studyopens in new tab/window appearing in Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimagingopens in new tab/window, published by Elsevier, is the first to identify clinically relevant pathways linking metabolic dysfunction, brain structure, and cognition in mood disorders, with stronger and more specific effects observed in bipolar disorder. It highlights the potential of targeting metabolic pathways to improve cognitive symptoms in bipolar disorder.

Major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder are disabling psychiatric conditions, significantly impairing mood regulation and biological rhythms. Even when a person’s mood is stable, persistent challenges with memory and focus make it hard to function in everyday life. Increasing evidence suggests a strong link between mood disorders and metabolic dysfunction. Conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance are associated with a higher risk of depression, and vice versa.

“Mood disorders are highly heterogeneous, which often delays diagnosis and effective treatment, highlighting the need for more targeted approaches,” explains lead investigator Elena Mazza, PhD, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy. “In a cohort of 78 patients with major depressive disorder and 81 with bipolar disorder, we investigated how insulin resistance and related hormones are associated with brain structure and clinical outcomes, with a particular focus on cognitive function, given the critical role of insulin in neuronal communication, learning, and memory.”

Researchers combined metabolic biomarkers, structural brain imaging, and cognitive assessments to examine how metabolic dysfunction relates to brain structure and cognition. They applied a multivariate statistical approach to investigate these relationships and to assess whether they differed between diagnoses.

Patients with bipolar disorder were found to exhibit a more severe metabolic profile, characterized by insulin resistance and leptin dysregulation, likely reflecting a more severe illness course, as greater illness burden—specifically a higher number of mood and manic episodes—was associated with worse metabolic dysfunction and lifetime burden of illness.

Investigators found that metabolic alterations like insulin resistance are associated with cognitive deficits, potentially through their impact on gray matter volume in key brain regions involved in cognitive functioning and are linked to poorer performance in memory, attention, and executive function. Notably, these associations were observed only in bipolar disorder, suggesting that insulin and leptin resistance may play a key role in linking metabolic dysfunction to cognitive impairment by promoting inflammatory and neurotoxic processes that affect brain structure, particularly in regions supporting cognition.

Editor-in-Chief of Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging Cameron S. Carter, MD, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, comments, “Interestingly, the effects of metabolic dysfunction on clinical and neural outcomes were primarily observed in bipolar disorder. These findings could be consistent with a neuroprogressive model of bipolar disorder, in which repeated episodes may drive not only clinical worsening but also cumulative metabolic and neurobiological changes. This highlights the importance of early and effective intervention to prevent both clinical deterioration and its associated biological consequences.”

The study’s findings point towards a previously unknown, clinically meaningful pathway linking metabolic dysfunction to cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder through its impact on brain structure.

“Beyond traditional antidepressant treatments, interventions aimed at enhancing insulin sensitivity—such as insulin-sensitizing agents or intranasal insulin—have already shown promising cognitive benefits,” notes lead author Laura Raffaelli, PhD candidate, Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy. “More recently, GLP-1 receptor agonists, currently used for metabolic conditions, have gained attention for their potential positive effects on both mood and cognition, representing a promising avenue for future therapeutic development.”

Dr. Mazza concludes, “Our findings highlight that metabolic health is not just a peripheral concern, but a key factor influencing brain structure and cognitive functioning in mood disorders. The results of our study help explain why cognitive symptoms often persist even when mood symptoms improve, underscoring the complex interplay between brain and metabolic health. By clarifying these mechanisms, our study opens the door to more personalized treatment strategies that integrate metabolic and psychiatric care.”

Notes for editors

The article is "Insulin Resistance and Leptin Dysregulation Impact In Vivo Brain Structure and Cognitive Functioning in Mood Disorders: A Multimodal Partial Least Squares Path Modeling Study," by Laura Raffaelli, Mariagrazia Palladini, Marco Paolini, Sara Poletti, Cristina Lorenzi, Rosa Decorato, Matteo Carminati, Cristina Colombo, Raffaella Zanardi, Francesco Benedetti, and Elena Mazza (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2026.02.003opens in new tab/window). It appears online in Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimagingopens in new tab/window, published by Elsevier.

The article is openly available for 60 days at https://www.biologicalpsychiatrycnni.org/article/S2451-9022(26)00047-9/fulltextopens in new tab/window.

Copies of this paper are also available to credentialed journalists upon request; please contact Rhiannon Bugno at [email protected]opens in new tab/window. Journalists wishing to interview the study’s authors should contact the Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Public Engagement Office at [email protected]opens in new tab/window.

The authors’ affiliations and disclosures of financial relationships and conflicts of interest are available in the article.

Cameron S. Carter, MD, is Chair of the Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior at the University of California Irvine School of Medicine. His disclosures of financial relationships and conflicts of interest are available hereopens in new tab/window.

About Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging

Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimagingopens in new tab/window is an official journal of the Society of Biological Psychiatryopens in new tab/window, whose purpose is to promote excellence in scientific research and education in fields that investigate the nature, causes, mechanisms and treatments of disorders of thought, emotion, or behavior. In accord with this mission, this peer-reviewed, rapid-publication, international journal focuses on studies using the tools and constructs of cognitive neuroscience, including the full range of noninvasive neuroimaging and human extra- and intracranial physiological recording methodologies. It publishes both basic and clinical studies, including those that incorporate genetic data, pharmacological challenges, and computational modeling approaches. The 2024 Journal Impact Factor^TM score, from Clarivate, for Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging is 4.8.www.sobp.org/bpcnniopens in new tab/window

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