Submission of Papers All manuscripts should be submitted electronically through Elsevier Editorial System (EES) which can be
accessed at http://ees.elsevier.com/csr.
In the case of Special Issues, manuscripts should be submitted to the Guest
Editor(s). Authors should ensure that they submit manuscripts and meet any additional requirements in line with deadlines set by the
Guest Editor(s) to ensure that the entire Special Issue can be published in a timely fashion.
Submission of an article is understood
to imply that the article has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic
thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all Authors and tacitly or
explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in
the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher.
Copyright
Submission
of an article is understood to imply that the article has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part
of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved
by all Authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will
not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher.
Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to sign a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright
see http://www.elsevier.com/copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information.
An e-mail (or letter) will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing
Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.
Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists
of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale
or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult http://www.elsevier.com/permissions).
If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit
the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to sign a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright
see http://www.elsevier.com/copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information.
An e-mail (or letter) will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing
Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.
Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists
of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale
or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult http://www.elsevier.com/permissions).
If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit
the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Funding body agreements and policies
Elsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors who
publish in Elsevier journals to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions of their grant awards.
To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit http://www.elsevier.com/fundingbodies
Preparation
of Texts
We accept most word processing formats for accepted articles, but Word, WordPerfect or LaTeX is preferred. Always keep
a backup copy of the electronic file for reference and safety. Save your files using the default extension of the program used. No changes
to the accepted version are permissible without the explicit approval of the Editor. It is important that the file be saved in the native
format of the word processor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout as simple as possible. Most formatting
codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the wordprocessor's options to justify text or
to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. Do not embed 'graphically designed' equations or
tables, but prepare these using the wordprocessor's facility. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid
for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text
should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (also see the Elsevier's Guide to Publication: www.elsevier.com/locate/guidepublication).
Do not import the figures into the text file, but, instead, indicate their approximate locations directly in the electronic text and
on the manuscript. Also see the section on Preparation of electronic illustrations.
LaTeX documents
If the LaTeX file
is suitable, proofs will be produced without rekeying the text. The article should preferably be written using Elsevier's document class
"elsart", or alternatively the standard document class "article", Detailed instructions for LaTeX preparation can be obtained from http://www.elsevier.com/latex.
Presentation of Manuscript General: Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted,
but not a mixture of these). Authors whose native language is not English are recommended to seek the advice of a colleague who has English
as their mother tongue. Authors who require information about language editing and copy editing services pre- and post-submission please
visit http://www.elsevier.com/locate/languagepolishing or contact authorsupport@elsevier.com for more information.
Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered by outside vendors through
our services or in any advertising. For more information please refer to our Terms and Conditions http://www.elsevier.com/termsandconditions.
Manuscripts should be in double-spaced form with wide margins and numbered lines.
Present the Authors affiliation addresses
below the name. Provide the full postal office address of each affiliation, including the county name, and, if available, the e-mail
address of each Author.
Clearly indicate who is willing to handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also
post-publication. Ensure that the telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address
and the complete postal address.
Authors should consult a recent issue of the journal for style if possible. The Editors reserve
the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.
Paper Length Authors should try to confine the text to
no more than 25-30 pages, with a total manuscript length (including figures and tables) of 45-50 pages.
Abstract A concise
and factual abstract is required (maximum length 500 words.) The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the methods
used, the principal results and the main results. An abstract is often presented separate from the article, so it must be able to stand
alone.
Keywords
Immediately after the abstract, provide up to six keywords, plus regional index terms. At least four of
the subject keywords should be selected from the Aquatic Science & Fisheries Thesaurus. An electronic version of the Thesaurus can
be found at http://www4.fao.org/asfa/asfa.htm. You may find a paper version in your library. The Regional Terms should be
provided as a hierarchical string (eg: USA, California, Monterey Bay). Authors are also encouraged to submit geographic bounding coordinates
at the end of the keyword string. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.
Text Follow this order when typing
manuscripts: Title, Authors, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords, Main text, Acknowledgements, Appendix, References, Figure Captions and
then Tables. Do not import the Figures or Tables into your text. The corresponding author should be identified with an asterisk and footnote.
Body of the article
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1
(then 1.1.1, 1.1.2), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Also use this numbering for internal cross-referencing;
do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.
In the Introduction, state the objectives of the work, and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a
summary of the results.
Results should be clear and concise. The Discussion should explore the significance of the results of the
work, not repeat them. A combined Results and Discussion section is often appropriate. Avoid extensive citations and discussion of published
literature.
A short Conclusions section is to be presented. Place Acknowledgements, including information on grants received, before
the references in a separate section, and not as a footnote on the title page.
Figure captions, tables, figures and schemes should
be presented in this order at the end of the article. They are described in more detail below.
Please note that line numbers will
now be automatically added to the submission when the pdf is created. Therefore, please make sure to upload all source files without
line numbering
Footnotes
Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using
superscript Arabic numbers. Many word processors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the
case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves on a separate sheet at the end of the article.
Do not include footnotes in the Reference list. Indicate each table footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.
Tables
Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate
them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in
tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
Units: In general, metric units should be used, preferably
the Système International (SI). If other units are used (fathoms, F, knots etc.), the metric equivalents must be given in parentheses
() or by presenting the dimensionally correct conversion factors as a footnote.
References:
Responsibility for the accuracy
of bibliographic citations lies entirely with the Author(s). The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of
authors' names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list.
Please ensure that every reference cited in the
text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished
results and personal communi-cations are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references
are included in the reference list, they should follow the standard reference style of the journal, and should include a substitution
of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication". Citation of a reference as 'in press' implies
that the item has been accepted for publication.
All citations in the text should refer to:
1. Single Author's name (without
initials) and year of publication.
2. Two Authors' names and the year of publication.
3. Three or more Authors; first Author's
name followed by "et al." and the year of publication.
In the list of references names of authors and all co-authors must be given
in full.
References in the text should be arranged chronologically.
References in the Reference List should be arranged first
alphabetically, and then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than one reference from the same Author(s) in the same year,
must be identified by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the year of publication.
Examples:
References to a journal
publication:
Title of paper. Journal name (given in full), volume number (issue number): first and last page numbers of the paper.
Hu, S., Smith Jr., W.O., 1998. The effects of irradiance on nitrate uptake and dissolved organic nitrogen release by phytoplankton
in the Ross Sea. Continental Shelf Research 18 (9), 971-990.
References to a book:
Names and initials of all authors,
year. Title of the book. Publisher, location of publisher.
Zhdanov, M.S. and Keller, G.V., 1994. The Geoelectrical Methods in Geophysical
Exploration. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Reference to a chapter in an edited book:
Names and initials of all authors, year. Title
of paper. Names and initials of the volume editors, title of the edited volume. Publisher, location of publisher, first and last page
numbers of the paper.
Thomas, E., 1992. Middle Eocene-late Oligocene bathyal benthic foraminifera (Weddell Sea): faunal changes
and implications for ocean circulation. In: Prothero, D.R., Berggren, W.A. (Eds.), Eocene Oligo-cene Climatic and Biotic Evolution. Princeton
Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 245-271.
References in articles in Special Issues
Please ensure that the words 'this issue'
are added to any references in the list (and any citations in the text) to other articles in the same Special Issue.
Conference
proceedings papers:
Names and initials of all authors, year. Title of paper. Name of the conference. Publisher, location of publisher,
first and last page numbers of the paper.
Smith, M.W., 1988. The significance of climatic change for the permafrost environment.
Final Proc. Int. Conf. Permafrost. Tapir, Trondheim, Norway, pp. 18-23.
Unpublished theses, reports, etc.:
Names and initials
of all authors, year. Title of item. All other relevant information needed to identify the item (e.g., technical report, Ph.D. thesis,
institute, current status i.e. in press/unpublished etc.).
Moustakas, N., 1990. Relationships of Morphological and Physiochemical
Properties of Vertisols under Greek Climate Conditions. Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural Univ. Athens, Greece, unpublished.
In the
case of publications in any language other than English, the original title is to be retained. Titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets
should be transliterated, and a note such as '(in Russian)' or '(in Japanese, with English Abstr.)' should be added at the end of the
reference.
The following provide examples of appropriate citation formats for non-text and electronic-only information. However,
it is requested that a Web site address, or list server message is given as a reference only where the information is unavailable in
a more permanent form. If such sources are given, then please give as complete information as possible.
Jones, P., 1996. Research
activities at Smith Technology Institute. WWW Page, http://www.sti.com/about_us/research.
Smith, F., Peabody, A.N., 1997. Hydrographic
data for the Sargasso Sea, July-September 1993, SarSea mission. (Deep-Sea Data Centre, Hull, UK), online, dataset, 740 MB, http://www.dcdc.gov.
Green, A., 1991. Deformations in Acanthaster planci from the Coral Sea, observed during UEA Special Project 7, July 1978. Journal of
Pollution Research 14 (7) suppl., CD-ROM, photographic images, 240 MB.
James, Z., 1997. Ecological effects of sea wall construction
during 1994 at Bridlington, UK. List server Message, Eco-list, 20 October 1995.
Use of the Digital Object Identifier
The digital object identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric
character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes.
Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly ?Articles in press? because they have not yet received their full
bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Physics
Letters B): doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071 When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they
are guaranteed never to change.
Preparation of electronic illustrations
General
1. Make sure you use uniform lettering
and sizing of your original artwork.
2. Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.
3. Only use the following
fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol.
4. Number the illustrations according to their sequence
in the text.
5. Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
6. Provide all illustrations as separate files.
7. Provide captions to illustrations separately.
8. Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.
A detailed
guide on electronic artwork is available on our website: http://elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Some excerpts from the
detailed information are given here.
Formats
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised,
please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones,
and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".
TIFF: Colour
or greyscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (colour or greyscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.
DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic
artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please supply "as is".
Please do not:
1. embed graphics
in your word processor (spreadsheet, presentation) document;
2. supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT,
WPG); the resolution is too low;
3. supply files that are too low in resolution;
4. submit graphics that are disproportionately
large for the content.
Captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached
to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in
the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Line drawings
The lettering
and symbols, as well as other details, should have proportionate dimensions, so as not to become illegible or unclear after possible
reduction; in general, the figures should be designed for a reduction factor of two to three. The degree of reduction will be determined
by the Publisher. Illustrations will not be enlarged. Consider the page format of the journal when designing the illustrations. Do not
use any type of shading on computer-generated illustrations.
Photographs (halftones)
Remove non-essential areas of a
photograph. Do not mount photographs unless they form part of a composite figure (plate). Where necessary, insert a scale bar in the
illustration (not below it), as opposed to giving a magnification factor in the caption.
Colour illustrations
Please
make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together
with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures, then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge that these figures will
appear in colour on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in
colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after
receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for colour in print or on the Web only. For further information on
the preparation of electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Please note: Because
of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to "grey scale" (for the printed version should you not opt for
colour in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the colour illustrations. As only one figure caption
may be used for both colour and black and white versions of figures, please ensure that the figure captions are meaningful for both versions,
if applicable.
Tables
Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to
tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables
and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article. Do not embed tables, but prepare
these using the wordprocessor's facility. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual
table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns.
Supplementary data
Preparation
of supplementary data. Elsevier accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary
files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images,
background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of
your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that your
submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit
the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed
instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Page
Proofs
When your manuscript is received by the Publisher it is considered to be in its final form. Proofs are not to be regarded
as 'drafts'.
One set of page proofs in PDF format will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding Author (if we do not have an e-mail
address then paper proofs will be sent by post). Elsevier now sends PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download
Adobe Reader version 7 available free from http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. Instructions on how to
annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs.
If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections
(including replies to the Query Form) and return to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for
any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout
of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail, or by post.
Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting,
editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication
will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly
and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication, within 3
days of receipt of the proofs: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed.
Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Should there be no corrections, please confirm this.
Note that Elsevier may proceed with
the publication of your article if no response is received.
Online Publication
Your article will appear on Elsevier's
online journal database ScienceDirect as an "Article in Press" within approximately 4-6 weeks of acceptance. Articles in Press for this
journal can be viewed at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/02784343. An Article in Press may be cited prior to
its publication by means of its unique digital object identifier (DOI) number, which does not change throughout the publication process.
Reprints
The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail or, alternatively,
25 free paper offprints. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover
image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Additional paper reprints can be ordered by the authors. An order form
containing price quotations will be sent to the authors.
Author Discount
Contributors to Elsevier journals are entitled
to a 30% discount on most Elsevier books, if ordered directly from Elsevier.
Author Services For queries relating to
the general submission of articles (including electronic text and artwork) and the status of accepted manuscripts, please visit this
journal's homepage at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/csr. From here you can also track accepted articles and set up e-mail
alerts to inform you of when an article's status has changed, as well as detailed artwork guidelines, copyright information, frequently
asked questions and more.
Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs,
are provided after registration of an article for publication.
