Guide for Authors
The official journal of the
Combustion Institute
Page charges
This journal has no page charges.
Ethics in Publishing
For information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical
guidelines for journal publication see
http://www.elsevier.com/publishingethics and
http://www.elsevier.com/ethicalguidelines.
Conflict of interest
All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest
including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted
work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also
http://www.elsevier.com/conflictsofinterest.
Submission declaration
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously
(except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication
elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was
carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without
the written consent of the copyright-holder.
Authorship
All authors should
have made substantial contributions to all of the following: (1) the conception and design of the study, or acquisition of data, or analysis
and interpretation of data, (2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content, (3) final approval
of the version to be submitted.
Copyright
Upon acceptance, the authors
wil be asked to transfer the copyright of the article to The Combuation Institute.
Retained
author rights
As an author you (or your employer or institution) retain certain rights; for details you are referred to:
http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights.
Role of the funding source
You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article
and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data;
in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement
then this should be stated. Please see
http://www.elsevier.com/funding.
Funding body agreements and policies
Elsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors whose
articles appear in journals published by Elsevier, to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions
of their grant awards. To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit
http://www.elsevier.com/fundingbodies.
Language and language services
Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted,
but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission
please visit
http://www.elsevier.com/languagepolishing or our customer support site at
http://epsupport.elsevier.com
for more information. Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered by outside
vendors through our services or in any advertising. For more information please refer to our Terms & Conditions:
http://www.elsevier.com/termsandconditions.
Use of wordprocessing software
It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format.
Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular,
do not use the wordprocessor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts
etc. Do not embed "graphically designed" equations or tables, but prepare these using the wordprocessor's facility. When preparing tables,
if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs,
not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also
the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier:
http://www.elsevier.com/guidepublication). Do not import the figures into the text
file but, instead, indicate their approximate locations directly in the electronic text and on the manuscript. See also the section on
Electronic illustrations.
To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the "spell-check" and "grammar-check" functions
of your wordprocessor.
LaTeX
Authors preparing manuscripts in LaTeX format
must strictly adhere to the Elstart template (for numbered references) provided at: http://www.elsevier.com/latex. Please do not insert
additional macros or graphics into the LaTeX file. All graphics should be saved individually in separate files. For references, use the
following:
LaTex template. This file is the
tailor-made biographic style, to be used in combination with BibTeX.
Article structure
Subdivision - numbered sections
Divide your article into clearly
defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in
section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to "the text". Any subsection may be given
a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.
Introduction
State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.
Essential title page information
•
Title.
Concise and informative. Titles are often
used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
•
Author names and affiliations.
Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses
(where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the
author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name,
and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
•
Corresponding author.
Clearly indicate who will handle
correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication.
Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country
and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address.
•
Present/permanent
address.
If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address"
(or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work
must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Indicate the type of article (full-length, Brief Communication, etc.). If the title is long, a shortened running
title having no more than 45 characters and spaces should be provided.
Abstract
A concise and factual abstract is required with full-length articles. It should consist of one paragraph of 100-300 words. The
abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is often presented
separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then
cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined
at their first mention in the abstract itself.
Keywords
Immediately after
the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid,
for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords
will be used for indexing purposes.
Keywords should not be submitted for
Brief Communications.
Abbreviations
Abbreviations of chemical compounds
or all acronyms should be written in full at their first mention with the abbreviation in parentheses.
Acknowledgements
Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references
and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided
help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).
Nomenclature and Units
Nomenclature and Units: If symbols are used extensively, a nomenclature list arranged
alphabetically, with subscript and superscript symbols listed separately, should be provided. Otherwise all symbols should be identified
when first used in the text. Authors are expected to use the SI system of units.
Math
Formulae
Present simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible and use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal
line for small fractional terms, e.g., X/Y. In principle, variables are to be presented in italics. Powers of e are often more conveniently
denoted by exp. Use fraction exponents instead of root signs. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately
from the text (if referred to explicitly in the text).): Numbers identifying such equations should be enclosed in parentheses and should
be numbered consecutively beginning with "1" in the text. Refer to equations in the text as "Eq. (1)," etc., or "Equation (1)," etc.,
at the beginning of a sentence.
Footnotes
Footnotes should be used only
when absolutely essential. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build
footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and
present the footnotes themselves separately at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.
Table
footnotes
Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.
Artwork
Electronic artwork
General points
•
Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose
the font.
• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.
• Number the illustrations
according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide captions
to illustrations separately.
• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.
• Submit each figure
as a separate file.
A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.
Formats
Regardless
of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats
(note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS: Vector drawings.
Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".
TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a
minimum of 500 dpi is required.
DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications
please supply "as is".
Please do not:
• Supply embedded graphics in your wordprocessor (spreadsheet, presentation)
document;
• Supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;
•
Supply files that are too low in resolution;
• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.
Refer to figures in the text as "Fig. 1," etc., or "Figure 1," etc., at the beginning of a sentence.
The preferred formats for figures are TIFF or EPS files.
All figures will be reduced to single-column width (approx. 88 mm), unless
authorized by the editor to be larger. Lettering and data points should be large enough to be legible after the figure has been reduced
to a width of 88 mm. Figures not meeting these requirements will be returned to the author(s) for revision, which may delay the publication
of the article.
Color artwork
Please make sure that artwork files
are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article,
you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color on the Web
(e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version.
For color reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article.
Please indicate your preference for color in print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork,
please see
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise
by converting color figures to "gray scale" (for the printed version should you not opt for color in print) please submit in addition
usable black and white versions of all the color illustrations.
Figure captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a
brief title (
not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum
but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Text graphics
Present
incidental graphics not suitable for mention as figures, plates or schemes at the end of the article and number them "Graphic 1", etc.
Their precise position in the text can then be indicated. See further under Electronic artwork. If you are working with LaTeX and have
such features embedded in the text, these can be left, but such embedding should not be done specifically for publishing purposes. Further,
high-resolution graphics files must be provided separately.
Tables
Number
tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them
with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables
do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
Citation in text
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited
in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but
may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style
of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication"
Citation of a reference as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication.
Web references
As a minimum, the full URL should be given. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names,
dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference
list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.
Reference Style
References. References should be indicated in the text by full-size numbers in brackets, e.g.,
[1], and should be numbered in the order cited. The actual authors can be referred to, but the reference number(s) must always be given.
When citing a
Combustion and Flame article that is "in press," follow the citation instructions given on the article itself
(e.g., "Please cite this article in press as: A.E.D.M. van der Heijden, A.B. Leeuwenburgh, Combust. Flame (2009), doi:10.1016/j.combustflame.2009.03.007").
The numbered reference list at the end of the article should conform to the following style:
Journal article:
[1] J.C. Rolon, F. Aguerre, S. Candel, Combust. Flame 100 (1995) 422-429.
For in press articles please cite using the following
convention: C Di Blasi, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 35 (2009). If possible, you should also cite the relevant DOI (Digital Object Identifier).
Book:
[2] P. Prasad, Propagation of a Curved Shock and Nonlinear Ray Theory, Longman Scientific & Technical,
Harlow, U.K., 1993. You may also include the page or page range (optional).
Edited Book:
[3] R.A. Yetter, F.L.
Dryer, D.M Golden, in: M.Y. Hussaini, A. Kumar, F.G. Voigt (Eds.), Major Research Topics in Combustion, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992,
p. 309-315.
Symposium Proceedings:
All symposium papers associated with the International Symposium on Combustion
should be cited in the following way:
[4] R.S. Cant, S.B. Pope, K.N.C. Bray, Proc. Combust. Inst. 23 (1990) 809-815.
Conference
Proceedings:
A conference proceedings should be styled as a book, with publisher or institution sponsoring publication and the
year published as well as the year the conference was held.
Internal Reports:
A.S. Johnson, F.W. Adams, Use of Laser
Diagnostics in Supersonic Flows, Report No. SAND87-8003, Sandia National Laboratories, 1987. Authors must ensure that these references
are publicly available.
Journal abbreviations source
Journal names
should be abbreviated according to
Index Medicus journal abbreviations:
http://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/serials/lji.html;
List of serial title word abbreviations:
http://www.issn.org/2-22661-LTWA-online.php;
CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service):
http://www.cas.org/sent.html.
Supplementary material
Elsevier
accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the author additional
possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips
and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products,
including ScienceDirect:
http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable,
please ensure that data are provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format
together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. Video files: please supply 'stills' with your files:
you can choose any frame from the video or make a separate image. These will be used instead of standard icons and will personalize the
link to your supplementary information. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Submission checklist
It is hoped that this list will be useful during the final checking of an article
prior to sending it to the journal's Editor for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.
Ensure
that the following items are present:
One Author designated as corresponding Author:
• E-mail address
• Full
postal address
• Telephone and fax numbers
All necessary files have been uploaded
• Keywords
• All figure
captions
• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)
Further considerations
• Manuscript has been "spellchecked"
and "grammar-checked"
• References are in the correct format for this journal
• All references mentioned in the Reference
list are cited in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources
(including the Web)
• Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge)
and in print or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print
• If only color on the
Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes
For any further information please
visit our customer support site at
http://epsupport.elsevier.com.
Submission
of Papers
Submission of Papers. Manuscripts are to be submitted via the online submission site accessed via
http://ees.elsevier.com/cnf.
Effective July 1, 2009 all manuscripts originating in the Americas, Middle East, and all of Asia (except China) should be sent to Professor
Fokion N. Egolfopoulos, those originating elsewhere (Europe, Australia and Oceania, Africa, and China) should be sent to Professor Katharina
Kohse-Höinghaus.
Manuscripts are to be uploaded using a self-prepared pdf file which will be used for the reviewing process.
The pdf file should include all text, figures, and tables. If a manuscript is accepted, it will be necessary to send the original source
files. Authors, Reviewers and Editors send and receive all correspondence by email and no paper correspondence is necessary. If the manuscript
cites any article that is "in press" or is "submitted for publication", then that cited article should be sent as an additional pdf file
(as 'additional material').
Please note: If you upload any additional files, please include at the beginning of each file
a title page which gives a short description of the content. This facilitates distinguishing between your manuscript and the additional
material.
Length. There is no restriction on the length of full-length articles; however, succinct writing is encouraged
and undue length may be a cause for rejection. A Brief Communication, Comment, or Reply should not exceed 1500 words, including tables
and figures, each equivalent to 200 words.
Use of the Digital Object Identifier
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to
electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon
the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly
'Articles in press' because they have not yet received their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown
as follows (example taken from a document in the journal
Physics Letters B):
doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071
When
you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.
Proofs
One set of page proofs (as PDF files) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do
not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent by post) or, a link will be provided in the e-mail so that authors can download
the files themselves. Elsevier now provides authors with PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe
Reader version 7 (or higher) available free from
http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. Instructions on how
to annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs (also given online). The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site:
http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/acrrsystemreqs.html#70win.
If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and
return them to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then
mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan
the pages and e-mail, or by post. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the
text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission
from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure
that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent
corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of
your article if no response is received.
Offprints
The corresponding author,
at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article
and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Additional paper
offprints can be ordered by the authors. An order form with prices will be sent to the corresponding author.
For inquiries relating to the submission of articles (including electronic submission
where available) please visit this journal's homepage. You can track accepted articles at
http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle
and set up e-mail alerts to inform you of when an article's status has changed. Also accessible from here is information on copyright,
frequently asked questions and more. Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating
to proofs, will be provided by the publisher.
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