PHYTOCHEMISTRY LETTERS
Guide for Authors
ETHICS IN PUBLISHING

By submitting your work to this journal you are guaranteeing that:
• The data are original. Data that have been previously published, by yourselves or others, must be noted as such, and you must have permission from the original copyright holder (usually the publisher) and the original author to reuse the material.
• The text is original.
• The manuscript is not currently under consideration of publication elsewhere.
• All co-authors listed have agreed to the publication of the manuscript in its current form in this journal.

A CHECK LIST FOR AUTHORS BEFORE SUBMISSION

1. Is the subject matter really appropriate for Phytochemistry Letters?
2. Is the work described both new and significant?
3. Have you supplied a Graphical Abstract?
4. Is the Title both short and informative?
5. Have you remembered to include a Keyword Index?
6. Does the Abstract fully represent your scientific contribution? Is it self-contained? (Avoid formulae numbers and abbreviations given in the text.)
7. Have you avoided repeating yourself? Have you avoided presenting the same data more than once? Can you really justify writing separate 'Results' and 'Discussion' sections?
8. Have you formatted the references correctly? In the text you should refer to the author's name (for more than two authors use the first author followed by et al.) and year of publication. (See section on references for further details.)
9. Have you checked species names? Are you sure of the identity of the species examined? Have you indicated the part of the organism you extracted? Have you deposited a voucher specimen and given access information?
10. Have you remembered to add the accepted IUPAC systematic names for new natural products?
11. Have you used all the suggested abbreviations in the Experimental?
12. Have you remembered to enclose with (or cite in) your manuscript any other relevant papers (e.g. reprint of previous paper in a series, any manuscripts of papers in press referred to in the paper, etc.)?
13. Have you clearly identified the corresponding author and supplied full contact details, including fax and e-mail?
14. Is your manuscript double-spaced throughout with adequate margins and consists of one file containing all your text, figures and tables with a file name extension, plus separate original graphic files ready for online submission?
15. Manuscripts should be submitted online ( visit http:/www.ees.elsevier.com/phytol) to the Editor-in-Chief: Professor Simon Gibbons.

INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS-2007

Introduction

Phytochemistry Letters invites rapid communications on all aspects of natural product research including: structural elucidation of natural products, biotechnology, pharmacology of natural products, ethnobotany and traditional usage, genetics of natural products, analytical evaluation of herbal medicines, clinical efficacy, safety and pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines, bioassay-guided isolation, natural product synthesis and chemical modification, natural product biosynthesis, metabolomics, natural product metabolism and chemical ecology.

Submission of Manuscripts

Phytochemistry Letters uses a Web-based online manuscript submission and review system. The submission website guides authors stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files. Note that original source files are required. Authors may send queries concerning the submission process toe-submission@elsevier.com and queries on journal procedures or manuscript status to authorsupport@elsevier.com. Once the submission files are uploaded the system automatically generates an electronic (PDF) proof, which is then used for reviewing. All correspondence, including the Editor's decision and request for revisions, will be by e-mail. A printed copy of the manuscript is not required at any stage of the process.

Articles must be written in clear, concise, grammatical English. Any author who is not fluent in idiomatic English is urged to gain assistance with manuscript preparation. Upon request, Elsevier will direct authors to an agent who can check and improve the English of their paper (before submission). Please contact authorsupport@elsevier.com for further information.

Submission of a paper implies that it has not been published previously, that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, and that if accepted it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the publisher. Language editing

Several Language Services can provide English language and copyediting services to authors who want to publish in scientific, technical, and medical journals and need assistance before they submit their article or before it is accepted for publication. Authors can contact these services directly http://www.elsevier.com/locate/languagepolishing or, for more information about language editing services, authors may contact authorsupport@elsevier.com who will be happy to deal with any questions. Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods, or services offered by outside vendors through our services or in any advertising. For more information please refer to our terms and conditions http://www.elsevier.com/termsandconditions

Suggested referees
Authors must provide the names and contact details of four qualified individuals who may act as potential reviewers for their manuscript. Authors can also mention persons who they would prefer not to review their paper.

Editorial Authority
The Editors reserve the right to make alterations to manuscripts submitted for publication. Such alterations will be made if manuscripts do not conform with accepted scientific standards or if they contain matter which, in the opinion of the Editors, is unnecessarily verbose or unclear. Alterations may be queried, but this will inevitably delay publication.

Preparation of Manuscript
The manuscript is required to be written in English, in no more than 8-14 numbered pages, double-spaced, using 12 point font, and in a suitable word-processing format. Each page should have adequate margins (4 cm) and liberal spaces at top and bottom of the manuscript. All textual elements should begin flush left, with no paragraph indents, and should use the wrap-around end-of-line feature, i.e. no returns at the end of each line. Place two returns after every element such as title, headings, paragraphs, figure and table call-outs. Most formatting codes will be removed or replaced on processing your article. Please do not use options such as automatic word breaking, justified layout, double columns or automatic paragraph numbering (especially for numbered references). However do use bold face, italic, subscripts, superscripts etc. The Editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

The content of manuscripts will typically be arranged as follows: (1) a Graphical Abstract; (2) a Title Page with authors name(s) and address(es); (3) an Abstract, in which contents are briefly stated; (4) a Keyword Index, (5) Introduction, and (6) the Results and Discussion (preferably combined). Although each section may be separated by headings, they should form one continuous narrative and only include details essential to the arguments presented. If a discussion is separately provided, it should not include a repetition of the results, but only indicate conclusions reached on the basis of them, and those from other referred works; (7) the Experimental should include brief details of the methods used such that a competent researcher in the field may be able to repeat the work; (8) Acknowledgments; (9) Figures and Legends, Formulae, Tables and References.

Title page and author names: Titles must be as brief as possible, consistent with clarity, and should not exceed 10 words in length. Uninformative phrases such as "Chemical examination of", "Studies on", "Survey of", "New", "Novel" etc. will be deleted. The taxonomic authority after a species name must be omitted from the title. If a paper is part of a series, this must not be given in the heading, but referred to in a footnote in the form, Part 9 in the series "The Alkaloids of Papaver somniferum", followed by a numbered reference to the previous part.

Each author should identify himself or herself with one forename, initials of other forenames and surname. This is to enable more exact computerized indexing and information retrieval. An asterisk * should be placed following the name of the author to whom correspondence enquiries should be made, and the corresponding author should include full details of telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail address(es). Full postal addresses must be given for all co-authors. Superscript letters a,b,c should be used to identify authors located at different addresses.

Abstract. The abstract, distinct from the graphical abstract, should briefly describe the results obtained and conclusions reached, not the methods used, or speculations on any other matter. They are not expected to be a complete summary but only an outline of the main findings. The abstract should be contained within 250 words and should be readable without reference to the rest of the paper.

Graphical abstract: At the time the paper is first submitted, authors must supply a suitable (mandatory) text (up to 50 words) and a graphic designed to summarize the content of the paper in a concise, pictorial form to capture the attention of a wide readership. Graphical abstracts have purposefully been given much latitude in their design. For example, the pictorial form could be a chemical structure, a plant form, or an enzymatic step. Graphical abstracts will be typeset by the publisher, but authors should ensure that the manuscript title, author(s), the appropriate graphic and the (optional) text should be kept within an area of 5 cm by 17 cm. The graphical abstract should be supplied as a separate file. For examples of graphical abstracts, please consult a recent issue of the journal or visit the journal page on ScienceDirect at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00319422 and click 'Sample Issue Online'.

Keyword index: Authors must give 3-10 "keywords" or phrases, which identify the most important subjects covered by the paper. They should be placed at the beginning of the manuscript in the following order: name of species examined (Latin binomial); family; common epithet (where applicable); type of investigation; class of compound, protein or gene; name of compound(s), protein(s) and gene(s).

Introduction should give the minimum historical data needed to give appropriate context to the author's investigation and its relationship to other similar research previously or currently being conducted.

Only information essential to the arguments should be presented. Much data can be taken for granted or quoted in abbreviated form.

Specific names (genus, species, authority for the binomial) of all experimental plants must be given at first mention according to the Index Kewensis (searchable online at www.ipni.org) or similar authority (The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants, by D.J. Mabberley, 2nd ed., June 1997, Cambridge University Press; ISBN: 0521414210), and preferably be in the form recommended by the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature ( www.bgbm.fu-berlin.de/iapt/nomenclature/code/tokyo-e/default.htm). Named varieties of cultivars are given, e.g. Lactuca sativa cv. Grand Rapids. (The official printed version of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature has been published as International Code of Botanical Nomenclature {Tokyo Code}. Regnum Vegetabile 131. Koeltz Scientific Books, K nigstein. ISBN 3-87429-367-X or 1-878762-66-4 or 80-901699-l-0.)

Results and Discussion: These sections should be carefully prepared with discussions of the results being compared with existing and/or previous knowledge within the field. Authors are, however, encouraged to combine the Results and Discussion sections wherever possible.

Experimental: Subsections on the Experimental Procedures should be italicized and inserted as part of the first line of the text to which they apply. Phytochemistry Letters encourages an extensive use of abbreviations (these are listed at the back of the Instructions to Authors, or the reader is referred to other sources). The Experimental should begin with a subsection entitled General Experimental Procedures. This subsection will typically contain brief details of instruments used, and identification of sources of specialized chemicals, biochemicals and molecular biology kits.

The next subsection describes the source(s) and documentation of biological materials used, whether in reference to whole plants or parts there from, crude drugs, or any other material from which identifiable chemical substances are obtained for the first time. Documentation must also include a reference to voucher specimen(s) and voucher number(s) of the plants or other material examined. If available, authors should quote the name and address of the authority who identified each non-cultivated plant investigated. Specimens should preferentially be deposited in a major regional herbarium where the collection is maintained by state or private institution and which permits loan of such materials.

With micro-organisms, the culture collection from which they were either accessed and/or deposited should be included, together with identification of the strain designation code.

The Experimental Procedures employed should be concise but sufficiently detailed that a qualified researcher will be able to repeat the studies undertaken, and these should emphasize either truly new procedures or essential modifications of existing procedures. Experimental details normally omitted include: (1) method of preparation of common chemical and biochemical derivatives, (2) excessive details of separation of compounds, proteins and enzymes, e.g. preparation of columns, TLC plates, column and fraction size.

Compound characterization: Physical and spectroscopic data for new compounds must be comprehensive, and follow the order shown below: compound name (and assigned number in text); physical state of compound (e.g. oil, crystal, liquid, etc.), melting and/or boiling point; optical rotation and/or circular dichroism measurements, if optically active; UV; IR, 1H NMR; 13C NMR; MS. For all new compounds, either high-resolution mass spectral or elemental analysis data are required. See later section for method of data presentation.

Nomenclature: Chemical nomenclature, abbreviations and symbols must follow IUPAC rules. Whenever possible, avoid coining new trivial names; every effort should be made to modify an existing name. For example, when a new compound is described, it should be given a full systematic name according to IUPAC nomenclature and this should be cited in the Abstract or in the Experimental section. Isotopically-labeled substances should be written with the correct chemical name of the compound. The symbol for the isotope should be placed in square brackets and should precede that part of the name to which it refers, e.g. sodium [14C]formate.

Optical rotation, optical rotary dispersion, circular dichroism: Data should be presented in the established form, e.g. [α] Value (+ or - ) in ° (c {wt of compound in 100 ml of solvent}, solvent used) temp.D Example: [α] +32° (c 0.3210, EtOH). 23D ORD curves usually described as a series of values based on [α] or [Θ] (molecular rotation) at various wavelengths. CD values may be expressed as molecular ellipticity values [Θ], e.g., [Θ]256 +21 780, [Θ]307 - 16 113 or as differential dichroic absorption, e.g. ðε253 - 1.0 (MeOH; c 0.164). Ultraviolet-visible spectra: ε values are given as log values in parentheses, e.g. λ nm (log ε): 203 (4.7), etc. EtOHmax

Infrared spectra: Data should be presented in the established form, e.g. – cm - 1: 1740, etc. 3CHCImax Absorption should be expressed only in wave-numbers and structural assignments should be indicated when possible in parentheses after the relevant wave-number, e.g. 1740(>C=O), etc. The following abbreviations should be used if the intensity of absorption bands are included: w-weak intensity, m-medium intensity, v-variable intensity, s-strong intensity, vs-very strong intensity.

NMR spectral data should only be presented in full if they have not been published separately elsewhere, in which case only relevant references should be quoted. Data must be specified as 1H NMR or 13C NMR and should indicate the frequency of the instrument, the solvent used and the internal standard. Chemical shifts should be quoted in ð units relative to TMS with indication of whether the signal is a singlet s, doublet d, doublet of doublets dd, triplet t, multiplet m, etc. 13C NMR spectral data should specify the carbon concerned, using the recommended IUPAC numbering (e.g. C-l, C-2), and should be given to one decimal place. 1H NMR spectral data should indicate the number of hydrogens involved and their position of attachment based on the numbering of the carbon atoms, preferably according to IUPAC rules. For example-13C NMR spectral data (25.15 MHz, CDCl3): ð 30.1 (t, C-5), 74.1 (d, C-6), 121.7 (d, C-3), 144.2 (s, C-4), etc. 1H NMR spectral data (100 MHz, CDCl3): ð 0.68 (3H, s, H-18), 0.88 (6H, d, J = 6 Hz, H-26 and H-27), 0.90 (3H, d, J = 5 Hz, H-21), 4.34 (1H, q, J6α,7α = 4.5 Hz, J6α,7β = 2Hz, H-6), 4.21 (1H, m, W1/2 18 Hz, H-3α).

Mass spectral data should only be presented in full if they have not been published separately elsewhere, in which case only relevant references should be quoted. Presentation of mass spectral data should in general follow the recommendations given in Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Processes, 142, 211-240 (1995), and must indicate the method used (EIMS, CIMS, GC-MS, etc.) and the ionizing energy. The data should give only diagnostically important ions, the character of the fragmentation ions in relation to the molecular ion and the intensity relative to the major ion. For example-EIMS (probe) 70 eV, m/z (rel. int.): 386 [M]+ (36), 368 [M - H2O]+ (100), 353 [M - H2O - Me] + (23), 275 [M - 111] + (35), etc. CIMS (iso-butane, probe), 200 eV, m/z (rel. int.): 387 [M + H] + (100), 369 [(M + H) - H2O] + (23), etc. High-resolution spectra can be given in more detail if necessary for [M] + and the more important fragment ions.

X-ray crystallography. Only essential data (e.g. a three-dimensional structural drawing with bond distances) should be included in manuscripts. A complete list of data in CIF (Crystallographic Information File) format should be prepared separately and deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (see www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk for further information) before the paper is submitted. A footnote indicating this fact is to be included in the manuscript. "CCDC contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data can be obtained free of charge via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/conts/retrieving.html (or from the CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK; fax: +44 1223 336033; e-mail: deposit@ccdc.cam.ac.uk)". Crystal structures of proteins should be submitted to the Protein Data Bank (see www.rcsb.org/pdb; e-mail: info@rcsb.org). Please submit a copy of the CIF data when you submit your manuscript.

Elemental analysis results for compounds which have been adequately described in the literature must be given in the form: (Found: C, 62.9; H, 5.4. Calc. for C13H13O4N: C, 63.2; H, 5.3%.) New compounds must be indicated by giving analytical results in the form: (Found: C, 62.9; H, 5.4. C13H13O4N requires: C, 63.2; H, 5.3%.) Thin-layer chromatography
(a) For analytical TLC, dimensions of the plates can be deleted if layer thickness is 0.25 mm.
(b) Abbreviate common adsorbents: (but use silica gel, not SiO2 as this does not describe the material accurately), Al2O3 (alumina).
(c) Preparative forms of the technique should include details of (i) layer thickness (preparative TLC only), (ii) amount of sample applied to the layer, (iii) method of detection used to locate the bands and (iv) the solvent used to recover the compounds from the adsorbent after development.
(d) Special forms of TLC on impregnated adsorbents can be abbreviated, e.g. AgNO3-silica gel (1:9), by wt can be assumed.

Gas chromatography
(a) Detector used should be specified, e.g. dual FID, EC, etc.
(b) Carrier gas and flow rate should be given, e.g. N2 at 30 ml min-1.
(c) Operating conditions, such as injector and detector heater temperatures etc., should be included.
(d) Packed columns, e.g. 6 m x 3 mm (i.d. measurement only) packed with 1% SE-30 (support material and mesh size can be omitted unless unusual).
(e) Capillary columns should be specified, e.g. WCOT (wall coated open tubular), SCOT (support coated open tubular). The split ratio used in the injection system and the injection volume for the sample should also be included.

High performance liquid chromatography
(a) Solvent or solvent gradients used together with flow rate should be given.
(b) Column dimensions (length x i.d. only) and packing used.
(c) Method of detection employed, e.g. UV or refractive index.

Biochemical conventions

Unless a common biochemical term (e.g. ATP, NADH), biochemicals that are abbreviated should be spelled out in full (in brackets) immediately following their first usage in the text. Enzyme names are typically not abbreviated, unless there are accepted abbreviations, such as ATPase. Where possible, E.C. numbers should be used for enzymes, and the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) should be used (see below). Enzyme characterization
(a) Enzyme activity is expressed in units of katals (symbol kat), the conversion of one mol of substrate per sec. It should be made clear that the measurements were made under specified optimum conditions and were not seriously affected by losses during extraction and analysis.
(b) pH optima should be given together with pH values for half maximal activity.
(c) Kinetic parameters should be expressed as Vmax, Km etc.
(d) Enzyme inhibitors-effectiveness should be expressed as Ki or concentration for half-maximal activity.
(e) Optimal temperature of enzymes should not be given. This should be expressed in terms of "Energy of Activation" and "Energy of Activation for Denaturation".
(f) Enzyme nomenclature is now given in "Enzyme Nomenclature, Recommendations", Academic Press (1992) (www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb).
(g) Labelling of proteins and nucleic acids-use of labelled precursors in assessing the rate of synthesis of macromolecules must be validated by evidence of real, direct incorporation. The possibility of occlusion or adsorption of isotopic material should be noted and it should be shown that the labelled precursor is incorporated without prior catabolism.

Protein and nucleotide sequences

The Experimental must contain explicit documentation of the ends of nucleotide probes used in the study if previously unpublished, or by appropriate reference to published nucleotide numbers and/or restriction map.

In manuscripts to be published in Phytochemistry Letters, any new protein and/or nucleotide sequence must have been submitted to EMBL, GenBank or DNA Data Bank of Japan databases, with designated accession number(s) obtained prior to paper acceptance by the Regional Editor. The Author(s) must ensure access to this database information by timely release of data prior to publication, as well as providing necessary documentation to those already in the databases.

Nucleotide sequence data can be submitted either electronically (e-mail) or in computer-readable format, GenBank , EMBL and the DNA Data Bank of Japan addresses are: GenBank Submissions, National Center for Biotechnology Information, Building 38A, Room 8N-803, Bethesda, MD 20894. Tel.: +1 301 496-2475; e-mail (submissions): gb-sub@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; e-mail (information): info@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov; EMBL Nucleotide Sequence Submissions, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton Hall, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK. Tel.: +44 (0) 1223-494401; fax: +44 (0) 1223-494472; e-mail: datasubs@ebi.ac.uk; world wide web: www.ebi.ac.uk/embl; or DNA Data Bank of Japan, Center for Information Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuuoka 411-8540, Japan. Tel.: (+81) 559-81-6853; fax: (+81) 559-81-6849; e-mail: ddbjsub@ddbj.nig.ac.jp (for data submissions); world wide web: www.ddbj.nig.ac.jp.

Contributors must obtain the designated accession number, which will be incorporated into the paper, prior to printing.

Only novel DNA sequences will be published. Sequences that show close similarity to known coding or other sequences such as promoters will not be published and will be cited by accession number. Translated protein sequence information should be published as alignments against other gene family members. Papers containing such information about genes already known in other species should have sufficient novelty and biological significance. Sequence only papers or papers which duplicate work in another species will not be published.

Genes known by three letter names should be written in italics. The corresponding cognate protein should be written in capital, non-italic text. GenBank/DNA sequence linking

DNA sequences and GenBank accession numbers: Many Elsevier journals cite "gene accession numbers" in their running text footnotes. Gene accession numbers refer to genes or DNA sequences about which further information can be found in the database at the National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine. Authors wishing to enable other scientists to use the accession numbers cited in their papers via links to these sources should type this information in the following manner.

For each and every accession number cited in an article, authors should type the accession number in bold, underlined text. Letters in the accession number should always be capitalised (see example 1 below). This combination of letters and format will enable Elsevier's typesetters to recognize the relevant texts as accession numbers and add the required link to GenBank's sequences.
Example 1: "GenBank accession nos. AI631510, AI631511, AI632198, and BF223228), a B-cell tumor from a chronic lymphatic leukemia (GenBank accession no. BE675048), and a T-cell lymphoma (GenBank accession no. AA361117)".
Authors are encouraged to check accession numbers used very carefully. An error in a letter or number can result in a dead link.

In the final version of printed article, the accession number text will not appear bold or underlined (see example 2 below).
Example 2: "GenBank accession nos. AI631510, AI631511, AI632198, and BF223228, a B-cell tumor from a chronic lymphatic leukemia (GenBank accession no. BE675048), and a T-cell lymphoma (GenBank accession no. AA361117)".
In the final version of the electronic copy, the accession number text will be linked to the appropriate source in the NCBI databases, enabling readers to go directly to that source from the article.

Acknowledgments: This section is used to provide brief credit for scientific and technical assistance, and in recognition of sponsorship through financial support and any other appropriate form of recognition.

References: All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references following the text of the manuscript. In the text refer to the author's name (without initials) and year of publication (e.g. "Since Peterson (1993) has shown that " or "This is in agreement with results obtained later (Kramer, 1994)". For two authors both authors are to be listed, with "and" separating the two authors. For more than two authors, use the first author's surname followed by et al. The list of references should be arranged alphabetically by authors' names. Journal titles should be abbreviated (e.g. Carbohydr. Res.) following the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI) style (a list of abbreviated journal titles is available online at www.cas.org/sent.html). The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of authors' names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list. References should be given in the following form:

Cabello-Hurtado, F., Durst, F., Jorr!n, J.V., Werck-Reichhart, D., 1998. Coumarins in Helianthus tuberosus: characterization, induced accumulation and biosynthesis. Phytochemistry 49, 1029-1036.

Mabry, T., Markham, K.R., Thomas, M.B. 1970. The Systematic Identification of Flavonoids. Springer Verlag, New York.

Harborne, J.B., 1999. Plant chemical ecology. In: Barton, D., Nakanishi, K., Meth-Cohn, O. (Eds.), Comprehensive Natural Products Chemistry, vol. 8. Pergamon, Oxford, pp. 137-196.

Preparation of Illustrations
All illustrations should be suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction) without retouching. Illustrations (figures, tables, etc.) should be prepared for either single or double column format. For submission, illustrations should be included in the manuscript and also submitted separately as high-resolution files. Figures must be prepared at a minimum resolution of 300 dpi (for further information please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions). Refer to all photographs, charts and diagrams as "Figure(s)" and number them consecutively in the order in which they are cited. They should accompany the manuscript, but should not be included within the text. All illustrations should be clearly marked with the figure number and the author's name (a clear file name). All figures are to have a caption, which should be supplied on a separate page.

Note: Illustrations of the following type generally will not be accepted for publication within the article: (1) diagrams or photographs of chromatograms (PC and TLC), electrophoretic separations, or recorder traces of GC and HPLC data which are given merely to prove identification; (2) straight-line graphs; (3) generalized pH and temperature-denaturation curves of enzymes; (4) illustrations of IR, UV, NMR or MS (values can be quoted in the text or Experimental); (5) flow sheets illustrating isolation of compounds; (6) expectable MS fragmentation patterns; (7) formulae of well-known compounds or reaction schemes; (8) tables giving either single values for each parameter which could be easily quoted in the text, or repeating data shown elsewhere. Such illustrations may be published as supplementary data (see below).

Lettering in tables, figures, etc.: Lettering in formulae, figure axes, etc. must be large enough to be legible after reduction. Lettering should be drawn in 6-7pt Helvetica (Arial) font to ensure optimum visibility.

Chemical formulae must be made absolutely clear: printers are not chemists and much delay is caused by poor drawing. Aromatic rings must be drawn with alternate double bonds and conformation of single bonds shown by thickened ( ) or dashed (|||) lines according to convention. Formulae should be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals. If graphics are created using ChemDraw or ISISDraw, the preferred settings are: font 10 pt Helvetica (Arial), chain angle 120°, bond spacing 18% of length, fixed (bond) length 14.4 pt (0.508 cm), bold width (bond thickness) 2.0 pt (0.071 cm), line width 0.6 pt (0.021 cm), margin width 1.6 pt (0.056 cm), and hash spacing 2.5 pt (0.088 cm). The overall size should be not more than 95 mm (single column) or 194 mm (double column) by 283 mm.

Tables must be typed on separate pages, numbered consecutively, given a suitable caption and arranged to be viewed vertically. They must be so constructed as to be intelligible without reference to the text.

Every table must have an Arabic number and a title, and each column must be provided with an explanatory heading. No vertical rules should be used. Tables should not duplicate results presented elsewhere in the manuscript (e.g. in graphs). Footnotes may be used to expand column headings, etc. and should be referenced by superscript lowercase letters a,b,c rather than symbols. Results should be cited only to the degree of accuracy justified on the basis of the errors of the method and usually only to three significant figures. Units must always be clearly indicated and chosen so as to avoid excessively high (>100) or low (<0.01) values. The figure zero should precede the decimal point for all numbers below one (e.g. 0.1).

Half-tone photographs must have good contrast and not be more than 25 cm wide and not more than 30 cm high. Original photographs (or high-resolution graphic files of at least 500 dpi) must be supplied as they are to be reproduced (e.g. black-and-white or colour). If necessary, a scale should be marked on the photograph. Please note that photocopies of photographs are not acceptable.

Colour Charges Colour in print: Authors will be charged 270 euros per colour figure.

Colour on the web: As a new feature, any figure can appear free of charge in colour in the web version of your article, regardless of whether or not this is reproduced in colour in the printed version. Please note that if you do not opt for colour in print, you should submit relevant figures in both colour (for the web) and black-and-white (for print).

Supplementary Data
Elsevier accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier web products, including ScienceDirect: www.sciencedirect.com.

In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data are provided in one of our recommended file formats. Supplementary data must be saved in files separate from those for the manuscript and figures, and all file names must be supplied. Supplementary files should either be referred to from within the text of your manuscript in the same way as for figures and tables, or their presence be indicated by adding a paragraph entitled Supplementary Data at the end of the manuscript, detailing which data is supplied. In addition, authors should also provide a concise and descriptive caption for each file.

When supplying supplementary material, authors must state whether data files are either (i) for online publication or (ii) to be used as an aid for the refereeing of the paper only. All supplementary data will be subject to peer-review. For more detailed instructions please visit http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions . Errata and Corrigenda to published articles will be included, at the discretion of the Editors and the Publisher.

Abbreviations
About, approximately: ca.
Anhydrous: dry (not anhyd.)
Aqueous: aq.
Circular dichroism: CD
Concentrated (or mineral acids): conc.
Concentrations: ppm (never ppb!), M, mM, M, %, mol
Dry weight: dry wt; fresh weight: fr. wt
Electricity: V, mA, eV
Force due to gravity (centrifugation): g; rpm (revolutions min-1)
Gas chromatography: GC
Gas chromatography mass spectrometry: GC MS trimethylsilyl derivative: TMSi (TMS cannot be used as this refers to the internal standard tetramethylsilane used in 1H NMR)
High performance liquid chromatography: HPLC
Infrared spectrophotometry: IR
Length: nm, m, mm, cm, m
Literature: lit.
Mass spectrometry: m/z [M]+ (molecular ion, parent ion)
Melting points: uncorr. (uncorrected)
Molecular mass: Da (daltons), kDa
Molecular weight: Mr
Nuclear magnetic resonance: 1H NMR, 13C NMR, Hz, ð
Numbers: e.g. 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10,000: per or -1
Optical rotatory dispersion: ORD
Paper chromatography: PC
Precipitate: ppt.
Preparative thin-layer chromatography: prep. TLC
Radioactivity: dpm (disintegrations per min), Ci (curie), sp. act (specific activity), Bq (1 becquerel = 1 nuclear transformation sec-1)
Repetitive manipulations: once, twice, x3, x4, etc.
RRt (relative retention time), Rt (Kovat s retention index), ECL (equivalent chain length term frequently used in fatty acid work)
Saturated: satd.
Solution: soln.
Solvent mixtures including chromatographic solvents: abbreviate as follows n-BuOH HOAc H2O (4:1:5)
Statistics: LSD (least significant difference), s.d. (standard deviation), s.e. (standard error)
Temperature: (with centigrade), mp, mps, mmp, bp
Temperature: temp.
Thin-layer chromatography: TLC, Rf
Time: s, min, h, day, week, month, year
Ultraviolet spectrophotometry: UV, A (absorbance, not OD optical density)
Volume: l (litre), l, ml
Weight: wt, pg, ng, g, mg, g, kg
Inorganics, e.g. AlCl3 (aluminum chloride), BF3 (boron trifluoride), Cr-, CO2, H2, HCl, HClO4 (perchloric acid), HNO3, H2O, H2O2, H2SO4, H3BO3 (boric acid), He, KHCO3 (potassium bicarbonate), KMnO4 (potassium permanganate), KOH, K-Pi buffer (potassium phosphate buffer), LiAlH4 (lithium aluminium hydride), Mg2+, MgCl2, N2, NH3, (NH4)2SO4, Na+, NaBH4 (sodium borohydride), NaCl, NaIO4 (sodium periodate), NaOH, Na2SO3 (sodium sulphite), Na2SO4 (sodium sulphate), Na2S2O3 (sodium thiosulphate), O2, PPi (inorganic phosphate), SO, Tris (buffer). 24
Organics, e.g. Ac2O (acetic anhydride), n-BuOH (butanol), C6H6 (benzene), CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride), CH2Cl2 (methylene chloride), CHCl3 (chloroform), CH2N2 (diazo-methane), CM (carboxymethyl), DEAE (diethylaminoethyl), DMF (dimethylformamide), DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide), EDTA (ethylene-diaminetetra-acetic acid), Et2O (diethyl ether), EtOAc (ethyl acetate), EtOH (ethanol), HCO2H (formic acid), HOAc (acetic acid), iso-PrOH (iso-propanol), Me2CO (acetone), MeCOEt (methyl ethyl ketone), MeOH (methanol), NaOAc (sodium acetate), NaOMe (sodium methoxide), petrol (not light-petroleum or petroleum ether), PhOH (phenol), PrOH (propanol), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), TCA (trichloroacetic acid), TFA (trifluoroacetic acid), THF (tetrahydrofuran). 1H NMR solvents and standards: CDCl3 (deuterochloroform), D2O, DMSO-d6 [deuterodimethylsulphoxide, not (CD3)2SO], pyridine-d5 (deuteropyridine), TMS (tetramethylsilane).
For further terms used in biochemistry and molecular biology the authors should see the websites of the nomenclature committees (www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iubmb/).

Page Charges
There are no page charges for Phytochemistry Letters (other than for inclusion of printed colour figures see above).
Proofs and Articles in Press
Proofs will be despatched via e-mail to the corresponding author by the Publisher and should be returned with corrections as quickly as possible, normally within 48 hours of receipt. Proofreading is solely the author s responsibility. For more information on proofreading, please visit our proofreading page on http://www.elsevier.com/authors. Authors should ensure that corrections are returned in one communication and are complete, as subsequent corrections will not be possible. Any amendments will be incorporated and the final article will then be published online as an Article in Press on ScienceDirect (www.sciencedirect.com). Articles in Press take full advantage of the enhanced ScienceDirect functionality, including the ability to be cited. This is possible due to the innovative use of the DOI article identifier, which enables the citation of a paper before volume, issue and page numbers are allocated. The Article in Press will be removed once the paper has been assigned to an issue and the issue has been compiled.
Offprints
The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail or, alternatively, with twenty-five free paper offprints. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use.
Copyright
Upon acceptance of an article, Authors will be asked to transfer copyright (for more information on copyright see http://www.elsevier.com/copyright). This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. A letter will be sent to the Corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript. A form facilitating transfer of copyright will be provided. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the Author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by Authors in these cases: contact Elsevier s Rights Department, Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830; fax (+44) 1865 853333; e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com. Requests may also be completed online via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions ).
Author Discount
Contributors to Elsevier journals are entitled to a 30% discount on selected Elsevier books.
Author Enquiries
For enquiries relating to the submission of articles (including electronic submission where available) please visit this journal s homepage at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/phytol You can track accepted articles at http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle and set up e-mail alerts to inform you of when an article s status has changed, as well as copyright information, frequently asked questions and more.
Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, are provided after registration of an article for publication.