Appetite publishes the entire range of research relating to eating and drinking.

Submissions for publication should be relevant to the consumption of or attitudes to ingestible substances, or to the influences on or the consequences of such choices and appetites. Nevertheless, other matters are not excluded if they are important in a particular study.

This journal specializes in cross-disciplinary communication. Therefore, papers originating in any scholarly discipline or combination of disciplines are considered for publication, following review by peers with research expertise in the main discipline(s) involved in the submission.

•Full papers, including empirical reports and theoretical reviews;
•Short Communications (up to 4 printed pages) published in the next available issue of the journal;
•Themed collections of peer-reviewed papers in Special Sections or Issues;
•Commentary sections with keynote paper, brief comments and reply;
•Book reviews and evaluative notices of single or multiple volumes;
•Abstracts in guest-edited sets from international multidisciplinary conferences;
•Reports and announcements of conferences and symposium sessions primarily concerned with topics in the range of the journal.

Accepted papers are published in electronic form immediately on receipt of corrected proofs. Printed issues of the journal are distributed bimonthly.

Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher.

SUBMISSION



Authors should submit their articles electronically via the homepage of this journal ( http://ees.elsevier.com/appetite/). The system automatically converts source files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance.

All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail and via the Author's homepage, removing the need for a hard-copy paper trail.

Papers are referred on receipt to at least two research workers in the area(s) covered and the Editor's decision is made in light of their comments and recommendations, normally within 6-8 weeks of receipt.

Short communications may be submitted to any Executive Editor or Advisory Editor who has relevant expertise (see below), together with an independent expert's review (optional) indicating agreement with any revisions required on initial reviewing. The receiving Editor will serve as the second reviewer or obtain any further expert review(s) required.

Book reviews are solicited from research workers in the book's field. Authors in the Appetite area should ask publishers to send relevant books for review to the Book Reviews Editor in the appropriate region.

Symposia, abstracts from meetings and announcements of events should be pre-arranged as early in advance as possible with the Co-ordinating Editor, who will arrange review of the materials with the meeting organizers.

FORMAT AND LENGTH

Full papers
Reports of new empirical findings should present the investigation as succinctly as feasible with clarity with the main text divided into Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion.

Reviews may be of any length consistent with succinct presentation, subdivided as appropriate to the subject matter.

Short Communications
Short reports (confined to essentials), theoretical notes, comments on published work or critical notices of books must be no longer than four typeset pages in the journal; authors must delete material in proof if necessary to avoid running over to a fifth page. This space can accommodate a total word count of 5000 including the same format of title, author and mailing address as a full paper, a short abstract with keywords and acknowledgements, references and any footnote, if there is no Table or Figure. The text should start with a heading; this and other headings within the text should refer to substance, unless the Communication is an empirical report, in which case there should be the formal sections as in a full report; for each heading, the word allowance must be reduced by 30. Tables and Figures should be minimum in number and size; if one is included, allow the equivalent of 335 words per square single-column area of each Table as its columns will be typeset, or of a Figure as it will be reproduced. The heading above a Table and the caption below a Figure (all legends listed on a separate page) will be included in the word count for the whole text.

Book Reviews
The review of a single book should not exceed two printed pages (up to 1500 words including topical headings and any references cited). The full bibliographic details of the book(s) must be included in the heading, including ISBN(s) and price(s) preferably in US dollars and euro or sterling.

Conference Abstracts
All the abstracts in a set must be limited to a total word count of no more than 300 (4 per page), including the title, author name(s), one complete postal address and one e-mail address and all acknowledgements and references. Tables, Figures and footnotes are not allowed. Any acknowledgements must be given within the paragraph, not as a separate paragraph as "Supported by...". Reference(s) may be also be listed at the end within the one paragraph of text to include author(s), abbreviated journal title, volume, pages and year. The title and/or theme of the meeting as the main title, the location and dates as a sub-title and the name(s) and full postal address(es) of the guest editor(s) must be provided to form the heading of the set of abstracts. The running head must be the guest editor(s) name(s). Any session titles, special lectures or other material must fit into the format and word count for the abstracts in that set. Page charges are applicable to those abstracts beyond the allowance for a single Conference

Special Sections and Special Issues
A proposal for a themed collection, symposium or commentary should be sent first to the Co-ordinating Editor, listing provisional authors, titles and lengths of papers and suggesting Executive, Advisory or Guest Editors with a timetable for recorded peer-reviewing, revision and transmittal in the format required for publication. The reviews or reports in a collection are of the same scholarly quality as other material and so will be accommodated within the publisher's budget where practicable.

PREPRATION OF MANUSCRIPTS

General layout
Manuscripts should be typewritten in double-spacing throughout (including abstract, keywords, headings, footnotes, references, tables and legends) with wide (3-cm) margins. Number all the pages of the manuscript consecutively. Ensure that each new paragraph is clearly indicated either by an indented first line or a preceding blank line (not both). Present each Table and the set of legends for Figures on separate pages at the end of the manuscript. If possible, consult a recent issue of the journal to become familiar with layout and conventions.

Typography. Text should be justified to the left without hyphenated line breaks, except for compound words. Punctuation should be consistent. One space only should be inserted between words and between numerical values and units, and after punctuation except a full stop (point) where there should be two spaces. The initial letter is put in upper case only after a stop, question mark or paragraph break, not after a colon or semi-colon. Do not use the lower-case letter "l" (el) for "1" (one) or the capital letter "O" for "0" (zero). (They have different typesetting values.) Please make a handwritten note in the margin of any special characters used, e.g. Greek, maths.

Title page
Title. Concise and informative, starting with a substantive term (not "the", "effect" etc.). Titles are often used in information retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.

Co-authors' names and affiliations. Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' full postal addresses (where the work was done) below the names, including the post code and country's name; if available, the e-mail address of each author may be added. Indicate each author's affiliation with a lowercase superscript letter immediately after the family name and in front of the appropriate address. Corresponding author. The email address of the corresponding author, with preferred full name in brackets, will be published at the foot of the paper. Below that footnote, in single spacing and marked "not for publication", the telephone and fax numbers (with country and area codes) of the corresponding author must be provided for use if needed during production, in addition the complete postal address if different from the affiliation as an author.

Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the paper was done (or was visiting at the time), a 'Present address' (or 'Permanent address') may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the address of affiliation in the main heading. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes (but not for the corresponding author's email contact).

Abstract and keywords
The key features of the work (not its background, nor that it is discussed) should be stated on the second page of the manuscript in a summary of no more than 200 words for an empirical report or review and 100 words for a short communication. The abstract of an empirical report normally gives the study's main aim, the primary method(s), the most important findings and conclusions from the investigation, but not with subheadings. References, abbreviations or P values should not be used.

This abstract must be followed by a maximum of 10 keywords, which reflect the entries the author(s) would like to see in an index.

Main text
The main text of a full paper should begin with a brief statement of the point of the paper for those interested in the general area of the journal. The remainder of the paper should be for readers professionally familiar with the topic. This means that an empirical report should introduce and discuss only those publications directly relevant to what the investigation discovered. (A short evaluative review of the broader research literature would be welcome as a separate submission.)

The main Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion sections of an empirical report should have appropriate subsections using just one level of subheading; any second level of subheading must be within a paragraph. Footnotes should be minimised; all essential details should be included in the appropriate place in the main text of Methods. The content and layout of questions and answers should be described without redundancy in the text of Method, with more detail essential to the findings being given in Tables in the Results section; questionnaires and interview protocols (in Figure form) are not published. Reference to a publication should be made by the name of its author, followed by the year of its publication between parentheses, thus: Miller (1990) found that ..., or ... as studied previously (Miller, 1990). Unpublished material should be cited in the form (Jones, Note1).

When a Table or a Figure is cited, normally it should be in brackets at the end of the description of a finding; the Table or Figure itself is described in its heading or caption. The number of each Table or Figure should be indicated in the main text at the end of the paragraph where it is first cited in support of a specific statement of the observation or other content.

Descriptive and inferential statistics should only be cited in support of verbal statements in the Results section of what was reliably observed; description of data-analytical procedures should be confined to the Methods section. Probability values and power statistics should be given with statistic values and round-bracketed degrees of freedom, e.g. F(1, 34) ≡ 123,p⟨0.001 (preferably between commas or a stop, rather than square brackets), but where feasible such information should be included in Tables rather than in the main text.

Spelling must be consistent with either British usage (The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary) or American usage (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary). However, spelling in the list of references must be literal to each original publication. Details of style not specified here may be determined by reference to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association or the Style Manual for Biological Journals. To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spellchecker' function of your wordprocessor; however, its effects must be checked for changes to the intended wording.

Abbreviations where used, must be standard. The Systeme Internationale (SI) should be used for all units; where metric units are used (e.g. kcal), the SI equivalent (e.g. MJ) must also be given.

Language Services
Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit http://www.elsevier.com/locate/languagepolishing or contact authorsupport@elsevier.com for more information. Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered by outside vendors through our services or in any advertising. For more information please refer to our terms and Conditions http://www.elsevier.com/termsandconditions

References

Text: Citations in the text should follow the referencing style used by the American Psychological Association. You are referred to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition, ISBN 1-55798-790-4, copies of which may be ordered from http://www.apa.org/books/4200061.html or APA Order Dept., P.O.B. 2710, Hyattsville, MD 20784, USA. Or APA, 3 Henrietta Street, London, WC3E 8LU, UK. Details concerning this referencing style can also be found at http://humanities.byu.edu/linguistics/Henrichsen/APA/APA01.html

List: References should be arranged first alphabetically according to surnames and then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year must be identified by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the year of publication in the list and in the main text.

References should be given in the following form (with issue number in parentheses after volume number only when pagination is not across issues throughout the volume:

Hedderley, D. I., & Meiselman, H. L. (1995). Modelling meal acceptability in a free choice environment. Food Quality and Preference, 6, 15-26.

Booth, D.A. (1994). Psychology of nutrition. London UK & Bristol, PA: Taylor & Francis.

Driver, J., & Bayliss, G. C. (1998). Attention and visual object segmentation. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain (pp. 299-325). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Reference Note(s)
All cited material which is unpublished or limited in circulation should be listed after the References, with numbering (arabic) in order of citation in the text (as note 1 etc), giving as much information as possible about where to request a copy of the item.

Footnotes
Any essential footnotes to the main text should be numbered and typed on a separate page after the References and any Reference Note(s). A footnote should be cited in the text using a superscript number. Word processor facilities for printing a footnote on the manuscript page where it is cited should not be used.

Tables
Tables should be numbered consecutively at the start of a heading that states the main variables presented in terminology used in the text of Results and each Table typed double (or 1.5) spaced on a separate sheet following the References and Notes sections. No vertical rules should be used. Footnotes to cells should be double-spaced below the table, keyed by superscript lowercase letters.

Tables should not duplicate data presented elsewhere in the manuscript (e.g. in graphs or text). Each column and row of a Table should be distinctively labelled, including units for quantities. Each set of data should be placed in its own labelled column or row (not in brackets with another datum), e.g. N (where Ns vary among cells), Mean, SD, F, P, kcal, MJ. No character (except zero before a decimal point) should be repeated in every cell of a column or row of a Table. Numerical values should normally be rounded to no more than two digits before or after the decimal point or three digits around it. Information about particular cells that cannot be included in the Table heading or column and row labels may be given in a footnote using a superscript letter, or asterisk(s) in the case of P-values only.

Tables must be placed within the manuscript at the end, and not uploaded separately.

Figure legends
Numbered legends should be typed together on a separate page, collated into the manuscript in front of the Figures (one to a page, with Figure number only). The contents of the Figure should be described in that caption in terminology used in the citing section of the paper. The key to any symbol, line or box should be included in the legend, unless given within the body of the Figure.

Figures
As well as a copy at the end of the main manuscript, original drawings, photographic prints or laser-printed copy must be submitted for each line or half-tone illustration. Each Figure should be clearly numbered (not captioned), away from the body of the graphics. Each box, axis, line or column in a Figure should be distinctively labelled, including units for quantities. Any label or key not in the Figure legend should be placed within the body of the Figure, not adding to the area of the graphics. White space within the width of the Figure and at the top and bottom should be at the minimum consistent with clarity. Data points should be as large as feasible. Columns should be no wider than necessary and stippled or grey filling should be avoided.

Preparation of electronic illustrations
Submitting your artwork in an electronic format helps us to produce your work to the best possible standards, ensuring accuracy, clarity and a high level of detail.
General points
•Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
•Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.
•Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol.
•Number the illustrations according its place in the sequence in the text.
•Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files, and supply a separate listing of the files and the software used.
•Provide all illustrations as separate files.
•Provide captions to illustrations separately.
•Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.


A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions

Copyright

Upon acceptance of an article, Authors will be asked to transfer copyright (for more information on copyright see http://www.elsevier.com/copyight. This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. A letter will be sent to the corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript. A form facilitating transfer of copyright will be provided. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the Author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by Authors in these cases: contact Elsevier's Rights Department, Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail permissions@elsevier.com. Requests may also be completed online via the Elsevier homepage http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions.

Digital Object Identifier
Elsevier assigns a unique digital object identifier (DOI) to every article it publishes. The DOI appears on the title page of the article. It is assigned after the article has been accepted for publication and persists throughout the lifetime of the article. The DOI can be used to cite papers prior to publication.

Ethics
Manuscripts submitted for publication must contain a statement to the effect that all human studies have been approved by the appropriate ethics committee and have therefore been performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. It should also be stated clearly in the text that all persons gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Details that might disclose the identity of the subjects under study should be omitted. Reports of animal experiments must state that the "Principles of laboratory animal care" (NIH publication No. 86-23, revised 1985) were followed, as well as specific national laws (e.g. the current version of the German Law on the Protection of Animals) where applicable. The Editors reserve the right to reject manuscripts that do not comply with the above-mentioned requirements. The author will be held responsible for false statements or for failure to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.

Proofs
One set of page proofs in PDF format will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent by post). Elsevier now sends PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version 7 available free from http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. Instructions on how to annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs. The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/acrrsystemreqs.html#70win If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return to Elsevier in an e-mail.

Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail, or by post.

Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of your article if no response is received.

Author enquiries
For enquiries relating to the submission of articles (including electronic submission where available) please visit this journal's homepage at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/appet. You can track accepted articles at http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle and set up e-mail alerts to inform you of when an article's status has changed, as well as copyright information, frequently asked questions and more.
Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, are provided after registration of an article for publication.

Offprints
The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail or, alternatively, 25 free paper offprints. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Additional reprints may be ordered on the reprint order form which will accompany the proofs sent to the author. Reprints may also be obtained after publication of the paper at a somewhat higher cost.

Disclaimer
Whilst every effort is made by the publishers and editorial board to see that no inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement appears in this journal, they wish to make it clear that the data and opinions appearing in the articles and advertisements herein are the sole responsibility of the contributor or advertiser concerned. Accordingly, the publishers, the editorial board and editors and their respective employees, officers and agents accept no responsibility or liability whatsoever for the consequences of any inaccurate or misleading data, opinion or statement.

EDITORS OF APPETITE

Executive Editors
Peter Atkins, Department of Geography, Durham University, Durham, UK. Email: p.j.atkins@durham.ac.uk
Hans-Rudolf Berthoud, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Neurobiology of Nutrition Laboratory, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. Email: berthohr@pbrc.edu
Nigel Bond, FASSA School of Psychology, University of Western Sydney, NSW, Australia, Email: N.Bond@uws.edu.au
Daniel Hoffman, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA. Email: dhoffman@aesop.rutgers.edu
Anita Jansen, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Universiteit Maastricht, Netherlands.
Simon Thornton, Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Universite Henri Poincare, Nancy, France. Email simon.thornton@nancy.inserm.fr
Debra Zellner, Department of Psychology, Montclair State University, Montclair, IN, USA. Email: zellnerd@mail.montclair.edu

Co-ordinating Editor
David A. Booth, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK. Email D.A.Booth@Bham.ac.UK

Specialist Executive Editor
Peter Scholliers {e}, History, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium. Email: pscholli@vub.ac.be

Advisory Editors
W. S. Agras{c}, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford CA, U.S.A. E-mail: sagras@stanford.edu
A. S. Anderson {g}, Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Email: a.s.anderson@dundee.ac.uk
T. Baranowski {j}, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA. Email: tbaranow@bcm.tmc.edu
G. K. Beauchamp {jl}, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA. Email: beauchamp@monell.org
L.L. Birch, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA. Email: llb15@psu.edu
B.J. Cowart {j,l}, Monell-Jefferson Taste & Smell Clinic, Philadelphia, USA. Email: cowart@monell.org
J. T. Dwyer {g}, Frances Stern Nutritional Centre and Tufts Medical School, Boston, USA. Email: jdwyer1@tufts-nemc.org
C. Fischler {aej}, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales CNRS, Paris, France. Email: fischler@ehess.fr
M. I. Friedman {h}, Monell Chemical Senses Centre, Philadelphia, USA. Email: friedman@monell.org
B. G. Galef {b}, Psychology, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada. Email: galef@mcmaster.ca
I. de Garine {a}, Maison des Sciences de l'Homme, Paris, France. Email: garine@wanadoo.fr
S. Garattini {b}, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy. Email: garattini@marionegri.it
K. G. Grunert {jk}, Aarhus School of Business, Denmark. Email: klg@asb.dk
K. Halmi {e}, Cornell Medical Center, New York, USA. Email: kah29@cornell.edu
Suzanne Higgs, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. Email: s.higgs.1@bham.ac.uk
B. G. Hoebel {f}, Department of Psychology, Princeton, USA. Email: hoebel@princeton.edu
H. R. Kissileff {h}, St Lukes/Roosevelt Medical Center, New York, USA. Email: hrk2@columbia.edu
D. Laing {l}, School of Women and Children's Health, Sydney, Australia. Email: d.laing@uws.edu.au
W. Langhans {b}, Physiology and Animal Husbandry, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland. Email: wolfgang.langhans@inw.agrl.ethz.ch
L. Lenard {chjl}, Institute of Physiology, Pecs University Medical School, Pecs, Hungary. Email: laszlo.lenard@aok.pte.hu
H. L. Meiselman {ij}, Behavioral Sciences, Natick Soldier Center, Massachusetts, USA. Email: Herbert.L.Meiselman@us.army.mil
S. Nicolaïdis {cf}, Institut Europ en SGCA, Paris, France. Email: stelios.nicolaidis@libertysurf.fr
M. Pelchat {jl}, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, USA. Email: pelchat@monell.org
P. Pliner {j}, Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada. Email: pliner@utm.utoronto.ca
B. Popkin, Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. Email: Popkin@unc.edu
F. Provenza {b}, Rangeland Resources, Utah State University, USA. Email: stan@cc.usu.edu
B. J. Rolls{gj}, Nutrition, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA. E-mail: bjr4@psu.edu
P. Rozin{j}, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA. E-mail: rozin@psych.upenn.edu
T. Sakata{cfh}, Internal Medicine, Oita University, Japan. E-mail: sakata@oita-med.ac.jp
H.G. Schutz{ij}, University of California, Department of Consumer Sciences, Davis, USA. Email: hgschutz@ucdavis.edu
A. Sclafani{b}, Psychology, CUNY Brooklyn College, New York, USA. E-mail: asclafani@gc.cuny.edu
G. P. Smith{fh}, Psychiatry, Cornell Medical Center, USA. E-mail: gpsmith@med.cornell.edu
J. Sobal{k}, Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, USA. E-mail: js57@cornell.edu
A.J. Stunkard, Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA. Email: stunkard@mail.med.upenn.edu
A. S. Truswell{g}, Human Nutrition Unit, Biochemistry Building, University of Sydney, Australia. E-mail: s.Truswell@mmb.usyd.edu.au
A Warde, Sociology and Centre for Research on Innovation & Competition, University of Manchester, UK. E-mail: alan.warde@man.ac.uk


Subject Areas {a} Anthropology, {b} Biology, {c} Clinical Medicine, {d} Economics, {e} History, {f} Neuroscience, {g} Nutrition, {h} Physiology and Metabolism, {i} Development of products and services, {j} Psychology, {k} Sociology, {l} The senses