Authors are requested to submit their papers electronically by using the online manuscript submission gateway at: http://www.ees.elsevier.com/leaind.
This site will guide authors stepwise through the submission process. Authors who are unable to provide an electronic version or have
other circumstances that prevent online submission must contact the Editor, Elena Grigorenko at: elena.grigorenko@yale.edu,
prior to submission to discuss alternate options. The Publisher and Editor regret that they are not able to consider submissions that
do not follow these procedures.
Submission of articles
General It is essential to give a fax number
and e-mail address when submitting a manuscript. Articles must be written in good English.
Submission of an article implies that
the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic
thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or
explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in
the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher
Upon acceptance of an article, authors
will be asked to sign a "Journal Publishing Agreement" (for more information on this and copyright see http://www.elsevier.com/copyright).
Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail (or letter) will be sent to the corresponding
author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this
agreement.
If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright
owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: contact Elsevier's Rights
Department, Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail permissions@elsevier.com. Requests may
also be completed online via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions).
Special Subject
Repositories Certain repositories such as PubMed Central ("PMC") are authorized under special arrangement with Elsevier to process
and post certain articles such as those funded by the National Institutes of Health under its Public Access policy (see: http://www.elsevier.com/fundingbodies
for more detail on our policy).
Articles accepted for publication in an Elsevier journal from authors who have indicated that the
underlying research reported in their articles was supported by an NIH grant will be sent by Elsevier to PMC for public access posting
12 months after final publication. The version of the article provided by Elsevier will include peer-review comments incorporated by
the author into the article. Because the NIH 'Public Access' policy is voluntary, authors may elect not to deposit such articles in PMC.
If you wish to 'opt out' and not deposit to PMC, you may indicate this by sending an e-mail to: NIHauthorrequest@elsevier.com.
Online submission to the journal prior
to acceptance Submission to this journal proceeds totally online. Use the following guidelines to prepare your article.
Via the online submission site of this journal (http://www.ees.elsevier.com/leaind) you will be guided stepwise through
the creation and uploading of the various files. The system automatically converts source files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version
of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at
submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including
notification of the Editor s decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail and via the author's homepage, removing the need
for a hard-copy paper trail.
The above represents a very brief outline of this form of submission. It can be advantageous to print
this "Guide for Authors" section from the site for reference in the subsequent stages of article preparation.
Electronic format
requirements for accepted articles
General points We accept most wordprocessing formats, but Word, WordPerfect
or LaTeX is preferred. Always keep a backup copy of the electronic file for reference and safety. Save your files using the default extension
of the program used.
Wordprocessor documents It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor
used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed
and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the wordprocessor s options to justify text or to hyphenate words.
However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. Do not embed "graphically designed" equations or tables, but prepare
these using the wordprocessor's facility. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual
table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared
in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier:
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorshome.authors/howtosubmitpaper).
Do not import the figures into the text file but, instead, indicate their approximate locations directly in the electronic text and on
the manuscript. See also the section on the Preparation of electronic illustrations.
To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly
advised to use the spellchecker function of your wordprocessor.
Preparation of text
Presentation of manuscript
General Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Italics
are not to be used for expressions of Latin origin, for example, in vivo, et al., per se. Use decimal points (not commas); use a space
for thousands (10 000 and above). Please double-space all text and place two returns after each element (titles, headings, paragraphs,
figures and tables).
Manuscript Length Manuscripts should be no longer than 10,000 words for full length articles
or 3,000 words for short reports (not including tables, figures, etc.).
Provide
the following data on the title page (in the order given).
Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval
systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
Author names and affiliations. Where the family name may be ambiguous
(e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below
the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate
address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each
author.
Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who is willing to handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and
publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to
the e-mail address and the complete postal address.
Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work
described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address" (or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote
to that author s name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript
Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Abstract. A concise and factual abstract is required (maximum length 150
words). The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is
often presented separate from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. References should therefore be avoided, but if essential,
they must be cited in full, without reference to the reference list. Non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if
essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
Keywords. Immediately after the abstract,
provide a maximum of 5 keywords, avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be
sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing
purposes.
Abbreviations. Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field at their first occurrence in the article:
in the abstract but also in the main text after it. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.
N.B. Acknowledgements.
Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article and do not, therefore, include them on the title page,
as a footnote to the title or otherwise.
Arrangement of the article
Subdivision of the article Divide
your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the
abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to "the text."
Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.
Introduction. State the
objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.
Results.
Results should be clear and concise.
Discussion. This should explore the significance of the results of the work, not repeat
them.
Conclusions. The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short Conclusions section, which may stand alone
or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.
Appendices. If there is more than one appendix,
they should be identified as A, B, etc.
Acknowledgements. Place acknowledgements, including information on grants received,
before the references, in a separate section, and not as a footnote on the title page.
References. See separate section,
below.
Figure captions, tables, figures, schemes. Present these, in this order, at the end of the article. They are described
in more detail below. High-resolution graphics files must always be provided separate from the main text file (see the section on the
Preparation of illustrations).
Specific remarks Footnotes. Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively
throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be
used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves on a separate
sheet at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.
Table footnotes. Indicate each footnote
in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.
Tables. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance
in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules.
Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
Preparation of supplementary data. Elsevier accepts supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research.
Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution
images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version
of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that
your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should
submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more
detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
References
Responsibility for the accuracy of bibliographic citations lies entirely with the authors.
Citations in the text: Please
ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any references cited in the abstract
must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference list, but may be mentioned
in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference style of the journal and
should include a substitution of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication". Citation of a reference
as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication.
Citing and listing of Web references. As a minimum,
the full URL should be given. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.),
should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired,
or can be included in the reference list.
Text: Citations in the text should follow the referencing style used by the American
Psychological Association. You are referred to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Fifth Edition, ISBN
1-55798-790-4, copies of which may be ordered from http://www.apa.org/books/4200061.htmlor APA Order Dept., P.O.B.
2710, Hyattsville, MD 20784, USA or APA, 3 Henrietta Street, London, WC3E 8LU, UK. Details concerning this referencing style
can also be found at http://linguistics.byu.edu/faculty/henrichsenl/apa/apa01.html.
List: References should
be arranged first alphabetically and then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than one reference from the same author(s)
in the same year must be identified by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the year of publication.
Examples:
Reference to a journal publication: Van der Geer, J., Hanraads, J. A. J., & Lupton R. A. (2000). The art of writing a scientific
article. Journal of Scientific Communications, 163, 51-59.
Reference to a book: Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B.
(1979). The elements of style. (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan, (Chapter 4).
Reference to a chapter in an edited book: Mettam,
G. R., & Adams, L. B. (1994). How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In B. S. Jones, & R. Z. Smith (Eds.), Introduction
to the electronic age (pp. 281-304). New York: E-Publishing Inc.
Note that journal names are not to be abbreviated.
The
digital object identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character
string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore,
it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly 'Articles in press' because they have not yet received their full bibliographic
information.
The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Physics Letters
B):
doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071
When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed
never to change.
Preparation of illustrations
Preparation of electronic illustrations
General points • Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Save text in illustrations as "graphics"
or enclose the font.
• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol.
•
Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide all illustrations as separate files.
• Provide captions to illustrations separately.
• Produce
images near to the desired size of the printed version.
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.
Formats Regardless
of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats
(Note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below.):
EPS: Vector drawings.
Embed the font or save the text as "graphics". TIFF: Colour or greyscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi. TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (colour or greyscale):
a minimum of 500 dpi is required. DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications
please supply "as is".
Please do not: •Supply embedded graphics in your wordprocessor (spreadsheet, presentation)
document;
•Supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;
•Supply
files that are too low in resolution;
•Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.
Captions Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a
brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum
but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Line drawings The lettering and symbols, as well as other details, should
have proportionate dimensions, so as not to become illegible or unclear after possible reduction; in general, the figures should be designed
for a reduction factor of two to three. The degree of reduction will be determined by the Publisher. Illustrations will not be enlarged.
Consider the page format of the journal when designing the illustrations.
Do not use any type of shading on computer-generated illustrations.
Photographs (halftones) Remove non-essential areas of a photograph. Do not mount photographs unless they form part of
a composite figure. Where necessary, insert a scale bar in the illustration (not below it), as opposed to giving a magnification factor
in the caption.
Colour illustrations Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS
Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures then Elsevier
will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless
of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print, you will receive
information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for colour in print
or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to "grey scale" (for the printed version)
please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the colour illustrations.
Proofs
One set of page proofs
in PDF format will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent
by post). Elsevier now sends PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version 7 available free
from:
http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. Instructions on how to annotate PDF files will accompany the
proofs. The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site:
http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/acrrsystemreqs.html#70win.
If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return
to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections
and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail,
or by post.
Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and
figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the
Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that
all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent
corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of
your article if no response is received.
Author Benefits
Electronic offprints (e-offprints) The corresponding
author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail or, alternatively, 25 free paper offprints. The PDF file
is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining
the terms and conditions of use. Additional paper offprints can be ordered by the authors. An order form with prices will be sent to
the corresponding author.
Discount Authors are entitled to a 30% discount on Elsevier books (excluding major reference
works).
Fast Electronic Publication Once the article has been proofed by the author, it will be published immediately
on the journal's 'Articles in Press' section online, thus making it available to subscribers to read and cite. For more information,
visit: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/10416080.
Author Enquiries For enquiries relating to
the submission of articles, please visit the journal's homepage at: http://www.elsevier.com/locate/lindif. From here you
can also track your accepted articles (http://authors.elsevier.com/TrackPaper.html) and set up e-mail alerts to inform you
of when an article's status has changed, as well as viewing detailed artwork guidelines, copyright information, frequently asked questions
and more. Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, are provided after
registration of an article for publication.
