1. Original Research Articles (Regular Papers)
2. Review Articles
3. Short Communications
4. Position Papers
5. Technical Notes
6. Book Reviews
Original Research Articles should report the results of original
research. The material should not have been previously published elsewhere, except in a preliminary form. They should not occupy more
than 12 Journal pages.
Review Articles should cover subjects falling within the scope of the journal which are of active
current interest.
Reviews will often be invited, but submitted reviews will also be considered for publication. All reviews will be subject
to the same peer review process as applies for original papers. They should not occupy more than 12 Journal pages.
A Short Communication
is a concise but complete description of a limited investigation, which will not be included in a later paper. Short Communications
may be submitted to the journal as such, or may result from a request to condense a regular paper, during the peer review process. They
should not occupy more than 5 journal pages (approximately 10 manuscript pages) including figures, tables and references.
Position
Papers are informative and thought-provoking articles on key issues, often dealing with matters of public concern. These will usually
be invited, but a submitted paper may also be considered for publication. They should not occupy more than 12 Journal pages.
A Technical
Note is a report on a new method, technique or procedure falling within the scope of Livestock Science. It may involve
a new algorithm, computer program (e.g. for statistical analysis or for simulation), or testing method for example. The Technical Note
should be used for information that cannot adequately incorporated into and Original Research Article, but that is of sufficient value
to be brought to the attention of the readers of Livestock Science. The note should describe the nature of the new method, technique
or procedure and clarify how it differs from those currently in use if cannot be incorporated. They should not occupy more than 5 Journal
pages.
Book Reviews will be included in the journal on a range of relevant books which are not more than two years old.
Submission of manuscripts
Submission to Livestock Science proceeds online via Elsevier Editorial System - http://ees.elsevier.com/livsci
. Authors will be guided step-by-step through uploading files directly from their computers. Authors should select a set of classifications
for their papers from a given list, as well as a category designation (Original Research Article, Short Communication, and so on). Electronic
PDF proofs will be automatically generated from uploaded files, and used for subsequent reviewing.
Authors should send queries concerning
the submission process or journal procedures to AuthorSupport@elsevier.com. Authors can check the status of their manuscript
within the review procedure using Elsevier Editorial System.
Authors submitting hard copy papers will be asked to resubmit using
Elsevier Editorial System.
Submission of an article is understood to imply that the article is original and is not being considered
for publication elsewhere. Submission also implies that all authors have approved the paper for release and are in agreement with its
content. Upon acceptance of the article by the journal, the author(s) will be asked to transfer the copyright of the article to the Publisher.
This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information.
Circumstances relating to animal experimentation must
meet the International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals as issued by the Council for the International Organizations
of Medical Sciences. They are obtainable from: Executive Secretary C.I.O.M.S., c/o WHO, Via Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, or
at the following URL: http://www.cioms.ch/frame_1985_texts_of_guidelines.htm. Unnecessary cruelty in animal experimentation
is not acceptable to the Editors of Livestock Science.
Preparation of manuscripts
1. Manuscripts should be written
in English. Language Editing: Elsevier's Authors Home provides
details of some companies who can provide English language and copyediting services to authors who need assistance before they
submit their article or before it is accepted for publication. Authors should contact these services directly. For more information
about language editing services, please e-mail authorsupport@elsevier.com.
Please note that Elsevier neither endorses
nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered by outside vendors through our services or in any advertising. For
more information please refer to our terms & conditions http://www.elsevier.com/termsandconditions.
2. Manuscripts
should have numbered lines, with wide margins and double spacing throughout, including abstracts, footnotes and references. Every page
of the manuscript, including the title page, references, tables and so on should be numbered. However, in the text no reference should
be made to page numbers; if necessary, refer to sections. Avoid excessive usage of italics to emphasise part(s) of the text.
3.
Manuscripts in general should be organised in the following order: • Title should be clear, descriptive and not too long
• Name(s) of author(s) • Complete postal address(es) of affiliations • Full telephone and fax numbers, and e-mail
address of the corresponding author • Present address(es) of author(s) if these differ from the affiliations • Complete
correspondence address, including e-mail address, to which the proofs should be sent • Abstract • Keywords (indexing
terms), normally 3-6 items • Introduction • Material studied, area descriptions, methods, techniques • Results
• Discussion • Conclusion • Acknowledgment and any additional information concerning research grants, and so on
• References • Tables • Figure captions • Tables (separate file(s)) • Figures (separate file(s))
4. Titles and subtitles should not be run within the text. They should be typed on a separate line, without indentation. Use lower-case
letter type.
5. SI units should be used.
6. Elsevier reserves the privilege of returning to the author for revision accepted
manuscripts and illustrations which are not in the proper form given in this guide.
Abstracts
The abstract should be clear,
descriptive and not longer than 400 words.
Tables
1. Authors should take notice of the limitations set by the size and
lay-out of the journal. Large tables should be avoided. Reversing columns and rows will often reduce the dimensions of a table.
2.
If many data are to be presented, an attempt should be made to divide them over two or more tables.
3. Tables should be numbered
according to their sequence in the text. The text should include references to all tables.
4. Each table should occupy a separate
page of the manuscript. Tables should never be included in the text.
5. Each table should have a brief and self-explanatory title.
6. Column headings should be brief, but sufficiently explanatory. Standard abbreviations of units of measurement should be added between
parentheses.
7. Vertical lines should not be used to separate columns. Leave some extra space between the columns instead.
8.
Any explanation essential to the understanding of the table should be given as a footnote at the bottom of the table.
Preparation
of electronic illustrations
Please note the following general points • Use uniform lettering and sizing of your original
artwork • Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font • Only use the following fonts in your illustrations:
Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol • Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text • Use a
logical naming convention for your artwork files • Provide all illustrations as separate files, preferably in TIFF or EPS format.
• Provide captions to illustrations separately • Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version •
If a scale is to be given, use bar scales on all illustrations instead of numerical scales that must be changed with reduction • Explanations should be given in the typewritten legend. Drawn text in the illustrations should be kept to a minimum • Photographs
are only acceptable if they have good contrast and intensity. Sharp and glossy copies are required. Reproductions of photographs already
printed cannot be accepted
If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures, Elsevier will ensure that these
figures appear free-of-charge in colour in the electronic version of your paper, regardless of whether or not these illustrations are
reproduced in colour in the printed version. Colour illustrations can only be included in print if the additional cost of reproduction
is contributed by the author: you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article.
Please note that because of technical complications which may arise by converting colour figures to 'grey scale' (for the printed version,
should you not opt for colour in print), you should submit in addition usable black and white prints corresponding to all the colour
illustrations.
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please
"save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats: EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as
"graphics". TIFF: Colour or greyscale photographs (halftones): use a minimum of 300 dpi. TIFF: Bitmapped line
drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi. TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (colour or greyscale): use a minimum of 500
dpi. DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please
supply "as is".
Please do not: •
Supply embedded graphics in your text • Supply files that are optimised
for screen use, such as GIF, BMP, PICT, or WPG; the resolution is too low • Supply files that are too low in resolution •
Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content
Preparation of supplementary data
Elsevier can now publish
electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities
to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary
files supplied will be published free of charge online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier web products, including
ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com . In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please
ensure that data are provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together
with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file.
References
1. All publications cited in
the text should be presented in a list of references following the text of the manuscript. The manuscript should be carefully checked
to ensure that the spelling of authors' names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list.
2. In the text
refer to the author's name (without initial) and year of publication, followed – if necessary – by a short reference to appropriate
pages. Examples: "Since Peterson (1994) has shown that..." "This is in agreement with results obtained later (Kramer, 1995, pp. 12-16)".
3. If reference is made in the text to a publication written by more than two authors, the name of the first author should be used
followed by "et al.". This indication, however, should never be used in the list of references. In this list names of first author and
co-authors should be mentioned.
4. References cited together in the text should be arranged chronologically. The list of references
should be arranged alphabetically on authors' names, and chronologically per author. If an author's name in the list is also mentioned
with co-authors, the following order should be used: publications of the single author, arranged according to publication dates –
publications of the same author with one co-author – publications of the author with more than one co-author. Publications by the
same author(s) in the same year should be listed as 1994a, 1994b, etc.
5. Use the following system for arranging your references:
a. For periodicals
Bruneau, C-D., Chavez, E.R., 1995. Dietary preferences for cereals of nursing and weaned piglets. Livest.
Prod. Sci. 41, 225-231.
b. For edited symposia, special issues, etc. published in a periodical
Bcavanski, S., 1992.
Maize grain or ears in concentrate diets for young fattening bulls. In: Taylor, J.C., Wilkinson, J.M. (Eds.), The Maize Crop as a Basic
Feed for Beef Production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 1, 393-400.
c. For books
Merino-Rodrigues, M., 1992. Lexicon of
Parasites and Diseases in Livestock. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
d. For multi-author books
Boucque, Ch.V., Geay, Y., Fiems,
L.O., 1992. Bull beef production in Western Europe. In: Jarrige, R., Béranger, C. (Eds.), Beef Cattle Production. Elsevier, Amsterdam,
pp. 307-321.
6. Abbreviate the titles of periodicals mentioned in the list of references in accordance with BIOSIS Serial Sources,
published annually by BIOSIS. The correct abbreviation for this journal is: Livest. Sci.
7. In the case of publications in any
language other than English, the original title is to be retained. However, the titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets should
be transliterated, and a notation such as "(in Russian)" or "(in Greek, with English abstract)" should be added.
8. Work accepted
for publication but not yet published should be referred to as "in press". 9. References concerning unpublished data and "personal
communications" should not be cited in the reference list but may be mentioned in the text.
Formulae
1. Formulae should
be typewritten, if possible. Leave ample space around the formulae.
2. Subscripts and superscripts should be clear.
3. Greek
letters and other non-Latin or handwritten symbols should be explained in the margin where they are first used. Take special care to
show clearly the difference between zero (0) and the letter O, and between one (1) and the letter l.
4. Give the meaning of all symbols
immediately after the equation in which they are first used.
5. For simple fractions use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal
line.
6. Equations should be numbered serially at the right-hand side in parentheses. In general only equations explicitly referred
to in the text need be numbered.
7. The use of fractional powers instead of root signs is recommended. Powers of e are often more
conveniently denoted by exp.
8. Levels of statistical significance which can be mentioned without further explanation are *P<
0.05,**P< 0.01 and ***P< 0.001.
9. In chemical formulae, valence of ions should be given as, e.g. Ca2+
, not as Ca++.
10. Isotope numbers should precede the symbols, e.g. 18O.
11. The repeated writing of chemical
formulae in the text is to be avoided where reasonably possible; instead, the name of the compound should be given in full. Exceptions
may be made in the case of a very long name occurring very frequently or in the case of a compound being described as the end product
of a gravimetric determination (e.g. phosphate as P2O5).
Footnotes
1. Footnotes should only be used
if absolutely essential. In most cases it should be possible to incorporate the information in normal text.
2. If used, they should
be numbered in the text, indicated by superscript numbers, and kept as short as possible.
Nomenclature
1. Authors and
Editors are, by general agreement, obliged to accept the rules governing biological nomenclature, as laid down in the International
Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, and the International Code of Zoological
Nomenclature.
2. All biotica (crops, plants, insects, birds, mammals, etc.) should be identified by their scientific names when
the English term is first used, with the exception of common domestic animals.
3. All biocides and other organic compounds must be
identified by their Geneva names when first used in the text. Active ingredients of all formulations should be likewise identified.
4. For chemical nomenclature, the conventions of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the official recommendations
of the IUPAC-IUB Combined Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature should be followed.
Copyright
If excerpts from
other copyrighted works are included, the Author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s)
in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by Authors in these cases: contact Elsevier's Rights Department, Oxford, UK: phone
(+1) 215 239 3804 or +44(0)1865 843830, fax +44(0)1865 853333, e-mail healthpermissions@elsevier.com. Requests may also
be completed online via the Elsevier homepage http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Material in unpublished letters and
manuscripts is also protected and must not be published unless permission has been obtained.
Authors rights
As an author
you (or your employer or institution) may do the following: • make copies (print or electronic) of the article for your own
personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use • make copies and distribute such copies (including through e-mail)
of the article to research colleagues, for the personal use by such colleagues (but not commercially or systematically, e.g., via an
e-mail list or list server) • post a pre-print version of the article on Internet websites including electronic pre-print servers,
and to retain indefinitely such version on such servers or sites • post a revised personal version of the final text of the
article (to reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on your personal or institutional website or server, with a
link to the journal homepage (on www.elsevier.com/locate/livsci) • present the article at a meeting or conference and to distribute
copies of the article to the delegates attending such a meeting • for your employer, if the article is a 'work for hire', made
within the scope of your employment, your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company use
(e.g., training) • retain patent and trademark rights and rights to any processes or procedure described in the article •
include the article in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially) •
use the article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to
publication of your article in the journal) • prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or
to otherwise re-use portions or excerpts in other works, with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal
Funding
body agreements and policies
Elsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors who publish in Elsevier
journals to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions of their grant awards. To learn more
about existing agreements and policies please visit http://www.elsevier.com/fundingbodies).
Proofs
One set
of page proofs in PDF format will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs
will be sent by post). Elsevier now sends PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version
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accompany the proofs. The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/acrrsystemreqs.html#70win.
If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return
to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections
and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail,
or by post.
Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and
figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the
Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that
all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent
corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility.
Author enquiries
Questions arising after
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Plaza, East Park, Shannon, Co. Clare, Ireland, Tel.: (+353) 61 709600, Fax: (+353) 61 709111/113.
Authors can also keep a track
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For privacy,
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Offprints
1. The corresponding
author will, at no cost, be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail or, alternatively, 25 free paper offprints. The PDF file
is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining
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2. Additional paper offprints can be ordered on an offprint order form, which is included with the
proofs.
3. UNESCO coupons are acceptable in payment of extra paper offprints.
