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ORBIS
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A Journal of World Affairs
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Guide for Authors
Orbis
is a policy-oriented journal of world politics and strategic affairs, published quarterly by the Foreign Policy
Research Institute. Prospective authors are encouraged to familiarize themselves with the journal by examining recent issues.
Articles
are expected to display the originality and rigor of articles in a strictly academic journal, and not to elide vital but complex explanations.
At the same time,
Orbis
is directed toward a broad audience of academics, journalists, government officials, and business
leaders who are not specialists of the given topic. Ideally, an article should contain material important to the specialist and interesting
to the non-specialist.
The editors welcome the expression of opinion. Indeed, authors are urged to develop recommendations for US
foreign policy, drawing upon information in their articles. The only editorial position
Orbis
takes is in favor of the
national interests of the United States, and that is the only policy viewpoint authors should assume in their audience.
The bulk
of the journal is made up of articles that offer new information, new analyses, or both and generally address one tightly defined topic.
Less usual are broad surveys, which would have to offer an outstanding new perspective, and highly specialized or technical papers that
are better suited to more specialized journals.
Orbis
welcomes articles from many perspectives. However:
•
Political-science theory must offer a new perspective on matters of practical importance.
• Historical topics are suitable only
to the extent that they bear on current issues. When providing historical background, please touch on older, well-known events lightly
and spend more space on more recent events.
• Economic analyses must be intelligible to the non-economist.
Articles should
get right to the point. Often authors are tempted to prove their articles' importance by offering an abstract context into which the
article then falls as a capstone. Instead they should state their point and demonstrate its importance in the opening paragraphs and
then provide whatever facts or arguments are needed to elaborate on the point.
In most articles, the conclusion should include a
policy recommendation for the United States government (although we recognize some articles do not lend themselves to this).
In presenting
an argument or drawing conclusions, the use of the first person (I/We) is acceptable only under very rare conditions - as, for example,
when a person reference is directly relevant to the argument. Similarly, authors should avoid the awkward use of "false" third person
("In this author's view..."). Readers should be able to discern, without assistance, when an opinion rather than a fact is being offered.
Authors are encouraged to make judicious use of tables, figures, and maps. In most cases, the author is responsible for providing
these materials. Formal tables should be used only when data are too complex or cumbersome to fit smoothly in the text. Only high-quality
black-and-white materials will be considered for inclusion.
The editors reserve the right to make changes in the article's title,
although every effort will be made to reach a consensus with the author.
Submitting a Manuscript
Articles submitted to Orbis should be no more than 7,500 words including footnotes and a 40-word author bio. E-mail submission to orbis@fpri.org
is preferred, but if this is not possible you may mail a hard copy and disk to:
Editor, Orbis
1528 Walnut Street,
Suite 610
Philadelphia, PA 19102
USA
Authors, especially those living outside the United States, are requested to include
a fax number and an e-mail address. The journal's fax number is +1 215 732-4401 and its e-mail orbis@fpri.org.
If
a manuscript is simultaneously submitted elsewhere, or if it already has been published in some form, this should be noted. Simultaneous
submissions are acceptable, but the editors must be informed.
The editors welcome unsolicited manuscripts.
From Submission
to Acceptance to Publication
The review process is generally one month; it sometimes takes longer and can extend to several months
if an article is circulated to outside reviewers. In this case, the editors try to keep authors informed, but authors should feel free
to call or write the managing editor if they would like a status update.
When the review process is completed, the author receives
one of four answers: outright rejection; conditional rejection; conditional acceptance; or outright acceptance.
Outright rejection
does not necessarily reflect on the
merits of a manuscript, for many considerations may lie
behind a rejection, including scheduling,
diversity,
and timeliness.
Orbis
receives more manuscripts than it
can use, and the editors must turn down many that
are worthy.
Conditional rejection involves comments on the
manuscript and an invitation to rework the piece and
resubmit it.
There is, however, no commitment to accept
the piece if the author chooses to revise and resubmit.
Conditional acceptance
is offered when the editor and author would have to agree on some specific additions, deletions, or alterations. Again, this is not
yet a commitment on Orbis's part.
Acceptance means the article has been accepted and needs only in-house editing,
which the editors are ready to proceed with. However, there can be no commitment to publish the article by any given date.
After
an article has been accepted, it will be edited to clarify meaning and improve readability, and to conform to the journal's style and
format.
The edited text will be returned to the author for review. If an author objects to a change, he is requested to find a third
way of phrasing a passage and avoid reverting to the original wording. Authors should assume that the revised manuscript will be the
last version they see prior to publication.
Upon return to the editors, the author's changes are incorporated wherever possible.
At this point, the manuscript goes through a final round of editing, usually involving superficial, stylistic changes. If only minor
changes are made, the author will not be asked to review the text. If the article is sent back to the author, it should be reviewed
carefully, and changes limited to updates and factual errors. Although authors should keep the editors informed of any further errors
that come to their attention, as a rule no changes are possible after this point.
Copyright
The Foreign Policy Research
Institute will ordinarily hold the copyright to all original articles published in Orbis.
Style
Sheet
A publisher?s reputation depends in large part on the care with which its publications are edited for consistency
in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, forms of citation, and so forth. FPRI rigorously edits its publications for the maximum reasonable
consistency in editorial style.
Orbis uses the University of Chicago Press?s Chicago Manual of Style, 14th ed.,
as its principal guide. The authoritative source for spelling and hyphenation is the unabridged Webster?s Third New International
Dictionary of the English Language. Authors are encouraged to use these references as they prepare their manuscripts. The following
is intended only as a supplement, to address the particular matters encountered by foreign policy journals.
Quotations. Direct
quotations should cite the original source from which they were taken (see forms of citations below); if the quotation was taken from
printed text, indicate the page number(s). Direct quotations should reproduce exactly the original source in wording, capitalization,
and punctuation, with the following exceptions:
•If a quotation is used as an essential syntactical part of a sentence, lowercase
the first word, even if the original is capitalized. No punctuation is needed to introduce a run-in quotation. However, a quotation with
a remote syntactical relation to the sentence should begin with a capital letter, even if the original is lowercase, and be introduced
by the appropriate punctuation:
Thomas Jefferson declared that ?the sum of good government? consists of ?a wise and frugal Government
. . .?
Thomas Jefferson declared, ?The sum of good government? consists of a ?wise and frugal Government, which shall restrain men
from injuring one another, shall leave them otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement, and shall not
take from the mouth of labor the bread it has earned.?
•When quotations are run into the text, the final mark of punctuation
can be changed to conform to the grammar of the entire sentence.
Author interpolations should be enclosed in brackets [ ].
Quotations of four unindented lines or less should be run into the text; longer quotations should be indented left and right. Block quotations
are not enclosed in quotation marks.
Ellipses (three dots, each separated by one space:? . . . ?) should be used to indicate omissions
in a quoted passage. When the omitted section includes the end of a sentence that closes with a period, indicate the ellipses by four
dots with no space before the first (standard typographical practice treats the first dot as a period). Other final punctuation should
precede or follow the ellipses points according to where the omission occurs.
Identification of Persons, Organizations, and Publications.
The first and last name should be given for each individual on first introduction in the text and footnotes. Titles and/or affiliations
should be used on the first reference. First references to U.S. senators and congressman should include abbreviated names of the legislator?s
party and state: Senator Malcolm Wallop (R-Wyo.).
A foreign political organization or party should be referred to in English with
its foreign language name and the acronym (if it is widely known by its acronym) following in parentheses: Confederation for Independent
Poland (Konsederacja Polski Niepobleglej-KPN).
Titles of books, journals, and periodicals are italicized. When referring
to periodicals, do not include an opening definite article within the italicized name: the New York Times.
Capitalization.
See chapter 7 (pp. 233-92) of the Manual of Style for detailed rules on capitalization. The following rules are particularly
relevant:
•Civil, military, religious, and professional titles are capitalized when they immediately precede a personal name
as part of the name: President George W. Bush; Premier Lionel Jospin; Sheikh Omar Abdel Rahman. BUT,
•When such titles are
in apposition to a name, they are not part of the title and so are lowercased: U.S. president Bush; Jordan?s king, Abdullah II; former
prime minister Ehud Barak.
•Titles following a personal name or used alone in place of a name are lowercased: the president
of the United States; the congressman; chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
•Certain nouns and some adjectives designating
parts of the world or regions of a continent or a country are generally capitalized: Middle East; the Western world; western France (direction
or locality); the Continent (Europe only); East-Central Europe.
•Full names of legislative, deliberative, administrative, and
judicial bodies, departments, bureaus, and offices are usually capitalized. Adjectives derived from them are lowercased: Congress, congressional;
Parliament, parliamentary; State Department, the department; the Supreme Court, the Court (only in reference to the U.S. Supreme Court).
•Not capitalized are: the George H. W. Bush administration; federal government; the Yeltsin government; ministry; monarchy.
•Names of national and international organizations, movements, alliances, and members of political parties are capitalized:
Republican Party, Progressive Movement. The editors of Orbis have adapted this rule as follows: ?communist? is capitalized only
in reference to a party with the word ?communist? in its official name: the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; the Communist Party
in the former Soviet Union; the Communists under Stalin; Bolsheviks; the Communists in China. But: the communists in Romania; the North
Korean communists.
Political groupings other than parties are usually lowercased: independents; right wing; leftist. But: the Right,
the Left.
•Nouns and adjectives designating political and economic systems of thought are lowercased, unless derived from a
proper noun: communism, fascism, socialism. But: Marxism-Leninism, Nazism.
•A numerical designation of a period is lowercased
unless it is part of a proper name: eighteenth century, the nineties. Some names applied to historical or cultural periods are capitalized,
either by tradition or to avoid ambiguity: Middle Ages, Enlightenment, Gilded Age. But: colonial period (U.S.); romantic period; fin
de siècle.
•Appellations of historical, quasi-historical, political, economic, and cultural events, plans, and so forth
are generally capitalized: Industrial Revolution; New Deal. But: civil rights movement. Also, the Second World War, or World War II;
the two world wars; the Cold War.
•Full formal or accepted titles of pacts, plans, policies, treaties, acts, laws, and similar
documents or agreements, together with names of programs resulting from them, are usually capitalized and set in roman type without quotation
marks: thus, the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, or the Non-Proliferation Treaty; U.S. Constitution; the Constitution
(only when referring to the United States).
•Descriptive references to pending legislation are lowercased.
Foreign
Languages. Only unfamiliar foreign words and expressions are italicized and accented as in their original language; familiar ones
remain in roman type and are unaccented (e.g., quid pro quo, a priori, weltanschauung, perestroika, intifada, coup d?etat, cliché,
jihad, vis-à-vis) according to English-language usage. Latin words and abbreviations such as ibid. and et al. also remain in roman
type.
The hamza and ayn are not used in Arabic transliterations (e.g., Shiite, not Shi?ite).
Japanese names are given first-name
first: Foreign Minister Makiko Tanaka, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi.
Hyphenation. Prefixes are generally set solid (one
word without a hyphen) and compound words are open (two separate words). For detailed rules for hyphenation and compound words, see the Manual of Style, pp. 219-31.
Some common prefixes set solid are: postwar; socioeconomic; preempt; progovernment; anticlerical;
counterterrorism. Prefixes are followed by hyphens or en dashes, however, when the second word is capitalized or a figure, or to distinguish
homonyms: pre-Enlightenment; post-September 11; re-cover. But: transatlantic. The prefixes ?self? and ?half? are usually hyphenated.
Temporary adjectives are usually hyphenated before a noun. They are not hyphenated when used as permanent open compounds or when
the first word is an adverb ending in ?-ly?: eighteenth-century printers; printers of the eighteenth century; a well-known plan; the
plan was well known; policy-making body; problems in policy making; a highly acclaimed book.
Numbers. Please consult chapter
8 (pp. 293-315) of the Manual of Style for detailed rules on the presentation of numbers in text. Generally, whole numbers from
one to ninety-nine are spelled out (as are their multiples with ?hundred,? ?thousand,? ?million,? etc.), while other numbers are expressed
in figures. There are exceptions, such as some decimal numbers, some terms of currency, and mixed cases: 2.3 million years old; $25
billion; from 200 to 250 pages; 2 percent. Some other common rules:
•Spell out numbers that are the first words of a sentence.
•Express years and numbers referring to parts of a book in figures: the year 1920 (except as the first word of a sentence, ?Nineteen-twenty
was...?); chapter 7; table 2.
•Use the general rules for spelling out numbers for references to amounts of money. If the number
is spelled out, so is the unit of currency, and if figures are used, the monetary symbol precedes them:
The duty was four pounds.
The committee raised $325.
The military establishment was to receive $7.3 billion over the previous year?s appropriation.
•Dates are styled as in this example: ?On January 1, 2002, the . . .? References to a decade are spelled out if the century is
implicit: the sixties. If the century is mentioned, the reference is given in figures and written in the form of a plural, not a possessive:
?the 1980s,? not ?the 1980?s.? If reference is made to a span of years within a decade, the figures designating the century may be dropped
for the second term: the war of 1914-18. If the span lies within two decades, the century should be repeated: the presidential term of
1988-1992; likewise millennia: 1990-2000, not 1990-00.
Inclusive numbers (continued numbers) are separated by an en dash (?). Please
see the Manual of Style, p. 311, for specific principles. Some examples are: 3?10; 100?104; 107?8; 321?25; 2787?2816.
Special Usage Matters
Acronyms should be kept to a minimum and should be spelled out in full on first usage, with the acronym
following in parentheses.
?U.S.? and ?UN? are used only as adjectives; the nouns are spelled out: ?the United States? and ?the United
Nations.?
A government should not be identified with the country: not ?Russia responded? but ?Moscow responded? or ?the Kremlin
responded.?
?Fundamentalist Christians? and ?fundamentalist Islam,? not ?Christian fundamentalists? or ?Islam fundamentalist.?
Citations
Footnote citations serve two vital functions: to give proper credit for ideas, facts, arguments, and words presented
elsewhere; and to enable an interested reader to examine the same sources. With that in mind, the editors? principal concerns are to
ensure accuracy, completeness, and clarity.
Orbis strives to keep both the number and length of footnotes to a minimum.
Most articles require fewer than thirty notes.
Footnotes are for citing sources of quotations, little-known facts, and controversial
data and should not involve substantive discussions or the author?s debates with other scholars. References to one?s own writings should
be minimal.
Where possible, provide the names or some identifying context for cited authors in the text itself; i.e., not ?As one
author has noted . . .? but ?As Jane T. Jones has noted . . .? or ?As Middle East analyst Jane Jones has noted.?
To reduce the number
of footnotes per page, please combine short citations into one composite note. Whenever possible, place footnote numbers at the end of
sentences, or at least at the end of clauses.
All months except May - July should be abbreviated: Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., Aug.,
Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.
Please refer to chapter 15 (pp. 487-635) of the Manual of Style for specific rules on note forms.
Authors should especially note the following:
•Full citation format for books:
William B. Quandt, Saudia Arabia in
the 1980s: Foreign Policy, Security and Oil (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1981), pp. 43-45.
•Later references
to the same work can use the short form: ?Quandt, Saudia Arabia, p. 50.?
•For journal articles, include the name of
the author(s), title of the article in quotation marks, full title of the journal in italics, and full date. No volume or issue number
is needed unless the date is not available:
Chester A. Crocker, ?How to Think about Ethnic Conflict,? Orbis, Fall 1999,
pp. 613-20.
L. Klepatskii, ?Russia?s Foreign Policy Landmarks,? International Affairs (Moscow), vol. 45, no. 2 (1999),
pp. 18-28.
(Note that an author?s name is only abbreviated if it appears that way in the original.)
•A short reference
to a journal article would include the name of the author(s), short title, and page number(s).
Crocker, ?Ethnic Conflict,? p. 617.
•Citations of newspaper articles need not include page numbers, but should include authors when provided. For example:
Michael Wines, ?As Ruble Falls, Moscow Unravels Faster and Faster,? New York Times, Aug. 25, 1998.
•?Ibid.? replaces
only that part of the previous reference that has not changed. Note: Orbis does not use the abbreviation op. cit. The
abbreviation ?ibid.? is only used to refer to that part of the immediately preceding note that has not changed. It is not italicized.
If the preceding note refers to more than one source, ?ibid.? should be avoided.
•Add ?quoted in? to the reference if a quotation
comes not from the author but from someone the author cites. Thus: ?Harold Linder, quoted in Nicholas Eberstadt, Foreign Aid and
American Purpose . . .? Do not use ?Quoted in? when the source is a newspaper article or has no named author.
•Book and
article titles should be in the original language, transliterated where necessary, and then translated. Authors are asked to take extra
care to ensure that such references are spelled correctly.
•The citation for an article or chapter in an edited volume
includes the author?s name, article title, then the book title followed by the name(s) of the editor(s). The note should include the
precise page number of a direct quotation. If citing an entire article, the full page range is required. For example:
MacGregor
Knox, ?Continuity and Revolution in Strategy,? in The Making of Strategy, Rulers, States, and War, ed. Williamson Murray and
MacGregor Knox (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 628-45.
•The ephemeral nature of electronic sources
raises a number of issues. Among others, documents can disappear or be altered at any time, making verifiability or further research
impossible. Clearly, however, references to electronic media are of great importance, and they potentially provide others far simpler
access to information. Orbis has therefore adopted the following guidelines. A complete citation includes as much of the following
information as is available: the author?s name, the title of the source, the common name of the site (this may be an organization?s name),
the date of publication or revision, and the site address (URL). URLs should be as specific as possible, rather than citing a generic
homepage. For example:
Chemical and Biological Weapons Nonproliferation Project, Henry L. Stimson Center, 1998 (http://www.stimson.org/cwc.bwagent.htm).
Col. Larry M. Wortzel, ?OpEd: The Danger of No Theater Missile Defenses,? Strategic Studies Institute
Newsletter, Feb. 1999 (http://carlisle-www.army.mil/usassi/ssioutp/newsletter.htm).
•URLs are not needed for common journals such as New York Times even if you did read it electronically? the journal
and date will do.
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