A Multidisciplinary Journal of Antiviral Agents, Natural Host Defence Mechanisms, Interferons and Antiviral Vaccines An Official Publication of the International Society for Antiviral Research
Guide for Authors
Research Articles should generally not exceed 25 typewritten pages and should be divided into Summary , Introduction, Materials
and Methods, Results, and Discussion.
Short Communications typically should not exceed 1500 words or equivalent space including
figures and tables and should not be divided into sections, i.e., Introduction, Materials and Methods, etc. but should have a brief Summary,
keywords and a full reference list. These must be brief definitive reports, not preliminary findings.
Review Articles will
be published following invitation from the Reviews Editor, Mike Bray.
Submission checklist
It is hoped that this list will
be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal's Editor for review. Please consult this Guide for
Authors for further details of any item. Ensure that the following items are present: One Author designated as corresponding
Author: • E-mail address • Full postal address • Telephone and fax numbers • All necessary files
have been uploaded • Keywords • All figure captions • All tables (including title, description, footnotes)
Further considerations •Research Articles can be submitted to either Earl Kern or Richard Whitley at the US office
or Erik De Clercq at the European office. Review articles should be submitted to Mike Bray. Please indicate any preferences on the 'Request
Editor' page. • Manuscript has been "spellchecked" • References are in the correct format for this journal •
All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa • Permission has been obtained for use
of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web) • Colour figures are clearly marked as being intended for colour
reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in colour on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white
in print • If only colour on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes
For any further information please contact the Author Support Department at authorsupport@elsevier.com
Submission
of articles
It is essential to give a fax number and e-mail address when submitting a manuscript. Articles must be written
in good English.
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of
an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that
its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and
that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent
of the Publisher.
Upon acceptance of an article, Authors will be asked to transfer copyright (for more information on copyright see
http://authors.elsevier.com). This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. A letter will be sent to the
corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript. A form facilitating transfer of copyright will be provided.
If excerpts
from other copyrighted works are included, the Author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s)
in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by Authors in these cases: contact Elsevier's Rights Department, Oxford, UK: phone
(+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail permissions@elsevier.com. Requests may also be completed on-line via
the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions).
US National Institutes of Health (NIH) voluntary
posting (" Public Access") policy Elsevier facilitates author response to the NIH voluntary posting request (referred to as the
NIH "Public Access Policy", see (http://www.nih.gov/about/publicaccess/index.htm) by posting the peer-reviewed author's
manuscript directly to PubMed Central on request from the author, 12 months after formal publication. Upon notification from Elsevier
of acceptance, we will ask you to confirm via e-mail (by e-mailing us at NIHauthorrequest@elsevier.com)that your work
has received NIH funding and that you intend to respond to the NIH policy request, along with your NIH award number to facilitate processing.
Upon such confirmation, Elsevier will submit to PubMed Central on your behalf a version of your manuscript that will include peer-review
comments, for posting 12 months after formal publication. This will ensure that you will have responded fully to the NIH request policy.
There will be no need for you to post your manuscript directly with PubMed Central, and any such posting is prohibited.
Authors'
rights As an author you (or your employer or institution) may do the following: - make copies (print or electronic) of the
article for your own personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use - make copies and distribute such copies (including
through e-mail) of the article to research colleagues, for the personal use by such colleagues (but not commercially or systematically,
e.g., via an e-mail list or list server) - post a pre-print version of the article on Internet websites including electronic pre-print
servers, and to retain indefinitely such version on such servers or sites - post a revised personal version of the final text of
the article (to reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on your personal or institutional website or server, with
a link to the journal homepage (on http://www.elsevier.com) - present the article at a meeting or conference and to
distribute copies of the article to the delegates attending such a meeting - for your employer, if the article is a 'work for hire',
made within the scope of your employment, your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company
use (e.g., training) - retain patent and trademark rights and rights to any processes or procedure described in the article -
include the article in full or in part in a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially) - use
the article or any part thereof in a printed compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to publication
of your article in the journal) - prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or to otherwise re-use
portions or excerpts in other works, with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal
Online submission to
the journal prior to acceptance
Submission to this journal proceeds totally online. Use the following guidelines to prepare
your article at http://www.elsevier.com you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files.
The system automatically converts source files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer-review
process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source
files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests
for revision, takes place by e-mail and via the Author's homepage, removing the need for a hard-copy paper trail. The above represents
a very brief outline of this form of submission. It can be advantageous to print this "Guide for Authors" section from the site for reference
in the subsequent stages of article preparation.
Electronic format requirements for accepted articles
General points We
accept most wordprocessing formats, but Word or WordPerfect is preferred. Always keep a backup copy of the electronic file for reference
and safety. Save your files using the default extension of the program used.
Wordprocessor documents It is important that the
file be saved in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text
as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the wordprocessor's
options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. Do not embed "graphically
designed" equations or tables, but prepare these using the wordprocessor's facility. When preparing tables, if you are using a table
grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns.
The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Author Gateway's Guide
to Publishing with Elsevier: http://www.elsevier.com). Do not import the figures into the text file but, instead, indicate
their approximate locations directly in the electronic text and on the manuscript. See also the section on Preparation of electronic
illustrations. To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the "spellchecker" function of your wordprocessor. Characters
not available on your wordprocessor (Greek letters, mathematical symbols, etc. should not be open but indicated by a unique code e.g.,
alpha, for the Greek α , #, etc. ) consistently throughout the entire text. Please make a list of such codes and provide a key.
Do not allow your wordprocessor to introduce word splits and do not use a 'justified' layout.
Preparation of text
Presentation
of manuscript
Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Italics
are not to be used for expressions of Latin origin, for example, in vivo, et al., per se. Use decimal points (not commas); use a space
for thousands (10 000 and above).
Language Editing: International Science Editing and Asia Science Editing can provide
English language and copyediting services to authors who want to publish in scientific, technical and medical journals and need assistance
before they submit their article or, before it is accepted for publication. Authors can contact these services directly: International
Science Editing (http://www.internationalscienceediting.com) and Asia Science Editing (http://www.asiascienceediting.com)
or, for more information about language editing services, please contact authorsupport@elsevier.com who will be happy
to deal with any questions.
Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered
by outside vendors through our services or in any advertising. For more information please refer to our terms & conditions (http://authors.elsevier.com/terms_and_conditions.html).
Provide the following data on the title page (in the order given).
Title Concise and informative. Titles are often
used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
Author names and affiliations Where
the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the Authors' affiliation addresses (where
the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the Author's
name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if
available, the e-mail address of each Author.
Corresponding Author Clearly indicate who is willing to handle correspondence
at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code)
are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address.
Present/permanent address If an
Author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address"' (or "Permanent address")
may be indicated as a footnote to that Author's name. The address at which the Author actually did the work must be retained as the main,
affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.
Abstract. A concise and factual abstract
is required (maximum length 200 words). The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major
conclusions. An abstract is often presented separate from the article, so it must be able to stand alone.
References should therefore
be avoided, but if essential, they must be cited in full, without reference to the reference list.
Non-standard or uncommon abbreviations
should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.
Keywords. Immediately
after the abstract, provide a maximum of 6 keywords, avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and",
"of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used
for indexing purposes.
Abbreviations. Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field at their first occurrence
in the article: in the abstract but also in the main text after it. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.
Arrangement
of the article
Subdivision of the article. Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections
should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ?), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also
for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to "the text". Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear
on its own separate line.
Introduction. State the objectives of the work and provide an adequate background, avoiding
a detailed literature survey or a summary of the results.
Experimental/Materials and methods. Provide sufficient detail
to allow the work to be reproduced. Methods already published should be indicated by a reference: only relevant modifications should
be described.
Results. Results should be clear and concise.
Discussion. This should explore the significance
of the results of the work, not repeat them.
Conclusions. The main conclusions of the study may be presented in a short
Conclusions section, which may stand alone or form a subsection of a Discussion or Results and Discussion section.
Acknowledgements. Place acknowledgements, including information on grants received, before the references, in a separate section, and not as a footnote
on the title page.
References. See separate section, below.
Figure captions, tables, figures, schemes. Present these, in this order, at the end of the article. They are described in more detail below. High-resolution graphics files
must always be provided separate from the main text file (see Preparation of illustrations).
Footnotes. Footnotes should
be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. Many wordprocessors build footnotes
into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate the position of footnotes in the text and present
the footnotes themselves on a separate sheet at the end of the article. Do not include footnotes in the Reference list.
Table
footnotes. Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.
Tables. Number tables consecutively
with Arabic numerals in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them
with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables
do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article. All tables must have descriptive headings and possibly legends below.
Both the heading and legends should be understandable without reference to the feet.
Nomenclature and units. Follow
internationally accepted rules and conventions: use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their
equivalent in SI.
Virus Nomenclature
Formal terms used for virus families, genera, and species should be those approved
by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV):Fauquet, C.M., Mayo, M.A.,Maniloff, J., Desselberger, U., and Ball, L.A.(2005)
Virus Taxonomy, Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Eighth ICTV Report, Academic Press, an imprint of Elsevier
This volume also
includes standard abbreviations for species. Once formal taxonomic names have been given in a paper, vernacular terms may be used
GenBank/DNA
sequence linking
DNA sequences and GenBank Accession numbers. Many Elsevier journals cite "gene accession numbers" in
their running text and footnotes. Gene accession numbers refer to genes or DNA sequences about which further information can be found
in the databases at the National Center for Biotechnical Information (NCBI) at the National Library of Medicine.
Authors are encouraged
to check accession numbers used very carefully. An error in a letter or number can result in a dead link. Note that in the final
version of the electronic copy, the accession number text will be linked to the appropriate source in the NCBI databases enabling
readers to go directly to that source from the article.
For each and every accession number cited in an article, Authors should
type the accession number in bold, underlined text. Letters in the accession number should always be capitalised. (See
Example below). This combination of letters and format will enable Elsevier's typesetters to recognise the relevant texts as accession
numbers and add the required link to GenBank's sequences.
Example: "GenBank accession nos. AI631510, AI631511, AI632198, and BF223228), a B-cell tumor from a chronic lymphatic leukemia (GenBank accession no. BE675048),
and a T-cell lymphoma (GenBank accession no. AA361117)".
Authors are encouraged to check accession numbers used very
carefully. An error in a letter or number can result in a dead link. In the final version of the printed article,
the accession number text will not appear bold or underlined. In the final version of the electronic copy, the accession
number text will be linked to the appropriate source in the NCBI databases enabling readers to go directly to that source from the article.
Preparation of supplementary data. Elsevier accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your
scientific research. Supplementary files offer the Author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation
sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside
the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com.
In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file
formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption
for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at the Author Gateway at http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
References
Responsibility for the accuracy of bibliographic citations lies entirely with the Authors.
Citations in
the text: Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa). Any
references cited in the abstract must be given in full. Unpublished results and personal communications are not recommended in the reference
list, but may be mentioned in the text. If these references are included in the reference list they should follow the standard reference
style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication date with either "Unpublished results" or "Personal communication"
Citation of a reference as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication and a copy of the title page of the relevant
article must be submitted.
Citing and listing of Web references As a minimum, the full URL should be given. Any further
information, if known (Author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed
separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.
Text:
All citations in the text should refer to: 1. Single Author: the Author's name (without initials, unless there is
ambiguity) and the year of publication; 2. Two Authors: both Authors' names and the year of publication; 3. Three
or more Authors: first Author's name followed by "et al." and the year of publication. Citations may be made directly (or parenthetically).
Groups of references should be listed first alphabetically, then chronologically.
Examples: "as demonstrated (Allan, 1996a, 1996b,
1999; Allan and Jones, 1995). Kramer et al. (2000) have recently shown ...."
List: References should be arranged first alphabetically
and then further sorted chronologically if necessary. More than one reference from the same Author(s) in the same year must be identified
by the letters "a", "b", "c", etc., placed after the year of publication.
Examples: Reference to a journal publication: Van
der Geer, J., Hanraads, J.A.J., Lupton, R.A., 2000. The art of writing a scientific article. J. Sci. Commun. 163, 51-59. Reference
to a book: Strunk Jr., W., White, E.B., 1979. The Elements of Style, third ed. Macmillan, New York. Reference to a chapter in
an edited book: Mettam, G.R., Adams, L.B., 1999. How to prepare an electronic version of your article, in: Jones, B.S., Smith , R.Z.
(Eds.), Introduction to the Electronic Age. E-Publishing Inc., New York, pp. 281-304.
Journal names should be abbreviated according
to: List of serial title word abbreviations: http://www.issn.org/lstwa.html
Use of the Digital Object Identifier
(DOI) The digital object identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique
alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned
DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly 'Articles in press' because they have not yet
received their full bibliographic information.
The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document
in the journal Physics Letters B): doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071 When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks
to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.
Preparation of electronic illustrations
General points • Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork. • Save text in illustrations as "graphics"
or enclose the font. • Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol. •
Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text. • Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide all illustrations as separate files and as hardcopy printouts on separate sheets. • Provide captions to illustrations
separately. • Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.
A detailed guide on electronic artwork is
available on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions You are urged to visit this site; some
excerpts from the detailed information are given here.
Formats Regardless of the application used, when your electronic
artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (Note the resolution requirements for line
drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below.): EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".
TIFF: Colour or greyscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi. TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum
of 1000 dpi. TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (colour or greyscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required. DOC, XLS or
PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please supply "as is".
Please do not: • Supply embedded graphics in your wordprocessor (spreadsheet, presentation) document; • Supply files that are optimised
for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low; • Supply files that are too low in resolution; •
Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.
Captions Ensure that each illustration has a caption.
Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and
a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Line drawings The lettering and symbols, as well as other details, should have proportionate dimensions, so as not to
become illegible or unclear after possible reduction; in general, the figures should be designed for a reduction factor of two to three.
The degree of reduction will be determined by the Publisher. Illustrations will not be enlarged. Consider the page format of the journal
when designing the illustrations. Do not use any type of shading on computer-generated illustrations.
Photographs (halftones) Remove non-essential areas of a photograph. Do not mount photographs unless they form part of a composite figure. Where necessary,
insert a scale bar in the illustration (not below it), as opposed to giving a magnification factor in the caption. Note that photocopies
of photographs are not acceptable.
Colour illustrations Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format
(TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures
then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other
sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print,
you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference
for colour in print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to "grey scale" (for the printed
version should you not opt for colour in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the colour illustrations.
Proofs
When you manuscript is received by the Publisher it is considered to be in its final form. Proofs are not to be
regarded as drafts.
One set of page proofs in PDF format will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding Author, to be checked for typesetting/editing.
No changes in, or additions to, the accepted (and subsequently edited) manuscript will be allowed at this stage. Proofreading is solely
your responsibility.
A form with queries from the copyeditor may accompany your proofs. Please answer all queries and make any corrections
or additions required.
The Publisher reserves the right to proceed with publication if corrections are not communicated. Return corrections
within 2 days of receipt of the proofs. Should there be no corrections, please confirm this.
Elsevier will do everything possible
to get your article corrected and published as quickly and accurately as possible. In order to do this we need your help. When you receive
the (PDF) proof of your article for correction, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication.
Subsequent corrections will not be possible, so please ensure your first sending is complete. Note that this does not mean you have any
less time to make your corrections, just that only one set of corrections will be accepted.
Offprints Twenty-five
(25) offprints will be provided free of charge. Additional reprints may be purchased at the proof stage
