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CRETACEOUS RESEARCH
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Guide for Authors
General instructions
1. All manuscripts should be submitted electronically through Elsevier Editorial System (EES) which can
be accessed at  http://ees.elsevier.com/ycres.
2. Papers must be submitted in their final form, bearing in mind that
no further correction/addition is possible.
3. Submission of an article is understood to imply that the article is original and
unpublished and is not being considered for publication elsewhere.
4. Manuscripts should be structured in a way that conforms to
that of the journal in question.
5. Manuscripts must be written in English*. Authors whose native language is not English are recommended
to seek the advice of a colleague who has English as his mother-tongue before submitting their manuscript. Manuscripts written in correct
English require less time for review and publication.
English Language help service: upon request, Elsevier will direct authors
to an agent who can check and improve the English of their paper (before submission). Please contact authorsupport@elsevier.com
for further information.
6. Authors should use IUGS terminology. The use of S.I. units is also strongly recommended.
7. The manuscript
should be prepared on a word processor in double-spaced format with wide margins and numbered lines. A font size of 12 pt is required.
The various headings should be clearly differentiated, and first and second order headings should be numbered.
8. The entire manuscript
should be paginated. However, in the text no reference should be made to page numbers; if necessary, you may refer to section numbers.
9. Manuscripts should generally be organized in the following order:
a. Title
b. Name(s) of the author(s) and their affiliations
and fax and e-mail numbers. Fax and e-mail numbers should be placed as footnotes. In the case of more than one author please indicate
to whom the correspondence should be addressed.
c. Abstract
d. Keywords
e. Introduction
f. Area descriptions, methods
and material studied
g. Results and analyses
h. Discussion and conclusions
i. Acknowledgements
j. Appendices
k. References
l. Tables
m. Figure captions
n. Figures
10. Elsevier reserves the right of returning to the author for revision accepted
manuscripts and illustrations which are not in the form given in this guide.
Key Words
These must be provided
at the end of the abstract and must begin with a capital letter. They are separated by semicolons (;).
Headings
In the main
body of the text four orders of headings are normally used, the first three of which are set against the left-hand margin of the manuscript
in upper and lower case letters.
First, numbered, in roman letters and printed in bold face, with text below. Numbers
do not, however, accompany acknowledgements and references.
Second, numbered and in italics (e.g.1.3) with text
below.
Third, also numbered and in italics (e.g. 1.3.2) with text below.
Fourth, in italics, but
indented and unnumbered, followed by a full stop, with text beginning on the same line.
All paragraphs, including those following
first to third order headings are indented.
In systematic sections, subgenera and higher taxonomic groupings and synonymies are set
against the left-hand margin, species and accompanying figure references are indented. For example:
Superfamily: Acanthocerataceae
Grossouvre, 1894
Family: Lyelliceratidae Spath, 1921
Genus Stoliczkaia Neumayr, 1875
Subgenus Stoliczkaia
Neumayr, 1875
-
-
Type species. Ammonites dispar d'Orbigny, 1841, p. 142, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2, by subsequent designation
of Diener, 1925, p. 179.
-
-
Stoliczkaia (Stoliczkaia) notha (Seeley, 1865) Spath, 1931
Figs. 5A, D; 6A-C
1860 Ammonites dispar d'Orbigny: Pictet and Campiche, p. 264 (pars), pl. 38, fig. 7; ?fig. 4.
1865 Ammonites naviculari
Mantell var. nothus Seeley, p. 232. ...etc.
-
-
Description. The....
-
-
Remarks.
Other....
If a new taxon is to be described, then the following subheadings are likely to be pertinent:Derivation of
name, Holotype, Type locality, Stratigraphic horizon, Diagnosis, Description, Remarks.
Footnotes
Except for the
first-page contact information required of all (corresponding) authors, these should be avoided as far as possible. If one is necessary,
insert it between parallel lines immediately following the reference to it in the text, which should be marked by a superior (raised)
character (e.g.,*).
Names of places and localities
It is helpful to show principal localities and place-names on a map.
Names in languages that use the Latin alphabet should normally be as officially recognized in the country of origin. Allowable exceptions
are well-known alternative spellings, such as Prague for Praha and Florence for Firenze. Names in non-Latin alphabets must be transliterated.
Some modifications of these are also acceptable; for example, Moscow for Moskva.
All maps should have a scale, and either a north
arrow or an indication of degrees of latitude and longitude, or both. Upper case letters should begin words indicating points of the
compass only when the area referred to is a widely recognized geographic region or political division; for example, the Far East, North
Korea, but west Wales and southern England. They should also be used for topographic, historic and other formally named features and
places; e.g., River Thames, Mississippi River, Grampian Mountains, Huntly Castle.
Symbols, numbers, dimensions and other units
All symbols should be clearly defined the first time they are used. In the text, numbers up to and including ten are spelt out except
where they refer to characters or specific dimensions; for example, 6-8 tubercles (not 6 to 8); a bed 2 m thick; a 2-m-thick bed. Large
numbers are given in figures, but these should not normally be used to open a sentence. If more than 9999 they should include commas;
hence 10,000, 24,360.
The Système International (SI) must be used for most units, but some non-standard measurements, in centimetres
for example, are acceptable. If the original measurements were made in Imperial units, conversion figures should be inserted in parentheses
in the text, and a double scale with both types of unit added to maps and sections. The following abbreviations of length-measurements
are used in the singular number without a full stop: km, m, cm, mm, ft, yd.
All fractions are written out (one-quarter, three-fifths).
Use 57% (not per cent), 45°C (not degrees C), K-Ar techniques, 40Ar/39Ar ratios; spell out first, sixth etc.
Greater than and less than signs (> and <) may only accompany scaled measurements (e.g., > 40%).
The age of a stratigraphic
unit or the time of a geological event may be expressed as years before present. The recommended abbreviations are Ma and ka for millions
and thousands of years respectively. There is no need to add "ago" or "before present". On the other hand, numbers of years without reference
to the present are better indicated using the informal abbreviations my, ky or similar (e.g., myr).
Abbreviations, contractions,
hyphenations and quotations
Both abbreviations and contractions are followed by a full stop; hence, ed., pl., e.g., i.e., aff.,
cf., Dr., Jr. etc. Points of the compass may be written in upper case letters without full stops (e.g., N, SW). Use of abbreviated capitals
in the text of a paper generally should be avoided, but 40°N is, for example, acceptable; and if it is necessary to refer to the
points of the compass on many occasions, as in a paper on structural geology, then it is reasonable to abbreviate. Care must be taken
to use combined or hyphenated words consistently (e.g., either northeast or north-east, not both). Acronyms and commonly used abbreviations
and symbols should be defined the first time they are used. They are also indicated without stops; for example, NATO, IUGS, IGCP, ODP,
USA, PhD.
It is necessary to use "and" rather than an ampersand (&) when referring to publications by two authors; e.g., (Black
and White, 1982), Black and White (1982). Do not hyphenate such words as subquadrate and semicircular, or split words at the end of a
line. Double inverted commas must encompass all direct quotations, which should also be accompanied not only by a reference to the author
and year of publication but also to the page on which it appears. Unorthodox words or usages, such as "tesselated conglomerate" and "fossil
forest" should also be referred to as shown.
Latin words and abbreviations
All Latin words, whether spelt in full or
abbreviated (cf., e.g., ibid., in situ, inter alia, non, sensu, sic, ca., et al., nom. nud., s.l., sensu lato, s.s., sensu stricto, vs.,
versus and vice versa) should be in roman, not italic, font.
Cross-references
References to other parts of the text should
be given as "above", "below", "in the introductory section", "in section 2".
Spelling and style
English rather than American
spelling and word usage is preferred, but not essential. It is impossible to provide an exhaustive list of examples. Authors should consult
standard language texts and dictionaries for guidance. Adjectives should not normally be used as nouns (e.g., volcanics instead of volcanic
rocks), exceptions being the names of geological systems, series and stages and their time equivalents because of common usage in both
ways. It is important to be consistent. Single-sentence paragraphs may sometimes be acceptable but in general they should be avoided.
Sentences should not end with "etc." unless it is obvious what is meant; use "for example", "such as" or "including" instead. Hyphens
must be added to compound adjectives; e.g., "large-scale features" but "features on a large scale", "sea-level rise" but "a rise in sea
level". An en dash (en rule) meaning "to" is acceptable for such combinations as Hauterivian-Barremian.
Stratigraphy
Authors should follow standard procedures and general principles. System, series, stage, biozone, group, formation, member and bed should
have an initial capital letter when used formally, as in Wadhurst Formation of the Hastings Group, but begin with a lower case letter
in the plural form; e.g., Ashdown and Wadhurst formations. The following abbreviations and contractions may be used on figures: Gp (Group),
Fm (Formation), Mbr (Member), Sst (Sandstone), Slst (Siltstone), Mdst (Mudstone), Sh (Shale), Congl (Conglomerate), and Lst (Limestone).
For stratigraphic units that contain a taxonomic name, quote both genus and species in full at first mention, as in Deshayesi
forbesi Zone. Subsequently the generic name can usually be abbreviated to a single upper case letter followed by a full stop, or
dropped altogether as in forbesi Zone. This is the preferred format, but Forbesi Zone is also acceptable.
There is often
confusion in the literature over the use of lower, upper, early and late. As a rule, lower and upper should refer to rocks (e.g., lower
Wadhurst Formation, an informal reference to a part of the Wadhurst succession; Upper Greensand Formation, a generally recognized rock
unit) or chronostratigraphic (time-rock) units (e.g., lower Hauterivian strata, informal usage; Lower Hauterivian, a recognized substage).
Use of early and late for all time (geochronological) units is preferred; hence early Cenomanian, earliest Turonian, late Maastrichtian.
Capitalized words pertaining to time may, however, be used if they are applied precisely to formally defined divisions.
Middle may
refer to both rock and time units but mid should be used in connection with all Cretaceous stages that are formally divisible into only
two substages. Authors may also use mid for time. Statements such as "these sediments were deposited during the lower Valanginian" should
be avoided; write "...during the early Valanginian" instead.
Fossil nomenclature
The mandatory provisions of, and recommendations
in, the current editions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and International Code of Zoological Nomenclature
must be followed unless there is good reason to do otherwise, in which case this should be justified. The repository for all type and
figured specimens should be indicated.
The generic name must be given in full at the first mention of a species. It may be abbreviated
subsequently to the initial capital letter followed by a full stop unless confusion with another genus is likely.
The authorship
of generic and specific names should be given at least once, either at first mention or preferably, if there are more than just a few,
in a list of all taxa mentioned in the paper with author attributions and dates. Short lists of taxa within the text should usually be
arranged alphabetically according to genus, and to the species referred to each. Depending on their purpose, longer lists may be incorporated
in the body of the text as a table or consigned to an appendix, which is placed after the references. They may include hierarchical classifications
if these are appropriate to the context of the paper.
Standard abbreviations of names of authors attributed to extant taxa are acceptable
but all those pertaining to fossils should be spelt in full. In the case of authors with the same surname, add their initials (e.g.,
B.D. Tschudy, R.H. Tschudy); where initials and surnames are identical, give the distinguishing forenames (e.g., Donald E. Green; David
E. Green).
The following may be applied to fossil names in roman (not italic) font: gen. nov., sp. nov., cf., aff., ex gr., var.
and similar notations; e.g., Pachypteris sp. cf. P. lanceolata.
Systematic descriptions
The style of
presentation should follow that of recent papers in Cretaceous Research (see Headings above).
Acknowledgements
Keep these as short and concise as possible.
References
The list of references should contain all works cited in the
text and in explanations of, and included on, all figures and tables. Those that are listed but not cited will be deleted.
Names
of authors such as d'Orbigny, van der Kaars and von Braun should be arranged in the order Braun, von, Kaars, van der and Orbigny, d'.
Exceptions to this usually reflect an author's country of origin. Mac precedes Mc, as in MacLennan, McIntyre. For two or more authors,
the order is alphabetical and then according to date; hence, Green, P., Brown, D.F. 1990, Green, P., Gray, J. 1990, and Green, P., Gray,
J., Brown, D.F. 1991. All names of authors should normally be included but if there are more than ten, then four names followed by "et
al. (xx other authors)" is acceptable. Green 1990a should refer to the first 1990 paper by this author mentioned in the text, and Green
1990b to the second. The fact that these might be the third and fifth papers by this author to appear in print in 1990 is of no consequence
unless questions of priority of publication arise in taxonomic analyses.
Titles of journals and books should be in roman font. Give
the exact title of a book or article. For Book titles, all nouns, adjectives, adverbs and verbs should begin with a capital letter. For
titles of articles in books and jounals only begin names of places, people and other words that require it (such as Cretaceous) with
a capital letter. Translate only those titles that are in non-Latin alphabets, and enclose a note of the original language in round brackets
()(see below). Transliterations are not normally acceptable but if they are given, these should be followed by translations within square
brackets.
Part numbers of journals should not be included unless each begins at page 1. Plate numbers need to be added only when
the plates (and their accompanying explanations) are not paginated. Information on figures and enclosures may be added but, again, only
if they are not included within the numbered pages. All references should be carefully checked. Incorrect entries are not only inconvenient
to the user of the paper but also cast doubt on the general accuracy of the work. Take the reference from the original publication wherever
possible; otherwise give the source in the form [fide Smith, 1990].
Papers quoted as being in press must have been accepted for publication.
Unpublished theses and reports should not be cited unless it is essential to include them. Papers in preparation may be noted in the
text but must be omitted from the references.
References in the text are cited as shown in the following examples: (Smith 1994a,
b; Smith et al. 1994a-c; Smith and Brown, 1994, pp. 27, 28, 32-35). Lists of references should be in date order, and alphabetically if
two or more papers were published in one year, as in Green (1977), Brown (1990, p. 20; 1994, p. 27, pl. 2, figs. 1, 3; pl. 4, fig. 1;
table 2) and Smith and Brown (1994, pl. 2, figs. 1-4).
Examples of format of references:
- Allen, P., 1976. Wealden of
the Weald: a new model. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 86
- (for 1975), 389-437.
- Arnaud-Vanneau, A., Arnaud,
H., Adatte, T., Argot, M., Rumley, G., Thieuloy, J.-P., 1987. The
- Lower Cretaceous from the Jura Platform to the Vocontian Basin
(Swiss Jura, France). Field Guide, Excursion D, Third International Cretaceous Symposium, Tübingen, 1987, pp. 109-123.
- Batten,
D.J., 1982. Palynofacies and salinity in the Purbeck and Wealden of southern England. In:
- Banner, F.T., Lord, A.R (Eds.). Aspects
of Micropalaeontology. George Allen & Unwin, London, pp. 278-308.
- Cope, J.C.W., 1993. High resolution biostratigraphy. In:
Hailwood, E.A., Kidd, R.B. (Eds.). High
- Resolution Stratigraphy. Geological Society, London, Special Publication 70, 257-265.
- Dettmann, M.E., Molnar, R.E., Douglas, J.G., Burger, D. et al. (10 other authors), 1992. Australian
- Cretaceous terrestrial
faunas and floras: biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications. Cretaceous Research 13, 207-262.
- Dutta, R.J., 1994. Ultrastructure
of Mesozoic spores and pollen. Unpublished PhD thesis, University
- of Wales, Aberystwyth, 263 pp.
- Gallois, R.W., 1975.
Cuckfield-West Hoathly. 1:25 000 geological special sheet, classical areas of
- British geology. Ordnance Survey for Institute
of Geological Sciences, Southampton.
- Gallois, R.W., Worssam, B.C., 1993. Geology of the country around Horsham. Memoir of the
- Geological Survey, Sheet 302. HMSO for British Geological Survey, London, viii + 130 pp.
- Skelton, P.W. (Ed.), 2003. The
Cretaceous World. The Open University, Milton Keynes, and
- Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 360 pp.
- Zaklinskaya,
E.D., 1977. Angiosperms on the basis of palynological data. In: Vakhrameev, V.A.
- (Ed.), Floral Development at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic
Boundary. Akademi Nauk SSSR, Ordena Trudovogo Krasnogo Znameni Geologicheskiy Institut, Izdatel'stvo "Nauka", Moskva, pp. 66-119 (in
Russian).
- Zhu Zonghao, Zheng Guoguang, Zhao Chuanben, 2000. Symposium on Palynology of Petroliferous
- Basins in China.
Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing, xvi + 262 pp., 260 pls. (in Chinese, English abstracts).
Photographic illustrations
These are labelled as figures, not plates. Single photographs should normally use the full width of a printed page or column of
text, and may be submitted unmounted. Composite illustrations reproduce well only if the tones and contrasts of the prints are matched.
These should be mounted on clean white or black card at the final intended size, or submitted in electronic format accompanied by high-quality
paper copies. Avoid large areas of background. The maximum area of illustration is that of the printed page in the journal; i.e., 183
x 239 mm.
Line drawings
Originals should be drawn in black ink on good quality white card or suitable transparent or
opaque material. Backgrounds must be clean. Large areas of black should be avoided. Hand-drafted illustrations are best done at one and
a half times the size it is proposed that they be reproduced. Computer-drawn laser-printed figures may be submitted at the final intended
size. Aim to use the full width of a column of text or the printed page; small figures may be arranged side-by-side. Large figures should
be designed so that they can be accommodated on two facing pages or on several consecutive pages; fold-outs are usually unacceptable.
All lettering and numbering should be clear and readable after reduction; the smallest letters should be not less than 1 mm in height
when printed. Typewritten letters generally do not reproduce well; "edding" or "Conte" transfer or similar "instant lettering" is recommended
for labelling hand-drawn illustrations. Laser prints of figures prepared using computer drafting software are usually of a high standard
but heavy ornament (shading) can be hard on the eye and overprinted lettering difficult to read; both should, therefore, be avoided.
Coloured illustrations
Illustrations in colour may be submitted as original photographs, high-quality computer-generated
prints or transparencies close to the size expected in publication, or as 35 mm slides. Polaroid colour prints are not suitable. Further
information about colour illustrations is available from Author Support authorsupport@elsevier.com
If, together
with your accepted article, you submit usable coloured figures then Elsevier will ensure that, at no extra cost, these will appear in
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For colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding costs from Elsevier following receipt of your accepted article.
Submitting artwork in an electronic format helps Elsevier to reproduce it to the highest possible standard, ensuring accuracy, clarity and satisfactory resolution of detail. To this end:
1. Always supply high-quality printouts of artwork on separate sheets in case
conversion of the electronic format presents problems.
2. Use uniform lettering, and standardize the sizes of figs.
3. Save text
in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.
4. Use only Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times or Symbol fonts.
5. Number the
illustrations according to the order that they are cited in the text.
6. Use a logical naming convention for the artwork files, and
supply a separate listing of these and the software used.
7. All illustrations should be in separate files.
8. Captions to them
should be listed at the end of the manuscript, not within the text or attached to the figs.
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to the desired size of the printed version.
Files may be stored on 3 1/2 inch diskettes, ZIP-disks or CDs (either MS-DOS or Macintosh).
A detailed guide to electronic artwork is available on Elsevier's website: http://authors.elsevier.com/artwork
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Simple tables that require few or no lines can be directly typeset. Clear alignment and adequate spacing of the original is necessary.
Complex tables must be drafted or submitted as laser prints for direct reproduction. As for figures, two facing pages or adequately labelled
consecutive pages should be used for large tables because foldouts are unacceptable.
Explanations, citations, and positioning
of figures and tables
All figures and tables should be brought together at the end of the manuscript. The positions that they
are to occupy in the paper should be marked in pencil, preferably in the right-hand margin of the manuscript or by an insertion between
two lines in the body of the text; for example,
-----------------------------------
Figures 11 and 12 near here
-----------------------------------
They must be cited in the text as Fig. 1, Table 1 etc. References to pages, plates, figures and tables in the works of others should
always be indicated using lower case letters, as noted above in the section on references. When referring to more than one figure or
table, these should be indicated as, for example, (figs. 3, 4) or (figs. 3, 4) if in another publication, but parts of a composite figure
are identified in the form: Fig. 3B, C, Fig. 4B-D (or fig. 3B, C; fig. 4B-D). Their accompanying explanations will be typeset. They should,
therefore, follow the references and not be incorporated in the figures and tables or duplicate information given in the text.
Short
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Special issues
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Submission of manuscripts
NORTH
AMERICA: Dr Douglas J. Nichols, United States Geological Survey, Box 25046, MS 919, Denver, Colorado 80225-0046, USA
ALL OTHER REGIONS:
Prof. David J. Batten, University of Manchester, School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Oxford Road, Manchester M13
9PL, UK
All submissions must be accompanied by a covering letter from the author (or corresponding author if there are two or more
contributors) in which a fax number and an e-mail address are provided.
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