A companion journal to Forest Ecology and Management
Published in cooperation with the European Forest Institute


Forest Policy and Economics is an international journal dealing with policy issues, including economics and planning, relating to the forest and forest industries sector. Its aims are both to publish original papers of a high scientific standard and to enhance communications amongst researchers, legislators, decision-makers and other professionals concerned with formulating and implementing policies for the sector.

The Editor-in-Chief encourages the submission of original, comparative and/or global studies or other original studies of high international scientific relevance which are based on political or economic theory and use sound methodology of empirically based research. The papers should be written in a style that is understandable to policymakers and specialists from other disciplines. Acceptance for publication is subject to a refereeing process.

Online submission of manuscripts
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher.

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to transfer copyright (for more information on copyright see http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights. This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. A letter will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript. A form facilitating transfer of copyright will be provided.
If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: contact Elsevier's Rights Department, Oxford, UK; phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com. Requests may also be completed on-line via the Elsevier homepage(http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions).

Submission to this journal proceeds totally on-line. Use the following guidelines to prepare your article. Via www.elsevier.com/authors you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files. Once the uploading is done, our system automatically generates an electronic (PDF) proof, which is then used for reviewing. It is crucial that all graphical elements be uploaded in separate files, so that the PDF is suitable for reviewing. Authors can upload their article as a LaTex or Microsoft (MS) Word files. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revisions, will be by e-mail.

Electronic format requirements for accepted articles
We accept most wordprocessing formats, but Word, WordPerfect or LaTeX is preferred. Always keep a backup copy of the electronic file for reference and safety. Save your files using the default extension of the program used.

Wordprocessor documents
It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the wordprocessor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. Do not embed 'graphically designed' equations or tables, but prepare these using the wordprocessor's facility. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also www.elsevier.com/locate/guidepublication). Do not import the figures into the text file but, instead, indicate their approximate locations directly in the electronic text and on the manuscript. See also the section on Preparation of electronic illustrations. To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spellchecker' function of your wordprocessor.

Types of contribution
1. Research papers.Research papers should contain original information which has not have been previously published elsewhere, except in a preliminary form, and should include a clear explanation of the methodology, empirical design and/ or theoretical approach used. All papers should be 4000 - 6000 words or the equivalent in tables, figures and references.

2. Review articles.The journal also publishes Review articles and other special features such as Hot Spots, Debates, etc. Review articles covering a subject of active current interest and other special features articles are contributed mainly upon the invitation of the Editor-in-Chief, but offers to contribute are welcomed. Authors wishing to contribute a review article or special feature article should contact the Editor-in-Chief beforehand with a synopsis.

3. Short communication. Gives information to the readers about a specific highly innovative and relevant empirical, theoretical or methodological result of research. It should not be longer than 500 words.

For consultation or suggestions please contact:

Professor Max Krott, Editor-in-Chief
c/o Journal Office of Forest Policy and Economics
Email:forpol@elsevier.com

4. Book Reviews.Books for review should be sent to:
Dr. David Humphreys
Faculty of Social Sciences
The Open University
Milton Keynes, MK7 6AA
United Kingdom
Tel: (+44)-1908-654488
Email: d.r.humphreys@open.ac.uk

Preparation of manuscripts
1. Manuscripts should be written in English. Authors whose native language is not English are strongly advised to have their manuscripts checked by an English-speaking colleague prior to submission.
English language help service: Upon request, Elsevier will direct Authors to an agent who can check and improve the English of their paper (before submission). Please contact www.elsevier.com/locate/elsevierpublishing for further information.

2. Manuscripts should be prepared with numbered lines, with wide margins and double spacing throughout, i.e. also for abstracts, footnotes and references.Every page of the manuscript, including the title page, references, tables, etc. should be numbered. However, in the text no reference should be made to page numbers; if necessary, one may refer to sections. Avoid excessive use of italics to emphasize part of the text.

3. Manuscripts in general should be organized in the following order:
•Title (should be clear, descriptive and not too long)
•Name(s) of author(s)
•Complete postal address(es) of affiliations
•Full telephone, fax number and e-mail of the corresponding author
•Present address(es) of author(s) if applicable
•Complete correspondence address to which the proofs should be sent
•Abstract
•Keywords (indexing terms), normally 3-6 items
•Introduction
•Material studied, area descriptions, methods, techniques
•Results
•Discussion
•Conclusion
•Acknowledgements and any additional information concerning research grants, etc.
•References
•Tables
•Figure captions


4. In typing the manuscript, titles and subtitles should not be run within the text. They should be typed on a separate line, without indentation. Use lower-case font.

5. Elsevier reserves the privilege of returning to the author for revision accepted manuscripts and illustrations which are not in the proper form given in this guide.

Abstracts
The abstract should be clear, descriptive and not longer than 400 words.

Formulae
1. Subscripts and superscripts should be clear.
2. Take special care to show clearly the difference between zero (0) and the letter (O), and between one (1) and the letter l.
3. Give the meaning of all symbols immediately after the equation in which they are first used.
4. For simple fractions use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line.
5. Equations should be numbered serially at the righthand side in parentheses. In general only equations explicitly referred to in the text need be numbered.
6. The use of fractional powers instead of root signs is recommended. Also powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp.
7. Levels of statistical significance which can be mentioned without further explanation are *P⟨ 0.05, **P⟨ 0.01 and ***P⟨0.001.

Units and abbreviations
In principle SI units should be used except where they conflict with current practise or are confusing. Other equivalent units may be given in parentheses.
Units and their abbreviations should be those approved by ISO (International Standard 1000:92
SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units). Abbreviate units of measure only when used with numerals.

Nomenclature
When using botanical terms, authors are requested to comply with the rules governing botanical nomenclature, as laid down in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

Tables
1. Authors should take notice of the limitations set by the size and layout of the journal. Large tables should be avoided. Reversing columns and rows will often reduce the dimensions of a table.
2. If many data are to be presented, an attempt should be made to divide them over two or more tables.
3. Drawn tables, from which prints need to be made, should not be folded.
4. Tables should be numbered according to their sequence in the text. The text should include references to all tables.
5. Each table should be typewritten on a separate page of the manuscript. Tables should never be included in the text.
6. Each table should have a brief and self-explanatory title.
7. Column headings should be brief, but sufficiently explanatory. Standard abbreviations of units of measurement should be added between parentheses.
8. Vertical lines should not be used to separate columns. Leave some extra space between the columns instead.
9. Any explanation essential to the understanding of the table should be given as a footnote at the bottom of the table.

Preparation of electronic illustrations
Submitting your artwork in an electronic format helps us to produce your work to the best possible standards, ensuring accuracy, clarity and a high level of detail.


General points:
•Always supply high-quality printouts of your artwork, in case conversion of the electronic artwork is problematic.
•Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
•Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.
•Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol.
•Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
•Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files, and supply a separate listing of the files and the software used.
•Provide all illustrations as separate files and as hardcopy printouts on separate sheets.
•Provide captions to illustrations separately.
•Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.


A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.

Formats
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (Note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below.):
EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".
TIFF: Colour or greyscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (colour or greyscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.
DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please supply "as is".


Please do not:
• Supply embedded graphics in your wordprocessor (spreadsheet, presentation) document;
• Supply files that are optimised for screen use(like GIF,BMP,PIC,WPG) the resolution is too low;
• Supply files that are too low in resolution;
• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.


Colour illustrations
Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS, or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. Polaroid colour prints are not suitable. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for colour print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to 'grey scale' (for the printed version should you not opt for colour in print) please submit in addition usable black and white files corresponding to all the colour illustrations.


Non-electronic illustrations
For illustrations that cannot be uploaded electronically hard copies will be accepted. Please contact the Journal Office of Forest Policy and Economics at forpol@elsevier.com.


Provide all such illustrations as high-quality printouts, suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction) without retouching. Number illustrations consecutively in the order in which they are referred to in the text. They should accompany the manuscript, but should not be included within the text. Clearly mark all illustrations on the back (or - in case of line drawings - on the lower front side) with the figure number and the author's name and, in cases of ambiguity, the correct orientation.
Mark the appropriate position of a figure in the article.
Please supply original photographs for reproduction, printed on glossy paper, very sharp and with good contrast. Remove non-essential areas of a photograph. Do not mount photographs unless they form part of a composite figure. Where necessary, insert a scale bar in the illustration (not below it), as opposed to giving a magnification factor in the legend.
Note that photocopies of photographs are not acceptable


Supplementary files
Preparation of supplementary data. Elsevier now accepts electronic supplementary material (e-components) to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the Author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect:http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please go to http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Files can be stored on 3 inch diskette, ZIP-disk or CD (either MS-DOS or Macintosh). This journal offers electronic submission services and supplementary data files can be uploaded via www.elsevier.com/authors.

References
1. All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references following the text the manuscript. The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of author's names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list.
2. In the text refer to the author's name (without initial) and year of publication. If quoting a specific passage insert a short reference to the appropriate page(s). Examples: "Since Smith (1992, p. 12) has observed that..." "Recent empirical research confirms this (Jones,1994a, pp. 16-18)".
3. If reference is made in the text to a publication written by more than two authors the name of the first author should be used followed by "et al." This indication, however, should never be used in the list of references. In this list names of first author and coauthors should be mentioned.
4. References cited together in the text should be arranged chronologically. The list of references should be arranged alphabetically on author's names, and chronologically per author. If an author's name in the list is also mentioned with coauthors the following order should be used: publications of the single author, arranged according to publication dates, publications of the same author with one coauthor, publications of the author with more than one coauthor. Publications by the same author(s) in the same year should be listed as 1974a, 1974b, etc.
5. Use the following system for arranging your references:
a For periodicals
M. Winter, P. Gaskell, 1998. The Agenda 2000 debate and CAP reform in Great Britain. Is the environment being sidelined? Land Use Policy 15, 217-231.
b For edited symposia, special issues, etc. published in a periodical:
Rasmussen, L., Wright, R.F., Large-scale ecosystem experiments: ecological research and European environmental policy, 1998. In: Rasmussen, L., Wright, R.F., (Eds.), The Whole Ecosystem Experiments of the NITREX and EXMAN Projects. Forest Ecology and Management, 101, 353-363.
c For books:
Gaugh, Jr., H.G., 1992. Statistical Analysis of Regional Yield Trials. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
d For multiauthor books
Hunter, I., Bird, P., 1997. Experience with Participatory Forest Management (Pfm) in the Tropics. In: Solberg, B., Miina, S. (Eds.), Conflict Management and Public Participation in Land Management. European Forest Institute, Joensuu, pp. 177-186.
6. Because of the interdisciplinary audience of the journal, titles of periodicals should be given in full.
7. In the case of publications in any language other than English, the original title should be retained. However, the titles of publications in nonRoman alphabets should be transliterated, and a notation such as "(in Russian)" or "(in Greek, with English abstract)" should be added.
8. Work accepted for publication but not yet published should be referred to as "in press".
9. References concerning unpublished data and "personal communications" should not be cited in the reference list but may be mentioned in the text.

Articles in Special Issues: Please ensure that the words 'this issue' are added (in the list and text) to any references to other articles in this Special Issue.

Footnotes
1. Footnotes should only be used if absolutely essential. In most cases it should be possible to incorporate the information in normal text.
2. If used, they should be numbered in the text, indicated by superscript numbers, and kept as short as possible.


Copyright
1. An author, when quoting from someone else's work or when considering reproducing an illustration or table from a book or journal article, should make sure that he is not infringing a copyright.
2. Although in general an author may quote from other published works, he should obtain permission from the holder of the copyright if he wishes to make substantial extracts or to reproduce tables, plates, or other illustrations. If the copyrightholder is not the author of the quoted or reproduced material, it is recommended that the permission of the author should also be sought.
3. Material in unpublished letters and manuscripts is also protected and must not be published unless permission has been obtained.
4. A suitable acknowledgment of any borrowed material must always be made.

Proofs
When your manuscript is received by the Publisher it is considered to be in its final form. Proofs are not be regarded as 'drafts'.
One set of proofs in PDF format will be sent to the corresponding author, to be checked for typesetting/ editing. No changes in, or additions to, the accepted (and subsequently edited) manuscript will be allowed at this stage. Proofreading is solely your responsibility.
The Publisher reserves the right to proceed with publication if corrections are not communicated. Return corrections within 3 working days of receipt of the proofs. Should there be no corrections, please confirm this.
Elsevier will do everything possible to get your article corrected and published as quickly and accurately as possible. In order to do this we need your help. When you receive the (PDF) proof of your article for correction, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication. Subsequent corrections will not be possible, so please ensure your first sending is complete. Note that this does not mean you have any less time to make your corrections, just that only one set of corrections will be accepted.


Offprints
The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Additional paper offprints can be ordered by the authors. An order form with prices will be sent to the corresponding author.

Author services
Authors can also keep track on the progress of their accepted article, and set up e-mail alerts informing them of changes to their manuscript's status, by going to www.elsevier.com/trackarticle.