JOE CELKO'S TREES AND HIERARCHIES IN SQL FOR SMARTIES
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By Joe Celko, Independent Consultant & Columnist for Intelligent Enterprise, USA
Description Joe Celko's Trees and Hierarchies in SQL is an intermediate to advanced-level practitioner?s guide to mastering the two most challenging
aspects of developing database applications in SQL. In this book, Celko illustrates several major approaches to representing trees and
hierarchies and related topics that should be of interest to the working database programmer. These topics include hierarchical encoding
schemes, graphs, IMS, binary trees, and more. This book covers SQL-92 and SQL:1999.
Audience
database application developers (from enterprise-level application builders to small business developers)
Contents
1 Graphs, Trees and Hierarchies
1.1 Modeling a Graph in a Program
1.1.1 Adjacency Lists for Graphs
1.1.2 Adjacency Arrays for Graphs
1.1.3 Finding a path in a General Graphs in SQL
1.2 Defining Tree and Hierarchies
1.2.1 Trees
1.2.2 Properties of Hierarchies
1.2.3 Types
of Hierarchies
1.3 Note on Recursion
2 Adjacency List Model
2.1 The Simple Adjacency List Model
2.2 The Simple Adjacency List
Model is not normalized.
2.2.1 UPDATE Anomalies
2.2.2 INSERT Anomalies
2.2.3 DELETE Anomalies
2.2.4 Structural Anomalies
2.3 Fixing
the Adjacency List Model
2.3.1 Concerning the Use of NULLs
2.4 Navigation in Adjacency List Model
2.4.1 Cursors and Procedural Code
2.4.2 Self-joins
2.5 Inserting Nodes in the Adjacency List Model
2.6 Deleting Nodes in the Adjacency List Model
2.6.1 Deleting an Entire
Subtree
2.6.2 Promoting a Subordinate after Deletion
2.6.3 Promoting an Entire Subtree after Deletion
2.7 Leveled Adjacency List Model
2.7.1 Numbering the levels
2.7.2 Aggregation in the Hierarchy
3 Path Enumeration Models
3.1 Finding the Depth of the Tree
3.2
Searching for Subordinates
3.3 Searching for Superiors
3.4 Deleting a Subtree
3.5 Deleting a Single Node
3.6 Inserting a New Node
3.7
Splitting up a Path String
3.8 The Edge Enumeration Model
3.9 XPath and XML
4 Nested Set Model of Hierarchies
4.1 Finding Root
and Leaf Nodes
4.2 Finding Subtrees
4.3 Finding Levels and Paths in a Tree
4.3.1 Finding the Height of a Tree
4.3.2 Finding Levels of
Subordinates
4.3.3 Finding Oldest and Youngest Subordinates
4.3.4 Finding a Path
4.3.5 Finding Relative Position
4.4 Functions in the
Nested Sets Model
4.5 Deleting Nodes and Subtrees
4.5.1 Deleting Subtrees
4.5.2 Deleting a Single Node
4.5.3 Pruning a Set of Nodes from
a Tree
4.6. Closing Gaps in the Tree
4.7. Summary Functions on Trees
4.7.1 Iterative Parts Update
4.7.2 Recursive Parts Update
4.8 Inserting
and Updating Trees
4.8.1 Moving a Subtree within a Tree
4.8.2 MoveSubtree Second Version
4.8.3 Subtree Duplication
4.8.4 Swapping Siblings
4.9 Converting Nested Sets Model to Adjacency List
4.10 Converting Adjacency List to Nested Sets Model
4.11 Separation of Edges and
Nodes
4.11.1 Multiple Structures
4.11.2 Multiple Nodes
4.12 Comparing Nodes and Structure
5 Frequent Insertion Trees
5.1 The
Datatype of (lft, rgt)
5.1.1 Exploiting the Full Range of Integers
5.1.2 FLOAT, REAL or DOUBLE PRECISION Numbers
5.1.3 NUMERIC(p,s) or
DECIMAL(p,s) Numbers
5.2 Computing the Spread to Use
5.2.1 Varying the Spread
5.2.2 Divisor Parameter
5.2.3 Divisor via Formula
5.2.4
Divisor via Table Lookup
5.2.5 Partial Reorganization
5.2.6 Rightward Spread Growth
5.3 Total Reorganization
5.3.1 Reorganization with
Lookup Table
5.3.2 Reorganization with Recursion
5.4 Rational Numbers and Nested Intervals model
5.4.1 Partial Order mappings
5.4.2
Summation of Coordinates
5.4.3 Finding Parent Encoding and Sibling Number
5.4.4 Calculating the Enumerated Path and Distance between
Nodes
5.4.5 Building a Hierarchy
5.4.6 Depth-first Enumeration by Left Interval Boundary
5.4.7 Depth-first enumeration by Right Interval
boundary
5.4.8 All Descendants of a Node
6 The Linear Version of the Nested Sets model
6.1 Insertion and Deletion
6.2 Finding
Paths
6.3 Finding Levels
6.4 Summary
7 Binary Trees
7.1 Binary Tree Traversals
7.2 Binary Tree Queries
7.2.1 Find Parent of
a Node
7.2.2 Find Subtree at a Node
7.3 Deletion from a Binary Tree
7.4 Insertion into a Binary Tree
7.5 Heaps
7.6 Binary Tree Representation
of Multiway Trees
7.7 The Stern-Brocot Numbers
8 Other Models for Trees
8.1 Adjacency List with Self-References
8.2 Subordinate
Adjacency List
8.3 Hybrid Models
8.3.1. Adjacency and Nested Set Model
8.3.2. Nested Set with Depth Model
8.3.3. Adjacency and Depth
Model
8.3.4. Computed Hybrid Models
8.4 General Graphs
8.4.1 Detecting Paths in a Convergent Graph
8.4.2 Detecting Directed Cycles
9 Proprietary Extensions for Trees
9.1 Oracle Tree Extensions
9.2 XDB Tree Extension
9.3 DB2 and the WITH Operator
9.4 Date's
EXPLODE Operator
9.5 Tillquist and Kuo's Proposals
9.6 Microsoft Extensions
9.7 Other Methods
10 Hierarchies in Data Modeling
10.1 Types of Hierarchies
10.2 DDL Constraints
10.2.1 Uniqueness Constraints
10.2.2 Disjoint Hierarchies
10.2.3 Representing 1:1, 1:m,
and n:m Relationships
11 Hierarchical Encoding Schemes
11.1 ZIP codes
11.2 Dewey Decimal Classification
11.3 Strength and Weaknesses
11.4 Shop Categories
11.5 Statistical Tools for Decision Trees
12 Hierarchical Database Systems (IMS)
12.1 Types of Databases
12.2 Database History
12.2.1. DL/I
12.2.2 Control Blocks
12.2.3 Data Communications
12.2.4 Application Programs
12.2.5 Hierarchical Databases
12.2.6 Strengths and Weaknesses
12.3 Sample Hierarchical Database
12.3.1 Department Database
12.3.2 Student Database
12.3.3 Design Considerations
12.3.4 Example Database Expanded
12.3.5 Data Relationships
12.3.6 Hierarchical Sequence
12.3.7 Hierarchical Data Paths
12.3.8 Database
Records
12.3.9 Segment Format
12.3.10 Segment Definitions
12.4 Summary
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