The Official, International Journal of the Japanese Society of Parasitology

Editors-in-Chief

Asia and Australasia: Yukifumi Nawa, Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bankok 10400, Thailand, Tel/Fax: +52-667-752-0460; E-mail: pieditor@fc.miyazaki-u.ac.jp

Europe and Africa: Karl Hoffman, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK, E-mail: kfh24@cam.ac.uk

The Americas: Fidel Zavala, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, John Hopkins University, 615 N.Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, USA, E-mail: fzavala@jhsph.edu

Managing Editor : Eiji Nagayasu, Division of Parasitolgy, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, 5200 Oaza-Kihara, Kiyotake 889-1692, Japan, Tel: +81-985-85-0990; Fax:+81-985-84-3887; Email (as the managing editor; shared with Yukifumi): pieditor@fc.miyazaki-uc.ac.jp

Submission of a paper to Parasitology International, including a revised version, implies the transfer of copyright from the author(s) to the publisher and therefore it is imperative that the corresponding author has obtained the approval of all other authors to the text and that it does not contain information previously published (except as a meeting abstract or by submission of a sequence data to an electronic database) and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. Publication in Parasitology International is taken to imply the authors' willingness to comply with reasonable requests to supply reagents such as recombinant clones and monoclonal antibodies, and sequence data in electronic form to persons lacking access to computer databases.

Submission

Submission to this journal proceeds totally online. Use the following guidelines to prepare your article. Via the homepage of this journal ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/parint) you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files. The system automatically converts source files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail and via the Author's homepage, removing the need for a hard-copy paper trail.

The above represents a very brief outline of this form of submission. It can be advantageous to print this "Guide for Authors" section from the site for reference in the subsequent stages of article preparation.


Graphical abstract:
Authors should supply a thumbnail image for all types of manuscripts. Articles accepted for publication will be featured via a copy of the article abstract together with a thumbnail image to direct people to the manuscript. An image that serves to illustrate the theme of the paper is desired. It can be a figure from the paper or a related image that typifies the content of the paper. Authors must supply the thumbnail image separately as an electronic file. The maximum final dimensions of the thumbnail image will be 5 cm x 5 cm. Please consider readability after reduction, especially if using one of the figures from the article itself.


Papers accepted for publication should be concise as possible. Please submit, with the manuscript, the names and addresses of three potential referees.

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to sign a "Journal Publishing Agreement" (for more information on this and copyright see http://www.elsevier.com/copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail (or letter) will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a "Journal Publishing Agreement" form or a link to the online version of this agreement.

If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has pre-printed forms for use by authors in these cases: contact Elsevier's Rights Department, Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail permissions@elsevier.com. Requests may also be completed online via the Elsevier homepage ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions).

Submission of sequence data to databases

The easiest and preferred method of submitting sequence data is to use the Authorin programme, which is available free of charge for PC or Macintosh systems from GenBank, National Centre for Biotechnology Information, Bldg. 38A, Room 8N-803, 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA (voice: +1 301 4962475; fax +1 3012 4809241; e-mail: authoin@ncbi.nim.nih.gov). Files generated by Authorin may be sent by e-mail to gb-bub@ncbi.nim.nih.gov or copied to floppy disk and mailed to GenBank. For each sequence, a unique accession number will be issued by the database (within 24 hours if received via e-mail). The accession number should be included as a footnote on the first page of the article: 'Note: Nucleotide sequences data reported in this paper are available in the EMBL, GenBank and DDJB data bases under the accession number(s) -.' If requested, GenBank will withhold release of data until the appearance of your paper. Updates, corrections or notification for publication should be sent to update@ncbi.nim.nih.gov.

Instructions for authors regarding GenBank/DNA sequence linking

DNAsequences and GenBank Accession numbers. Many Elsevier journals cite "gene accession numbers" in their running text and footnotes. Gene accession numbers refer to genes or DNA sequences about which further information can be found in the databases at the National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine. Elsevier authors wishing to enable other scientists to use the accession numbers cited in their papers via links to these sources, should type this information in the following manner:

For each and every accession number cited in an article, authors should type the accession number in bold, underlined text. Letters in the accession number should always be capitalised. (See example 1 below). This combination of letters and format will enable Elsevier's typesetters to recognize the relevant texts as accession numbers and add the required link to GenBank's sequences.

Example 1: "GenBank accession nos. AI631510 , AI631511 , AI632198, and BF223228 ), a B-cell tumor from a chronic lymphatic leukemia (GenBank accession no. BE675048), and a T-cell lymphoma (GenBank accession no. AA361117 )".

Authors are encouraged to check accession numbers used very carefully. An error in a letter or number can result in a dead link.

In the final version of the printed article , accession number text will not appear bold or underlined (see Example 2 below).

Example 2: "GenBank accession nos. AI631510, AI631511, AI632198, and BF223228), a B-cell tumor from a chronic lymphatic leukemia (GenBank accession no. BE675048), and a T-cell lymphoma (GenBank accession no. AA361117)".

In the final version of the electronic copy , the accession number text will be linked to the appropriate source in the NCBI databases enabling readers to go directly to that source from the article (see Example 3 below).

Example 3: "GenBank accession nos. AI631510, AI631511, AI632198, and BF223228), a B-cell tumor from a chronic lymphatic leukemia (GenBank accession no. BE675048), and a T-cell lymphoma (GenBank accession no. AA361117)".

Special Subject Repositories

Certain repositories such as PubMed Central ("PMC") are authorized under special arrangement with Elsevier to process and post certain articles such as those funded by the National Institutes of Health under its Public Access policy (see http://www.elsevier.com for more details on our policy).

Articles accepted for publication in an Elsevier journal from authors who have indicated that the underlying research reported in their articles was supported by an NIH grant will be sent by Elsevier to PMC for public access posting 12 months after final publication. The version of the article provided by Elsevier will include peer-review comments incorporated by the author into the article. Because the NIH "Public Access" policy is voluntary, authors may elect not to deposit such articles in PMC. If you wish to "opt out" and not deposit to PMC, you may indicate this by sending an e-mail to mail to: NIHauthorrequest@elsevier.com.

Manuscripts

Manuscripts should be in English. They should be divided into: (1) title page-include a succinct title (which should not normally exceed 100 characters and should not contain any subtitles or abbreviations), the names of the authors including a given name for each, the institutions with city, state and country where the work was performed, the name and complete address (including telephone, fax and e-mail) of the corresponding author, a list of abbreviations and a list of addresses of authors who have moved from the institution where the work was performed, (2) abstract-maximum 250 words (3) keywords (3-6 indexing terms), (4) introduction, (5) materials and methods, (6) results, (7) discussion, (8) acknowledgements (grant support and technical support to be listed here), (9) references, (10) tables and (11) figure legends. A recent issue of the journal should be consulted for details. In the interests of clarity and brevity, it may sometimes be advantageous to combine the results and discussion into a single section. Everyone makes minor modifications to standard methods. Do not describe standard materials and methods or modifications unless they have significant and demonstrable ability. Do not duplicate descriptions of methodology in the figure legends. Generic and species names should be typed out in full the first time mentioned - in the title, the summary and the text- and thereafter the generic name should be abbreviated. Words or letters to be printed in italics should either be in italics or underlined. The metric system should be used throughout.

Research Notes

These are intended for the publication of brief definitive reports, primarily of complete DNA sequence data, methods, case reports that do not merit a full length publication. Maximum length is four printed pages, including one or two figures. Only the salient points of a long DNA sequence should be published, as the whole sequence will be available from a computer database. The title, authorship and affiliations will be in the standard format of the journal. The next should not be sectioned, except for references. Essential experimental details may be incorporated into a figure legend. To facilitate rapid publication, authors will be expected to supply high quality copy and expedite any necessary revisions, although decisions will normally be yes or no, based on the quality and appropriateness of the initial submission.

Minireviews

Minireviews are initiated on topics of current, significant advancement in the field. The reviews should be short (maximum 4000 words), current, specific and potentially provocative. They should provide a balanced synthesis from the available data rather than a simple regurgitation of results, but not to be overly speculative. If possible, they should provide new concepts and ideas extending across different parasite systems. The text can be divided into simple sections with a succinct abstract. Minireviews will be subjected to the established review process, and published by an accelerated schedule if accepted. Minireviews should be submitted via EES. Please use the "Mini-Review" title of the submission menu to ensure that your article is published in the correct section of the journal.

References

In the text, references should be numbered singly in square brackets in order of their citation, e.g., [2,3,5-7]. In the list, references should be numbered in the order of citation in the text, not in alphabetical order. Unpublished data, personal communications and papers in preparation or 'submitted' should not be listed in the references (but may be incorporated at the appropriate place in the text); work 'in press' may be listed only if it has been accepted for publication. Personal communications must be accompanied by a letter from the named person(s) giving permission to quote such information. Abstracts (whether published or not), theses and similar material are not to be quoted in the list. If necessary, they can be referred to in the text in parentheses. Periodicals [1], books [2] and edited books [3] should accord with the following examples;

[1] Perrine KG, Denker JA, Nilsen TW. A multi-copy gene encodes a potentially protective antigen in Brugia malayi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1988;30: 97-104.

[2] Davis LG, Dibner MD, Battey JF. Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1986.

[3] Chang K-P, Fong D, Bray RS. Biology of Leishmania and leishmaniasis. In: Chang K-P, Bray RS, editors. Leishmaniasis. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985: 1-30.

[4] Lai AA, De la Cruz VF, Campbell GH, Procell PM, Collins WE, McCuchan TF. Structure of the circumsporozolte gene of Plasmodium malrize. Mol Biochem Parasitol (in press).

Abbreviations of journal titles should conform to those adopted by the List of the Serial Title Word Abbreviations, ISDS International Centre 20, rue Bachaumont, 75002 Paris, France (ISBN 2-904938-02-8).

Tables

Each table should be typed double-spaced on a separate sheet and have a short descriptive title. A legend may be placed under the table. Footnotes should be identified in the table by a, b, c, etc.

Figures

Figures must be in a form and condition suitable for high quality reproduction. Lettering should be clear and of adequate size to be legible after reduction. Consider the printed page and column proportions when preparing figures. Multiple panels of a single figure must be mounted together. Each DNA sequence figure must fit on a single page. Place numbering at one end of each line, not on separate lines, and avoid excessive line spacing. Consider placing nucleotide and protei data in separate panels, using single-letter animo acid abbreviations for the protein sequence and grouping nucleotides either continuously or in blocks of ten separated by one space. Preferably use a sans-serif font. Upper case is standard, except that introns or other features can be usefully distinguished by lower case. Provide sharp laser-printer or imagesetter copy. Nucleotide sequences of long coding regions, where the amino acid sequence is the primary feature, and long DNA sequences may, at the editor's discretion, be omitted from the printed paper. They can be obtained from electronic databases or from the authors. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on the web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to 'grey scale' (for the printed version should you not opt for colour in print) please submit in addition usable black and white prints corresponding to all the colour illustrations.

As only one figure caption may be used for both colour and black and white versions of figures, please ensure that the figure captions are meaningful for both versions, if applicable. Figure legends should be typed double spaced at the end of the text, not on the figures. Figures should be checked extremely carefully, particularly after revisions. No changes to figures will be possible after acceptance of the manuscript.

A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions

Detailed Instructions

Abbreviations, symbols, chemical and biochemical nomenclature, etc, should follow the recommendations given in the Journal of Biological Chemistry (Vol. 268, pp. 14543-14551). Avoid abbreviations which are not in common use across the field of parasitology. Those used should be defined in the text on first usage and listed as a footnote on the title page. Do not introduce abbreviations unless they are used at least 4 times.

Proofreading

One set of page proofs in PDF format will be sent by email to the corresponding author to be checked for typesetting/editing. No changes in or additions to the accepted (and subsequently edited) manuscript will be allowed at this stage. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Addenda in proofs will be printed only in exceptional cases, and only after approval by the editors. Elsevier will do everything possible to get your article corrected and published as quickly and accurately as possible. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back in one communication. Subsequent corrections will not be possible, so please ensure your first sending is complete.

Off prints

The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail or, alternatively, 25 free paper off prints. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use.

Language Polishing

For authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorshome.authors/languagepolishing or contact authorsupport@elsevier.com for more information. Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered by outside vendors through our services or in any advertising. For more information please refer to our Terms and Conditions http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/termsconditions.cws_home/termsconditions

Authors' rights

As an author you (or your employer or institution) retain certain rights; for details you are referred to: http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorshome.authors/authorsrights.

Author enquiries
Authors can track accepted articles at http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle and set up e-mail alerts to inform them of when an article's status has changed, as well as copyright information, frequently asked questions and more.

Full details of electronic submission can be obtained from http://www.elsevier.com/locate/parintDo not introduce abbreviations unless they are used at least 4 times.

Proofreading. One set of page proofs in PDF format will be sent by email to the corresponding author to be checked for typesetting/editing. No changes in or additions to the accepted (and subsequently edited) manuscript will be allowed at this stage. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Addenda in proofs will be printed only in exceptional cases, and only after approval by the editors. Elsevier will do everything possible to get your article corrected and published as quickly and accurately as possible. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back in one communication. Subsequent corrections will not be possible, so please ensure your first sending is complete.

Reprints. The author will receive an order form with the proofs on which reprints above the 25 free per contribution may be ordered.

Editors.

Editor-in- Chief: Naoki Arizono, Department of Medical Zoology, Kyoto Prefecutural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan, Tel: +81-75-251-5325; Fax:+81-75-251-5328; Email: pieditor@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp

Regional Editor (Europe): Prof. R. Carter, University of Edinburgh, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, U.K.; Tel: (131) 650 5558, Fax: (131) 668 3861, E-mail: r.carter@ed.ac.uk

Managing Editor : Tatsuya Tegoshi, Department of Medical Zoology, Kyoto Prefecutural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan, Tel: +81-75-251-5325; Fax:+81-75-251-5328; Email: pieditor@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp

Language Polishing

For authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorshome.authors/languagepolishing or contact authorsupport@elsevier.com for more information. Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered by outside vendors through our services or in any advertising. For more information please refer to our Terms and Conditions http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/termsconditions.cws_home/termsconditions

Authors' rights

As an author you (or your employer or institution) may do the following: - make copies (print or electronic) of the article for your own personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use

- make copies and distribute such copies (including through e-mail) of the article to research colleagues, for the personal use by such colleagues (but not commercially or systematically, e.g., via an e-mail list or list server)

- post a pre-print version of the article on Internet websites including electronic pre-print servers, and to retain indefinitely such version on such servers or sites

- post a revised personal version of the final text of the article (to reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on your personal or institutional website or server, with a link to the journal homepage (on elsevier.com)

- present the article at a meeting or conference and to distribute copies of the article to the delegates attending such a meeting

- for your employer, if the article is a 'work for hire', made within the scope of your employment, your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company use (e.g., training)

- retain patent and trademark rights and rights to any processes or procedure described in the article

- include the article in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially)

- use the article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to publication of your article in the journal)

- prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or to otherwise re-use portions or excerpts in other works, with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal

Author enquiries. Authors can keep a track on the progress of their accepted article, and set up e-mail alerts informing them of changes to their manuscript's status, by using the "Track a Paper" feature of Elsevier's Author Gateway.

Full details of electronic submission and formats can be obtained from http://authors.elsevier.com