Official Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association



INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

These guidelines comply with the "Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals: Writing and Editing for Biomedical Publication" by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Updated October 2007. URL: http://www.icmje.org/. Important topics covered in the ICMJE document include:

I. A statement of purpose regarding the Uniform Requirements.

II. A discussion of ethical considerations in the conduct and reporting of research that supplements the JAMIA guidelines cited below. The discussion covers, among other topics: criteria for authorship and contributorship; conflicts of interest; privacy and confidentiality; and, protection of patients and study participants involved in research.

III. Caveats regarding publishing and related editorial concerns for Biomedical Journals, covering topics such as: corrections, retractions, and "expressions of concern"; Copyright issues; avoidance of overlapping publications and duplicate submissions; and OBLIGATION TO REGISTER CLINICAL TRIALS.

IV. General procedures for manuscript preparation and submission that supplement the specific JAMIA guidelines detailed herein.

V. Use and formatting of References

ORIGINALITY OF MANUSCRIPTS

Manuscripts will be reviewed for possible publication with the understanding that they have not been published, in whole or in part, simultaneously submitted, or already accepted for publication elsewhere. Published guidelines detailing JAMIA policy on this matter appear in "On Exemplary Scientific Conduct Regarding Submission of Manuscripts to Biomedical Journals," which is available at http://www.jamia.org/cgi/content/full/13/1/113. Authors should not submit material that substantively duplicates content (paragraphs, figures, and/or tables) previously published or in press. For the purpose of this policy, any form of mass distribution, including general availability through a web server, is considered to be prior publication. In addition, publication of an abstract or poster exceeding 400 words in length constitutes prior publication if the message is the same. Unless authors notify the Editorial Office prior to review of any manuscripts containing duplicative/overlapping previous publications, subsequent discovery of such overlap may lead to return of the manuscript without review, and possible notification of any serious violations to administrators at the involved authors' institution(s). This policy does not preclude consideration of a much more complete report that follows publication of preliminary findings elsewhere, usually in the proceedings of a conference (unless prior publication exceeded 400 words and had the same message). Authors must understand, however, that substantially new methods, results, and insights must differentiate the new submission from any previously published work, and there must be NO substantial repetition of textual content. Electronic copies of any possibly duplicative material must be included with the manuscript at the time of its initial submission to JAMIA. Authors submitting a manuscript previously reviewed by another journal should include a copy of the previous critique and an explanation of how authors revised the manuscript in response to that critique. Please address any questions about specific special cases to the Editor.

To ensure adherence to this policy, the corresponding author must submit a "Documentation of Originality for Submitted JAMIA Manuscript" form before JAMIA will begin to process the manuscript. Download this form from the JAMIA website, www.jamia.org, or request it by e-mailing the editorial office. The corresponding author may fax the signed originality form to the JAMIA editorial office at (615) 936-5900. The corresponding author will be responsible for obtaining signed originality forms from all other authors of the manuscript if manuscript is accepted for publication. JAMIA will delay publication until all authors submit their forms.

Authors should disclose to the editors any financial or commercial interest that they have in products discussed in their manuscript at the time of first submission. Information about such interests will not influence reviewers or the editorial decision if the scientific methods and content are valid. JAMIA will instruct authors on a mechanism to disclose the potential conflict of interest to the reader if JAMIA decides to publish the paper.

TRANSFER OF COPYRIGHT

If the manuscript is accepted for publication, authors will grant copyright of their articles to the American Medical Informatics Association, unless they are federal employees performing the work as governmental activity at the time the work is done, in which case there is no copyright. The American Medical Informatics Association will license back to the authors the right to use their articles for limited purposes as specified in the copyright release form, which is sent upon acceptance.

TYPES OF JAMIA ARTICLES

The Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association (JAMIA) will consider the publication of any original manuscript that deals with the broad field of medical informatics. A detailed discussion of the sections and categories of JAMIA submissions follows below. Each reference in this section is an example of one of the types (categories) of papers that JAMIA considers for publication. The reference articles refer to previously published JAMIA articles. Detailed category-specific guidelines can be found at www.jamia.org.

SECTION I: Perspectives on Informatics

The Perspectives on Informatics section carries opinions of individuals and organizations regarding important topics in the field. Papers of other types that provide general insights regarding Biomedical Informatics may also appear in this section. Topics may range from ethical dilemmas to formulation of policy or consensus. Position Papers [5] recommend a specific course of action. They should promote discussion of policy questions or potential initiatives. White Papers [1, 2] present a consensus regarding techniques or approaches that will improve the productivity of the field. They should provide a road map for learners, practitioners and researchers alike. Forum Papers [7] point out differences in approach or opinion. They should make the choices clear in situations where there may be more than one right answer. Viewpoint papers [8] present an author's perspective about a topic to provoke thought. The opinions must be tenable, but scientific proof of their validity is not required.

SECTION II: The Practice of Informatics

The Practice of Informatics section is targeted toward the needs of people in the biomedical and health professions who use informatics in their work. Papers that further the development of medical informatics as a field are given priority. Examples include career development, or development of novel methods or technologies. Review papers [6] present and interpret the state-of-the-art. Over time, these works should serve as a multi-authored text on the practice of medical informatics. Synthesis of Research papers [3] review and interpret the work of an investigator or laboratory. They place work that has been reported over time into a broader context. Brief Reviews present a short overview or update on a hot topic [4]. Papers on Careers in Medical Informatics [9] provide insight into curriculum requirements, training requirements, and career alternatives.

The Practice of Informatics section also includes papers on the use of information technology in real world settings. A Technical Milestone [10] provides a detailed description of the development of an innovative technology or information resource. It provides an archival foundation for reports of the application or evaluation of the technology. A Technology Evaluation paper [11] reviews the basis of a new technology together with qualitative or quantitative assessment of its effectiveness, shortcomings and cost. Full-length papers on the Application of Information Technology [12] show how to solve practical problems relevant to health care research, health education or health care delivery. Although these papers are not research papers, some aspect of the application must be original and the report must emphasize generalizable concepts gleaned from specific experiences. An Implementation Brief [13] is a case report of an innovative implementation strategy or application. Such a report should document the methods employed and the application's usefulness as measured by the number of users, time saved, cost, or other relevant parameters. A short Technical Brief [14] provides a description of a method or a helpful hint. These papers should give tips and tricks of the trade that others can incorporate into their tool kits. A Historical Perspectives paper [30, 31] describes important past events in the history of biomedical informatics. Book Reviews [15] and Software Reviews [16] alert readers to new releases and comment on their utility.

SECTION III: Original Investigations

The Original Investigations section presents original hypotheses and findings. Research Papers contribute to the scholarly archive detailing the development of new knowledge in the field of biomedical informatics. A wide range of original investigation report categories exist. The papers may convey the formal evaluation of a technique [17]. The work may be a report of an approach together with preliminary findings [18] or a summarization of decades of work with evaluation of the most recent step [19]. Qualitative studies are suitable for full-length research papers if an appropriate methodology such as analysis of a case is utilized [20].

As stated earlier, manuscripts will not be published if they have been partially or wholly published, or are to be published, elsewhere. This does not preclude publication of material that has been published in preliminary form in the proceedings of a conference, provided the manuscript includes significant new material and the prior publication is submitted as documentation to JAMIA. The expansion can involve addition of background material [21], or additional results [22].

Preliminary work may be reported in a variety of ways. A Model Formulation [23] paper proposes a model or technique. A Methods paper [24] presents significant new methods for research or applications in the field. A Case Report [25] explores a method or problem through an example.

Special Sections

A Special Section of an issue of the Journal can be devoted to a coordinated set of manuscripts that focus attention on an important topic [26]. Depending upon the length of the manuscripts, such sections would be restricted to three to seven papers to permit inclusion of some of the Journal's normal content.

Editorial Comments

Each Editorial Comment places a paper in context [27], or presents a balancing view [28]. Editorials are also used as a vehicle for bringing attention to an issue that is important to the field [29]. Letters to the Editor provide another forum for this type of information.

PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPTS

All submissions to JAMIA are in electronic format (see details below). All communication is done via email.

General Layout

Set the format of the word processor as follows:
• Margins 1 inch all around
• Left justify only
• Double-spacing or one and one-half line spacing (double-spacing should be used for Figures and Tables
• Twelve-point type Times New Roman font

The header should include:
• Last name of first author
• Short running title of 40 characters and spaces or less
• The phrase "Page x of y pages," where x is the page number and y is the total number of pages.

Insert a page break between each of the following sections: title page, abstract, text, acknowledgments, references, individual tables, and figures.

Title Page

The Title Page includes: title of paper; first name, middle initial, last name, and the academic degree(s) attained by each author (do not include bachelor degrees, fellowships, or professional associations); name of department(s) and institution(s) where the work was done (including city and state). The author list should be limited to seven individuals. Other contributors can be acknowledged in the Acknowledgement section of the manuscript. Contact information for the one author who is responsible for all communication concerning the manuscript should also be included on the Title Page. The contact information should include the individual's name, mailing address, telephone number, fax number, and email address. Correspondence will be sent only to the individual listed as the corresponding author.

Abstract

Abstracts for Research papers and Model Formulation papers are limited to 250 words and should be structured according to: Objective, Design, Measurements, Results, and Conclusion. A Limitation(s) section should be added when relevant. Abstracts for all other types of papers should be unstructured and limited to 150 words. The abstract should be factual, not descriptive. Below the abstract, provide and identify as such three to ten key words or short phrases that will assist indexers. Terms from the Medical Subject Headings list of Index Medicus are preferred.

Text

The text of observational and experimental articles should be divided into sections with headings such as Introduction, Background, Methods, Results, Discussion and Conclusion. The Discussion section should include as subsection on limitations of the current work. Long articles may need subheadings within some sections to clarify their content. Other types of articles such as case reports, reviews, and editorials may use other headings. Detailed guidelines by type of paper can be found at www.jamia.org.

Major sections, and up to two levels of subsections, should be numbered for easy reference by reviewers, following the outline below. All references in the text to a section should be to the section's title because the section numbers will not be included in the published version.

I. SECTION
	A. First level Subsection
		1) Second level Subsection

Acknowledgements

Following the text, one or more statements should specify (1) contributions to the work that need acknowledging but do not justify authorship; (2) acknowledgments of grant or other financial and material support, specifying the nature of the support; (3) acknowledgments of meetings at which the paper has been presented in part; and (4) financial or commercial relationships that may pose a conflict of interest.

References

References should be double-spaced in order of occurrence in the manuscript. All references must be cited in the text, tables, or figure legends. The style of references is the Vancouver style as used by Index Medicus. A sample list of references is available at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/uniform_requirements.html. List all authors when there are six or fewer; otherwise list the first six followed by et al.

The following examples show how to reference an article that is published on-line as a PrePrint ahead of print.

For the time the article is online as a PrePrint only:

J. Am. Med. Informatics Assoc. ##.####/jamia.M1051. Published March 1, 2001

Where ##.####/jamia.M1051 is the DOI assigned by the editorial office to the preprint, on publication.

Once the article appears in print:

J. Am. Med. Informatics Assoc. 2001;9;4:415-422. Preprint DOI ##.####/jamia.M1051

Tables

Tables should be placed at the end of the manuscript, after the references, with markers (e.g., [Table 1 about here]), placed in the body of the manuscript to specify approximate placement in the text. Tables should be double-spaced and include a title/caption. There should be one table and its corresponding title/caption per page. A page break should be inserted after each table.

Illustrations

Photographs, drawings, graphs, and charts may be computer-generated or scanned. Symbols, lettering, and numbering should be of such proportional size that when the figure is reduced each item will still be distinctly recognizable. If a figure consists of two or more parts, the individual parts should have similar dimensions. Art work submitted at a size suitable for publication ± 40% reproduces best.

Illustrations should be placed at the end of the manuscript, after tables and/or references, with markers (e.g., [Figure 1 about here]), placed in the body of the manuscript to specify approximate placement in the text. An illustration and its corresponding legend should be on the same page. There should be one figure and its corresponding legend per page. A page break should be inserted after each illustration page. If an illustration has more than one part (i.e., Figure 1a and Figure 1b), then all parts and legends may be placed on the same page. Legends for illustrations should be double-spaced.

If the manuscript is accepted:

To ensure good-quality print production, a high resolution (at least300+ dpi) electronic copy if each figure saved in .tif format (preferred) will be requested. The journal prints images at 2,400 dpi, but this resolution does not help if the resolution of the original artwork is inadequate. The capture of a direct screen image (often at only 72 dpi) is problematic, particularly when gray tones are employed. Authors may be required to have low-resolution images recreated professionally at their expense after final acceptance of a manuscript. JAMIA prints all illustrations in black and white/grayscale. For this reason, all figures should be shaded accordingly. The background of shaded text boxes should be as light as possible (or removed completely) to prevent the text from being obscured. Graphs using shading to differentiate between items should be different enough so that readers can tell the difference. Another option for graphs is to use patterned shading versus different shades of gray. If the figure(s) submitted is deemed inappropriate for reproduction, a new file(s) will be requested. Authors may request print of color figures at their expense.

Online-only Appendices and Data Supplements

JAMIA publishes data supplements for accepted articles electronically via www.jamia.org (HighWire Press). All such materials are free-for-view, even when the articles citing them are not free-for-view.

All online-only appendices and data supplements should be submitted as a file separate from that of the manuscript, not placed at the end of the manuscript file. Authors should designate in the cover letter which Tables, Figures, Appendices, and other materials are intended as online-only components of the submission.

Online-only data supplements allow authors to include a variety of content with their manuscripts. A supplement may be a text file, a PDF file, a spreadsheet, an HTML document, a table, a video, or an audio file. The supplement may consist of one file or multiple files. From a usability point of view, the files should be small enough to be downloaded fairly quickly. They should be of common file types that most readers will be able to open and use, such as .pdf, .html, .gif, or .jpg files, QuickTime movies, or .wav sound files. If more than one data supplement is being submitted for consideration, each data supplement should be a separate file. Data supplements should be submitted to the JAMIA FTP server along with the manuscript at the time of submission, so that they can be considered curing the normal review process.

Data supplements do not count against manuscript word/page limits and can be used to include less important, but pertinent, materials while allowing authors to adhere to manuscript guidelines. Data supplements are online only and do not appear in print, but are referenced in the print article. The proper way to reference a data supplement is, "see Appendix/Table/Figure X, available as an online data supplement at www.jamia.org." Where X is the number of the Appendix, Figure, or Table. References to data supplements should be included in the manuscript at the first mention of the data supplement or the first mention of each data supplement if there is more than one.

Abbreviations

Consult the Council of Biology Editors Style Manual (fifth edition, Arlington, Virginia, American Institute of Biological Sciences, 1983). The first time an uncommon abbreviation appears it should be preceded by the full name for which it stands.

PERMISSIONS

Authors should indicate if the work has been submitted to an Institutional Review Board, and whether approval was obtained.

If text, illustrations or data supplements include information about individual patients, either the patients should not be identifiable, or the material must be accompanied by written permission to use the identifiable material in print and on-line publication. Authors must follow local and institutional guidelines regarding protecting confidentiality of patient data and human subjects of research including HIPAA and IRB regulations.

Materials (figures, tables, paragraphs, lengthy quotations) taken from other sources must be accompanied by a written statement from both the author and publisher giving permission to the publishers of JAMIA for reproduction. If the author's institution requires clearances, statements concerning such clearance should be provided with the manuscript at the time or submission.

Obtain and submit written permission from authors to cite unpublished data or papers still in press.

If the manuscript is accepted, the corresponding author will be responsible for obtaining a signed statement from each author indicating that the author takes responsibility for the content of the manuscript and that the material has not been published, simultaneously submitted, or already accepted for publication elsewhere.

ELECTRONIC SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPTS

General Instructions

Electronic submission is required. The host name of the ftp server is "jamia.mc.Vanderbilt.edu," this is NOT a website. The login name is jamia and the password is submit. The editorial office must receive manuscripts in both Microsoft Word and PDF formats. Advanced word processor features, e.g. graphics and endnotes, may cause problems and slow processing. If using the "Track Changes" function in MS Word, please be sure to accept all changes and TURN OFF the "Track Changes" function before submitting. Uploading to the server is the preferred method of delivery for initial submissions and the submission of revised manuscripts.

Specific Instructions

Note:

Instructions are in Times New Roman font.
What you will see on the screen is in Courier font.
What you should type is in Courier bold font. Your responses are case sensitive.
If you are to replace the example text with something you choose, it is in Courier bold italic font.
1. Save the manuscript as a Word document and as a PDF file.
2. If using a non-Windows based system, skip to step 3. If using a Windows based system:

open a command prompt window (start menu > run > cmd.exe)

from within the command prompt window, connect to the drive and directory containing the manuscript-related files you wish to upload. Do this using the "CD" command. For example, if the files are on the "D" drive in a folder named "Uploads," you would type "CD D:\uploads" (not including the quotation marks)

type: ftp

you should now see: ftp>

3. FTP the manuscript to Vanderbilt University by entering:
open jamia.mc.vanderbilt.edu

4. Log on to the Vanderbilt computer:
User name: jamia
Password: submit

NOTE: the password will NOT appear on screen when typed, but it will be entered

5. Indicate binary transmission:
ftp> binary

6. Transfer the files containing the manuscript and if one exists, the cover letter. (The filenames should include the last name of the first author.)

	ftp> put filename
(Optional)	ftp> put cover_letter_file
	ftp> quit

7. Send an e-mail message to:

JAMIA@vanderbilt.edu

describing the submission, listing filenames, and whether a cover letter was included

If no cover letter is included, the message will act as the cover letter and will serve as a double check that we were able to read the manuscript. Also, remember to fax the signed Documentation of Originality for Submitted JAMIA Manuscript form to the JAMIA office at (615) 936-5900. As soon as we have received a copy of the manuscript, the corresponding author will receive an e-mail message stating that the manuscript has been received for review and whether or not we have received the originality form (required to initiate review).

8. Contact JAMIA office (by email: JAMIA@vanderbilt.edu) if the corresponding author does not receive confirmation of receipt via email in 3-5 business days. All correspondence will be sent to the individual listed as the corresponding author. If the files are submitted by someone other than the corresponding author, please check with the corresponding author before contacting the JAMIA office regarding confirmation of receipt.

REVIEW AND ACTION

Manuscripts will be reviewed by the Editor and Associate Editors and sent to outside reviewers. Authors will be notified within 4-6 weeks if a manuscript is judged not ready or not appropriate for publication in the Journal prior to outside review. If a manuscript is sent out for outside peer review, the corresponding author will usually be notified within an average of 3-4 months post-submission whether full review indicated acceptance, rejection, or a need for revision. Manuscripts and letters will be edited before publication. Manuscripts and letters will be edited before publication. The corresponding author will be sent copies of the typeset proof, showing the changes, if any. Authors are responsible for proofreading their articles.

PUBLICATION OF ON-LINE PREPRINTS

PrePrints of articles will be posted on www.jamia.org during the month following acceptance and receipt of copyright release. The PrePrint will be a PDF of the article as it was accepted (i.e. not edited), and pagination in the PDF will be in the "page x of y" format, to clearly distinguish the PrePrint from the final form.

REFERENCES (Examples of the types of paper that JAMIA considers for publication)

White paper

1. Stead WW, Haynes RB, Fuller S, Friedman CP, Travis LE, Beck R, Fenichel CH, Chandrasekaran B, Buchanan BG, Abola EE, Sievert MC, Gardner RM, Messerle J, Jaffe CC, Pearson WR, Abarbanel RM. Designing Medical Informatics Research and Library-Resource Projects to Increase What is Learned. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:28-33.

2. Friedman CP, Altman RB, Kohane IS, McCormick KA, Miller PL, Ozbolt JG, et al. Training the next generation of informaticians: the impact of "BISTI" and bioinformatics--a report from the American College of Medical Informatics. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 2004;3:167-72.

Synthesis of Research paper

3. Musen MA, Tu SW, Das AK, Shahar Y. EON: A Component-Based Approach to Automation of Protocol-Directed Therapy. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1996;3:367-388.

Brief Review

4. Lindberg DAB, Humphreys BL. The High-Performance Computing and Communications Program, the National Information Infrastructure, and Health Care. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1995;2:156-159.

Position paper

5. Board of Directors of the American Medical Informatics Association. Standards for Medical Identifiers, Codes, and Messages Needed to Create an Efficient Computer-stored Medical Record. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:1-7.

Review paper

6. Miller RA. Medical Diagnostic Decision Support Systems -- Past, Present, and Future: A Threaded Bibliography and Commentary. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:8-27.

Forum paper

7. Friedman CP, Frisse ME, Musen MA, Slack WV, Stead WW. How Should We Organize to Do Informatics? Report of the ACMI Debate at the 1997 AMIA Fall Symposium. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1998;5:293-304.

Viewpoint paper

8. Matheson NW. Things to Come: Postmodern Digital Knowledge Management and Medical Informatics. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1995;2:73-78.

Careers in Medical Informatics paper

9. Patton GA, Gardner RM. Medical Informatics Education: The University of Utah Experience. J. Am Med Informatics Assoc 1999;6:457-465.

Technical Milestone paper

10. Spitzer V, Ackerman MJ, Scherzinger AL, Whitlock D. The Visible Human Male: A Technical Report. J Med Informatics Assoc 1996;3:118-130.

Technology Evaluation paper

11. Zafar A, Overhage M, McDonald CJ. Continuous Speech Recognition for Clinicians. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1999;6:195-204.

Application of Information Technology paper

12. Friede A, Rosen D, Reid J. CDC Wonder: A Cooperative Processing Architecture for Public Health. J Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:303-312.

Implementation Brief

13. Carter KJ, Rinehart S, Kessler E, Caccamo LP, Ritchey NP, Erickson BA, Castro F, Poggione MD. Quality Assurance in Anatomic Pathology: Automated SNOMED Coding. J Med Informatics Assoc 1996;3:270-272.

Technical Brief

14. Lehv M. Medicare Charges and Operational-year Coding Concept. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;2:124-126.

Book Review

15. Hammond WE: Book Review. Health Information and Health Reform: Understanding the Need for a National Health Information System. By Karen A. Duncan, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1995;2:292-293.

Software Review

16. Huber JT, Giuse NB: Software Review. Interactive Brain Atlas, by Sundsten, Brinkley, Eno, and Prothero. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1995;2:294.

Research papers

17. Hersh WR, Hickam DH, Haynes RB, McKibbon KA. A Performance and Failure Analysis of SAPHIRE with a MEDLINE Test Collection. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:51-60.

18. Ozbolt JG, Fruchtnicht JN, Hayden JR. Toward Data Standards for Clinical Nursing Information. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:175-185.

19. Sager N, Lyman M, Bucknall C, Ngo N, Tick LJ. Natural Language Processing and the Representation of Clinical Data. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:142-160.

20. Southon FCG, Sauer C, Dampney CNG. Information Technology in Complex Health Services: Organizational Impediments to Successful Technology Transfer and Diffusion. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1997;4:112-124.

21. Henry SB, Holzemer WL, Reilly CA, Campbell KE. Terms Used by Nurses to Describe Patient Problems. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:61-74.

22. Nelson, BD, Gardner RM, Hedrick G, Gould P. Computerized Decision Support for Concurrent Utilization Review Using the HELP System. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:339-352.

Model Formulation paper

23. Dolin RH. Modeling the Temporal Complexities of Symptoms. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1995;2:323-331.

Methods paper

24. Humphreys BL, Hole WT, McCray AT, Fitzmaurice JM. Planned NLM/AHCPR Large-Scale Vocabulary Test: Using UMLS Technology to Determine the Extent to Which Controlled Vocabularies Cover Terminology Needed for Health Care and Public Health. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1996;3:281-287.

Case Report

25. Miller PL, Frawley SJ. Trade-Offs in Producing Patient-specific Recommendations from a Computer-based Clinical Guideline: A Case Study. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1995;2:238-242.

Special Section paper

26. Cimino J. Controlled Medical Vocabulary Construction: Methods from the Canon Group. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:296-297.

Editorial Comments papers

27. Gardner RM. Development of Medical Informatics Standards. J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:79-80.

28. Tuttle MS. Canon Group's Objectives - Are They Achievable? J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:98-99.

29. Shortliffe EH. Dehumanization of Patient Care--Are Computers the Problem or the Solution? J Am Med Informatics Assoc 1994;1:76-78.

Historical Perspectives papers

30. Barnett GO. Report to the National Institutes of health Division of Research Study Section on Computer Applications in Medical Communication and information Retrieval Systems as Related to the improvement of Patient Care and the Medical Record - September 26, 1966. J Am Med Assoc. 2006; (13)2;127-135.

31. Sittig DF, Ash JS, Ledley RS. The Story Behind the Development of the First Whole-body Computerized Tomography Scanner as Told by Robert S. Ledley. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2006; (13)5;465-469.



Updated November 2008