The Official Journal of the International Society for Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology is an international journal publishing papers in English which address the etiology, development, and elimination of pathological processes. Contributions on the basic mechanisms underlying these processes, model systems and interdisciplinary approaches are strongly encouraged.

Pathophysiology has a broad scope and is managed by an international editorial board which consists of highly respected scientists from different speciality fields. As the biomedical sciences are becoming more interdisciplinary, Pathophysiology is eminently suitable for the publication of key articles in this field. Contributions covering the following areas are welcomed: general pathophysiological processes - inflammation, infection, hypoxia, stress, shock, pain, disregulation; cellular and molecular pathophysiology; neuroscience; heart and circulation; respiratory system; renal, fluid and electrolyte pathophysiology; gastrointestinal and hepatic system; endocrine system; metabolic disorders; blood system; immune system; reproductive system; locomotor system. The journal?s audience comprises: physiologists, pathologists, physicians, neurologists, cardiologists, etc. in both university and hospital environments.

Types of contribution

1. Original research papers (Regular Papers)
2. Review articles

Original research papers should report the results of original research. The material should not have been previously published elsewhere, except in a preliminary form. In no case should an article exceed 12 printed pages.

Rewiew articles of current areas of research are by invitation.

Submission of manuscripts

Submission of a paper to Pathophysiology is understood to imply that it has not previously been published (except in abstract form) and that it is not being considered for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts submitted under multiple authorship are reviewed on the assumption that all listed authors concur with the submission and that a copy of the final manuscript has been approved by all authors and tacitly or implicitly by the responsible authorities in the laboratories where the work was carried out. If accepted, the manuscript shall not be published elsewhere in the same form, in either the same or another language, without the consent of the Editor and Publisher. Responsibility for the accuracy of the material in the manuscript lies entirely with the authors.

Upon acceptance of the article by the journal, the author(s) will be asked to transfer the copyright of the article to the publisher. This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information.

Papers for consideration should be submitted to the Editor nearest you (in quadruplicate):
Editor-in-Chief: Toshikazu Yoshikawa, First Department of Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-Ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan. Tel: +81(75)251 5505; Fax: +81(75)252 3721; E-mail: toshi@koto.kpu-m.ac.jp
Regional Editor (Americas): D. Neil Granger, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA. Tel: +1(318)675 6011; Fax: +1(318)675 6005; E-mail: dgrang@lsuhsc.edu
Regional Editor (Europe): Osmo Hänninen, Osmo Häminen, Dept. of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland. Tel: +358(17)163 080; Fax: +358(17)163 112; E-mail: Osmo.Hanninen@uku.fi

Authors in Japan please note: Upon request, Elsevier Japan will provide authors with a list of people who can check and improve the English of their paper (before submission). Please contact our Tokyo office: Elsevier Japan, 9-15 Higashi-Azabu 1-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0044; Tel: (03)-5561-5033; Fax: (03)-5561-5047.

Electronic manuscripts

Electronic manuscripts have the advantage that there is no need for the rekeying of text, thereby avoiding the possibility of introducing errors and resulting in reliable and fast delivery of proofs.

For the initial submission of manuscripts for consideration, hardcopies are sufficient. For the processing of accepted papers, electronic versions are preferred. After final acceptance, your disk plus two, final and exactly matching printed versions should be submitted together. It is important that the file saved is in the native format of the wordprocessor program used. Label the disk with the name of the computer and wordprocessing package used, your name, and the name of the file on the disk. Further information may be obtained from the Publisher.

Preparation of manuscripts

1. Manuscripts should be written in English. Authors whose native language is not English are strongly advised to have their manuscripts checked by an English-speaking colleague prior to submission.
2. Submit the original and two copies of your manuscript. Enclose the original illustrations and two sets of photocopies (three prints of any photographs).
3. Manuscripts should be typewritten, typed on one side of the paper (with numbered lines), with wide margins and double spacing throughout, including abstracts, footnotes and references. Every page of the manuscript, including the title page, references, tables etc. should be numbered. However, in the text no reference should be made to page numbers; if necessary, one may refer to sections. Underline words that should be in italics, and do not underline any other words. Avoid excessive usage of italics and bold type to emphasize part of the text.
4. Manuscripts in general should be organized in the following order:
   Title (should be clear, descriptive and not too long)
   Name(s) of author(s)
   Complete postal address(es) of affiliations
   Full telephone, fax no. and e-mail address of the corresponding author
   Present address(es) of author(s) if applicable
   Complete correspondence address to which the proofs should be sent
   Abstract
   Key words (indexing terms), normally 3?6 items
   Introduction
   Material studied, area descriptions, methods, techniques
   Results
   Discussion
   Conclusion
   Acknowledgements and any additional information concerning research grants, etc.
   References
   Tables
   Figure captions
   
5. In typing the manuscript, titles and subtitles should not be run within the text. They should be typed on a separate line, without indentation. Use lower-case lettertype.
6. SI units should be used.
7. If a special instruction to the copy editor or typesetter is written on the copy it should be encircled. The typesetter will then know that the enclosed matter is not to be set in type. When a typewritten character may have more than one meaning (e.g., the lower case letter l may be confused with the numeral 1), a note should be inserted in a circle in the margin to make the meaning clear to the typesetter. If Greek letters or uncommon symbols are used in the manuscript, they should be written very clearly, and if necessary a note such as ??Greek lower-case chi?? should be put in the margin and encircled.
8. Elsevier reserves the privilege of returning to the author for revision accepted manuscripts and illustrations which are not in the proper form given in this guide.

Abstracts

The abstract should be clear, descriptive and not longer than 400 words.

Tables

1. Authors should take notice of the limitations set by the size and lay-out of the journal. Large tables should be avoided. Reversing columns and rows will often reduce the dimensions of a table.
2. If many data are to be presented, an attempt should be made to divide them over two or more tables.
3. Drawn tables, from which prints need to be made, should not be folded.
4. Tables should be numbered according to their sequence in the text. The text should include references to all tables.
5. Each table should be typewritten on a separate page of the manuscript. Tables should never be included in the text.
6. Each table should have a brief and self-explanatory title.
7. Column headings should be brief, but sufficiently explanatory. Standard abbreviations of units of measurement should be added between parentheses.
8. Vertical lines should not be used to separate columns. Leave some extra space between the columns instead.
9. Any explanation essential to the understanding of the table should be given as a footnote at the bottom of the table.

Illustrations

1. All illustrations (line drawings and photographs) should be submitted separately, unmounted and not folded.
2. Illustrations should be numbered according to their sequence in the text. References should be made in the text to each illustration.
3. Each illustration should be identified on the reverse side (or in the case of line drawings on the lower front side) by its number and the name of the author. An indication of the top of the illustrations is required in photographs of profiles, thin sections, and other cases where doubt can arise.
4. Illustrations should be designed with the format of the page of the journal in mind. Illustrations should be of such a size as to allow a reduction of 50%.
5. Lettering should be in Indian ink or by printed labels. Make sure that the size of the lettering is big enough to allow a reduction of 50% without becoming illegible. The lettering should be in English. Use the same kind of lettering throughout and follow the style of the journal.
6. If a scale should be given, use bar scales on all illustrations instead of numerical scales that must be changed with reduction.
7. Each illustration should have a caption. The captions to all illustrations should be typed on a separate sheet of the manuscript.
8. Explanations should be given in the typewritten legend. Drawn text in the illustrations should be kept to a minimum.
9. Photographs are only acceptable if they have good contrast and intensity. Sharp and glossy copies are required. Reproductions of photographs already printed cannot be accepted.
10. Colour illustrations cannot usually be included, unless the cost of their reproduction is paid for by the author.

References

The publisher wishes to announce that in line with electronic publishing requirements and as of Vol. 7/4, the reference style ofPathophysiology will change to the style shown in the examples below.

1. All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references following the text of the manuscript. The number of references should be kept to a minimum. The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of author?s names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list.
2. Use the following system for arranging your references:
a. For periodicals
T. Yoshikawa, Y. Naito, T. Tanigawa, T. Yoneta, M. Kondo, The antioxidant properties of a novel zinc-carnosine chelate compound, N-(3-aminopropionyl)-L-histidonato zinc, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1115 ( 1991) 15?22.
b. For books
T. Yoshikawa, Handbook of Free Radicals, Frontier Medicine, Tokyo, 1993.
c. For multi-author books
T. Yoshikawa, Pathophysiology of ischemia-perfusion injury, in: O. Hayaishi, E. Niki, M. Kondo, T. Yoshikawa (Eds.), Medical Biochemical and Chemical Aspects of Free Radicals, Vol. 2, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989, pp. 105?112.
3. Abbreviate the titles of periodicals mentioned in the list of references according to the International List of Periodical Title Word Abbreviations.
4. In the case of publications in any language other than English, the original title is to be retained. However, the titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets should be transliterated, and a notation such as "(in Russian)" or "(in Greek, with English abstract)" should be added.
5. Work accepted for publication but not yet published should be referred to as "in press".
6. References concerning unpublished data and "personal communications" should not be cited in the reference list but may be mentioned in the text.

Formulae

1. Formulae should be typewritten, if possible. Leave ample space around the formulae.
2. Subscripts and superscripts should be clear.
3. Greek letters and other non-Latin or handwritten symbols should be explained in the margin where they are first used. Take special care to show clearly the di?erence between zero (0) and the letter O, and between (1) and the letter l.
4. Give the meaning of all symbols immediately after the equation in which they are first used.
5. For simple fractions use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line, e.g. Ip/2m.
6. Equations should be numbered serially at the right-hand side in parentheses. In general only equations explicitly referred to in the text need be numbered.
7. The use of fractional powers instead of root signs is recommended. Also powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp.
8. Levels of statistical significance which can be mentioned without further explanation are *P<0.05, **P*<0.01 and ***P<0.001.
9. In chemical formulae, valence of ions should be given as, e.g. Ca²⁺ and CO₃ ^2-, not as Ca⁺⁺ or CO₃ ^--
10. Isotope numbers should precede the symbols, e.g., ¹⁸O.
11. The repeated writing of chemical formulae in the text is to be avoided where reasonably possible; instead, the name of the compound should be given in full. Exceptions may be made in the case of a very long name occurring very frequently or in the case of a compound being described as the end product of a gravimetric determination (e.g., phosphate as P₂O₅).

Footnotes

1. Footnotes should only be used if absolutely essential. In most cases it will be possible to incorporate the information in normal text.
2. If used, they should be numbered in the text, indicated by superscript numbers, and kept as short as possible.

Nomenclature

1. Authors and editors are, by general agreement, obliged to accept the rules governing biological nomenclature, as laid down in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, and the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.
   
2. All biotica (crops, plants, insects, birds, mammals, etc.) should be identified by their scientific names when the English term is first used, with the exception of common domestic animals.
   
3. All biocides and other organic compounds must be identified by their Geneva names when first used in the text. Active ingredients of all formulations should be likewise identified.
   
4. For chemical nomenclature, the conventions of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the official recommendations of the IUPAC-IUB Combined Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature should be followed.

Copyright

1. An author, when quoting from someone else?s work or when considering reproducing an illustration or table from a book or journal article, should make sure that he is not infringing a copyright.
2. Although in general an author may quote from other published works, he should obtain permission from the holder of the copyright if he wishes to make substantial extracts or to reproduce tables, plates, or other illustrations. If the copyright-holder is not the author of the quoted or reproduced material, it is recommended that the permission of the author should also be sought.
3. Material in unpublished letters and manuscripts is also protected and must not be published unless permission has been obtained.
4. A suitable acknowledgement of any borrowed material must always be made.

Proofs

One set of proofs will be sent to the corresponding author as given on the title page of the manuscript. Only typesetter?s errors may be corrected; no changes in, or additions to, the edited manuscript will be allowed.

Offprints

1. Twenty Five offprints will be supplied free of charge.
2. Additional offprints can be ordered on an offprint order form, which is included with the proofs.

Pathophysiology has no page charges

Pathophysiology is cited in Excerpta Medica
(EMBASE).