Computer Law and Security Review

INTRODUCTION

The Computer Law and Security Review (CLSR) www.elsevier.com/locate/clsr is an international journal of technology law and practice providing a major platform for publication of high quality research, policy and legal analysis within the field of IT law and computer security. It has been published six times a year since 1985 under its founding Editor, Professor Steve Saxby. It is the leading journal of its kind in Europe and provides a robust peer reviewed medium and policy forum for dissemination of knowledge and discussion, supported by powerful Editorial and Professional Boards and an Editor of more than 30 years specialist experience in the field.

CLSR is accessible to a wide range of academics, researchers, research institutes, companies, libraries and governmental and non-governmental organisations in both the public and private sectors as well as professionals in the legal, IT and related business sectors in more than 100 countries. It is available on ScienceDirect, the world's foremost provider of electronic scientific information to more than 17 million subscribers.

CLSR authors come from leading academics, international specialists, legal professionals and early career researchers from many of the most renowned research centres and universities in the world. Contributors are also located in the major international law firms, specializing in technology law, who provide essential comment and analysis built upon widespread experience of applying IT law in practice. CLSR further welcomes policy analysis from legal specialists, the judiciary, professional and business organisations operating in IT and from those with regulatory responsibilities for information and communications technology from both the public and private sectors as it regularly contributes to consultations undertaken by the EU, Council of Europe and other bodies. Papers that reflect the outcomes of funded research e.g. from Research Councils or EU projects are welcomed. Submissions are welcomed from any part of the world. CLSR is looking for papers within the subject area that display good quality legal analysis, new lines of legal thought or policy development that go beyond mere description of Law or policy, however accurate that may be.

CLSR publishes refereed academic and practitioner papers on a wide range of legal topics such as Internet law, telecoms regulation, intellectual property, cyber-crime, surveillance and security, e-commerce, outsourcing, data protection, ePrivacy, EU and public sector ICT policy, and many others. In addition it provides a regular update on European Union developments, and national news from more than 20 jurisdictions in both Europe and the Pacific Rim.

Original ideas may be discussed in advance with the Editor, Professor Steve Saxby (s.j.saxby@soton.ac.uk) to clear the ground for a draft submission. All papers are then peer reviewed by relevant experts and feedback is given whether or not a paper is accepted or returned for further work. Submissions will normally be between 6,000-15,000 words although papers of a higher word length may also be submitted subject to negotiation with the Editor. The Editor's policy is to try and accommodate contributions of all sizes above the minimum threshold where length is dictated by the needs of the subject matter.

Opinion pieces concerning policy, legislation or case law of a minimum of 2000 words and upwards will also be considered but these will appear as comment and not as feature articles. For further information please contact the Editor, Professor Stephen Saxby, Law School, Faculty of Business and Law, The University, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UK Tel/Ans: +44 (0) 23 8059 3404, s.j.saxby@soton.ac.uk

BEFORE YOU BEGIN

Ethics in publishing
The editor(s) and publisher of this Journal believe that there are fundamental principles underlying scholarly or professional publishing. While this may not amount to a formal "code of conduct", these fundamental principles with respect to the authors' paper are that the paper should:

• be the authors' own original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere or submitted for publication elsewhere
• reflect the authors' own research and analysis and do so in a truthful and complete manner,
• properly credit the meaningful contributions of co-authors and co-researchers,
• not be submitted to more than one journal for consideration (ensuring it is not under redundant simultaneous peer review), and
• be appropriately placed in the context of prior and existing research.

For information on Ethics in publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication, see http://www.elsevier.com/publishingethics and http://www.elsevier.com/ethicalguidelines.

Conflict of interest
All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also http://www.elsevier.com/conflictsofinterest.

Submission declaration
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere including electronically in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.

The author(s) also warrant(s) that the material does not and/or will not contain libellous or other unlawful statements and does and/or will not infringe the intellectual property rights of others. If excerpts from copyrighted works requiring permission are included in the material, it is understood that by agreement with the Editor of CLSR the AUTHOR has obtained or will produce before publication written permission from the copyright owners to use the material and will credit the sources in the article.

Copyright
Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked by the Editor to complete a 'CLSR Publishing Agreement'. Acceptance of the Licence will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. If a submission is made via Elsevier Editorial System (EES) authors will normally have already completed the licence at submission stage. A link to the online version of this agreement can be found at: CLSR licence

Excerpts from copyright work
If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.

Retained author rights As an author you (or your employer or institution) retain certain rights; for details you are referred to: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights. A paper on ways to use journal articles published by Elsevier can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/framework_librarians/LibraryConnect/LCP04/LCP04ENG.pdf

In particular:

An author can, without asking permission, do the following with the author's article that has been or will be published in an Elsevier journal:

• Post a pre-print version of the article on Internet websites including electronic pre-print servers, and retain indefinitely this version on such servers or sites
• Post a personal manuscript version of the article on the author's personal or institutional website or server, provided each such posting includes a link to the article's Digital Object Identifier (DOI) and includes a complete citation for the article. This means an author can update a personal manuscript version (e.g., in Word or TeX format) of the article to reflect changes made during the peer-review process.
• Note such posting may not be for commercial purposes and may not be to any external, third-party website.

Role of the funding source
You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated. Please see http://www.elsevier.com/funding.

Funding body agreements and policies
Elsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors whose articles appear in journals published by Elsevier, to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions of their grant awards. To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit http://www.elsevier.com/fundingbodies.

Language and language services
Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit http://webshop.elsevier.com/languageservices or our customer support site at http://support.elsevier.com for more information.

Submission
Initial submission to CLSR can be conducted in one of two ways: first by contacting the Editor at s.j.saxby@soton.ac.uk with details of the paper in either draft form or abstract. Formal submission of the draft manuscript should be made preferably in Word docx. or doc. format or in PDF. Second, a manuscript may be submitted to Elsevier Editorial System at http://ees.elsevier.com/clsr/ where you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of your files. Registration on EES is pre-requisite to this process. All correspondence, whether via EES or direct from the editor, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, will take place by e-mail removing the need for a paper trail.

Referees
You may submit, the names, addresses and e-mail addresses of three potential referees with the manuscript. Note that the Editor retains the sole right to decide whether or not the suggested reviewers are used.

PREPARATION

Use of word processing software
It is important that the file be saved in the native format of the word processor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the word processor's options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. When preparing tables, if you are using a table grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns. The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with Elsevier: http://www.elsevier.com/guidepublication). Note that source files of figures, tables and text graphics will be required whether or not you embed your figures in the text. See also the section on Electronic artwork.

To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the 'spell-check' and 'grammar-check' functions of your word processor. CLSR advises Times New Roman font 11 for text and 10 for footnotes with1.0 spacing.

LaTex
If the LaTeX file is suitable, proofs will be produced without rekeying the text. The article should preferably be written using Elsevier's document class 'elsarticle', or alternatively any of the other recognized classes and formats supported in Elsevier's electronic submissions system, for further information see http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/latex-ees-supported.
The Elsevier 'elsarticle' LaTeX style file package (including detailed instructions for LaTeX preparation) can be obtained from the Quickguide: http://www.elsevier.com/latex. It consists of the file: elsarticle.cls, complete user documentation for the class file, bibliographic style files in various styles, and template files for a quick start.

Article structure

Subdivision - numbered sections
Divide your article into clearly defined and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ...), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to 'the text'. Any subsection may be given a brief heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.

Appendices
If there is more than one appendix, they should be identified as A, B, etc. Similarly for tables and figures: Table A.1; Fig. A.1, etc.

Essential title page information

• Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
• Author names and affiliations. The author(s) names and affiliation should appear above the Abstract. The full attribution including titles, status within the affiliate organisation and email contact address should appear at the foot of the paper. Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address.
  You should also provide at the foot of the paper the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name and, if available, the e-mail address of each author. This information will be relevant to the distribution by the Editor of the hard copy by post to the authors when printed copies are available.
• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication and post-publication. For the Editor please ensure that telephone (with country and area code) is provided at the very foot of the paper in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Contact details must be kept up to date by the corresponding author. This will be extracted by the Editor so that he has a contact point for all authors. Names and affiliations in the final published version of the paper will be confined to the information just set out above.
• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, the affiliation at the time of writing may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name.

Abstract
A concise and factual abstract is required. The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. An abstract is presented separately from the article, so it must be able to stand alone. For this reason, References should be avoided, but if essential, then cite the author(s) and year(s). Also, non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first mention in the abstract itself.

Keywords
Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 10 keywords, using American spelling and avoiding general and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, 'and', 'of'). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes.

Abbreviations
Define abbreviations that are not standard in this field in brackets following the first use of the term. Such abbreviations that are unavoidable in the abstract must be defined at their first mention there. Ensure consistency of abbreviations throughout the article.

Acknowledgements
Collate acknowledgements in a separate section at the end of the article before the references and after mention of affiliations. Do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the title or otherwise. List here those individuals who provided help during the research (e.g., providing language help, writing assistance or proof reading the article, etc.).

Footnotes and References
Footnotes should be used appropriately. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript Arabic numbers. An authoritative and comprehensive guide to referencing is provided in the Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities ('OSCOLA') published by the Faculty of Law, University of Oxford. The Harvard Citation system may also be used. You should use Ibid. and Op.cit. where appropriate.

Citation in text
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list (and vice versa).

Web references
As a minimum, the full URL should be given and, where this is considered significant, the date when the reference was last accessed. Any further information, if known (DOI, author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list.

Table footnotes
Indicate each footnote in a table with a superscript lowercase letter.

Artwork

Electronic artwork
General points

• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Save text in illustrations as 'graphics' or enclose the font.
• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.
• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide captions to illustrations separately.
• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.
• Submit each figure as a separate file.

A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions

You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.

Formats
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please 'save as' or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
TIFF: Color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.
Elsevier recommends that only TIFF, EPS, JPEG or PDF formats are used for electronic artwork. MS Office files (Word, Excel and PowerPoint) are also accepted.

Please do not:

• Supply files that are optimised for screen use (e.g., GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;
• Supply files that are too low in resolution;
• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.

Color artwork
Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version. Color reproduction is not accepted in print. For online Web only presentation please indicate your preference for color. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting color figures to 'gray scale' (for the printed version should you not opt for color in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the color illustrations.

Figure captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.

Tables
Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.

Supplementary data
Elsevier accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your legal research. Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please provide the data in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.

Submission checklist
The following list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.

Ensure that the following items are present:

One author has been designated as the corresponding author with contact details:

• E-mail address
• Full postal address
• Telephone

All necessary files have been uploaded, and contain:

• Keywords
• All figure captions
• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)

Further considerations

• Manuscript has been 'spell-checked' and 'grammar-checked'
• References are in the correct format for this journal
• All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)
• Color figures are clearly marked as being intended to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print
• If only color on the Web is required, black-and-white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes

For any further information please visit our customer support site at http://support.elsevier.com.

ACCEPTANCE

The Editor will inform you of the outcome of the peer review process. If the paper has been accepted this may be subject to remedial or additional work to the paper. The timescale and extent of what is required to fulfil the reviewer's recommendations will be explained in the reviewer's report. Final submission of post-review manuscripts should be forwarded direct to the Editor who will personally prepare the paper for entry into Production via EES. The Editor will do this normally on your behalf by proxy. This removes the burden from authors of having to navigate through the final processes involved once the paper has been accepted. If, at that stage, you have not registered on EES the Editor will do this on your behalf and inform you that this has been done. The Editor will always ensure that the author(s) have approved the final manuscript prior to submission.



AFTER ACCEPTANCE

Use of the Digital Object Identifier
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly 'Articles in press' because they have not yet received their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Computer Law and Security Review): http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clsr.2012.01.001
When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, the DOIs are guaranteed never to change.

Proofs
One set of page proofs (as PDF files) will be sent by the Editor by e-mail to the corresponding author. Elsevier now provides authors with PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version 7 (or higher) available free from http://get.adobe.com/reader. Instructions on how to annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs (also given online). The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: http://www.adobe.com/products/reader/tech-specs.html.

If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return them to the Editor at s.j.saxby@soton.ac.uk. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax +44 (0) 44 2380 593025 or scan the pages and send by e-mail or by post to Professor Stephen Saxby, Law School, Faculty of Business and Law, The University, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ UK Tel/Ans: +44 (0) 23 8059 3404. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately - please let the Editor have all your corrections within 48 hours or as soon as possible thereafter. It is important to ensure that all corrections are sent back in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of your article if no response is received.

Offprints
The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail. For an extra charge, paper offprints can be ordered via the offprint order form which is sent once the article is accepted for publication. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use.



AUTHOR ENQUIRIES

For enquiries relating to the submission of articles (including electronic submission) please visit http://ees.elsevier.com/clsr/ . You can also contact the Editor Professor Stephen Saxby direct at s.j.saxby@soton.ac.uk. He will be pleased to discuss your ideas in advance of submission if you wish to enquire about the suitability of your proposed paper in terms of the remit of CLSR. You may maintain contact with him throughout the submission and production processes of your paper. You can also track accepted articles at http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle and can check out Author FAQs (http://www.elsevier.com/authorFAQ) and/or contact Customer Support via http://support.elsevier.com.