International Dairy Journal publishes original, refereed research papers and critical reviews that advance scientific knowledge of all aspects of dairy science and technology. Within this scope, the journal pays particular attention to applied research and its interface with the dairy and food industries.

The journal provides a platform for the communication of research in dairy science that is of significant relevance to the broader international community, including the research and development of dairy and allied products from milk of bovine and non-bovine species.
The journal's coverage includes:
• Biosynthesis, chemistry and physico-chemical properties of milk constituents
• Microbiology, enzymology, biotechnology and bioengineering
• Dairy engineering and new developments in processing
• Relevant emulsion science, food structure and texture
• Raw material quality and effect on relevant products
• Flavour and off-flavour development
• Product development and usage of dairy ingredients in other foods
• Relevant sensory science/consumer studies
• Analytical techniques
• Nutritional and human health implications of milk components or dairy products

International Dairy Journal does not publish papers related to milk production, feeding, cow health and other aspects of on-farm milk production, unless there is a clear relationship to dairy technology, human health or final product quality.

Submission of all types of manuscripts to International Dairy Journal proceeds totally online. Via the Elsevier Editorial System (EES) website for this journal ( http://ees.elsevier.com/inda) you will be guided step-by-step through the creation and uploading of the various files. The system automatically converts source Word files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests for revision, takes place by e-mail generated by EES and via the author's homepage on EES, removing the need for a hard copy paper trail. Authors must submit revisions via EES. All manuscripts must be addressed to the submissions office, c/o the Editor-in-Chief. Any manuscript sent as an email attachment to the Editor-in-Chief will not be processed. The Editor-in-Chief reviews all manuscripts and, after prescreening, makes a decision whether to assign them to handling Editors to initiate peer review. The authors may be contacted by the Editor-in-Chief or the handling Editor for any required changes before a manuscript is sent to reviewers. Authors may send queries concerning the submission process, manuscript status or journal procedures to support@elsevier.com.

Questions regarding content of a proposed submission can be directed to the Editor-in-Chief:
International Dairy Journal
c/o Professor P. Jelen, Editor-in-Chief
University of Alberta
Alberta, Canada
E-mail: idj.jelen@interbaun.com

Authors are also requested to provide the names and e-mail addresses of at least three potential referees who are expert in the field. It is the journal's policy to keep the peer review process anonymous. The name of a reviewer will only be revealed with the approval of the reviewer. When submitting a manuscript, authors may indicate names of experts who are not suitable/appropriate for reviewing the paper.

It is the author's responsibility to ensure that papers are written in clear and comprehensible English. Authors whose native language is not English are strongly advised to have their manuscripts checked by a colleague with fluency in technical writing in English prior to submission. English language help service: Upon request, Elsevier will direct authors to an agent who can check and improve the language of their paper (before submission). Please contact support@elsevier.com for further information. Authors are strongly advised that papers not conforming to the required standards will be rejected without review.

Plagiarism and Ethical Concerns
Submission of a paper implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the publisher.

By submitting this manuscript, the authors agree that text, equations, or figures from previously published articles or books have been clearly identified in full and their origin clearly explained in the adjacent text, with appropriate references given at the end of the paper. Duplication of text is rarely justified, even with diligent referencing. Exceptions may be made for descriptions of standard experimental techniques, or other standard methods used by the author in the investigation; but an appropriate citation is preferable. Authors who duplicate material from their own published work in a new article, without clearly identifying the repeated material and its source as outlined above, are self-plagiarising.

Submission of Revised Papers
Revised papers received more than three months after reviewers' comments were sent may be treated as new submissions, at the discretion of the Editor. If the author has not replied to reminders/enquiries about revisions within 6 months, the paper will be considered to have lapsed, and any subsequent submission will be treated as a new submission and must be submitted to the journal using the above process, addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, with an explanation that it had previously been submitted to the journal.

Submission Checklist

It is hoped that this list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to submitting it to the journal for review. Please consult these Instructions for Authors for further details of any item.
Ensure that the following items are present:
• One author designated as corresponding author, with E-mail address, full postal address, telephone and fax numbers
• All necessary files have been uploaded
• All figure captions (on a separate page)
• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)
• Manuscript has been "spellchecked" and units and abbreviations checked
• References are in the correct format for this journal
• All references mentioned in the reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)
• Colour figures are clearly marked as being intended for colour reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print (charges will apply) or to be reproduced in colour on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print.
• If only colour on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes.
For any further information please contact the Author Support Department at authorsupport@elsevier.com

Types of Contribution

Original full-length research papers should contain material that has not been previously published elsewhere, except in a preliminary form. These papers should not exceed 6000-8000 words (text and references) or about 25 manuscript pages.

Review papers will be accepted in areas of topical interest and will normally emphasise literature published over the previous five years.

Short Communications are research papers constituting a concise but complete description of a limited investigation, which will not be included in a later paper. Short Communications should be as completely documented, both by reference to literature, and description of the experimental procedures employed, as a regular paper. They should not occupy more than 2,000 words or about 8 manuscript pages, including figures, tables and references. They will be reviewed in the same way as research papers.

Letters to the Editor are published from time to time on subjects of topical interest.

Book reviews are commissioned by the Editors as warranted. Unsolicited book reviews are generally not considered.

Manuscript Preparation

General:
The manuscript should be prepared in word processing software (Microsoft Word is preferred). Manuscripts must be typewritten with a font size of 12 pt, with wide margins and double-spaced throughout, i.e. including the abstract, footnotes and references. Lines should be numbered consecutively throughout the manuscript. Authors should consult a recent issue of the journal for style. The Editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity. Manuscripts can be written in either British or American English, but language and spellings must be consistent.Authors should retain a copy of their manuscript for their records.

Every page of the manuscript, including the title page, references, tables, etc. must be numbered. However, in the text no reference should be made to page numbers; if necessary, one may refer to sections. Each line must also be numbered. In typing the manuscript, titles and subtitles should not be run within the text. They should be typed on a separate line, without indentation. Use lower-case letter type. The corresponding author should be identified with an asterisk and footnote. All other footnotes (except for table footnotes) should be identified with superscript Arabic numbers. Ensure that words that should appear in italics are italicized. The usage of italics should be limited to microbiological terms. Use the computer automatic return at the end of lines; use double returns after the end of paragraphs only.

Manuscripts in general should be organized in the following order:

• Title (should be clear, concise, and should unambiguously reflect the paper's contents)
• Name(s) of author(s)
• Complete postal address(es) of affiliations
• Full telephone number, fax number and e-mail address of the corresponding author
• Present address(es) of author(s) if applicable
• Complete correspondence address to which the proofs should be sent
• Abstract - each paper must be submitted with an Abstract not exceeding 150 words, reporting concisely on the major findings. Many abstracting services use abstracts without modification, so this section should be comprehensible in its own right. References should not be cited. Abbreviations should be avoided; if absolutely necessary they must be defined.
• Introduction - briefly review important prior publications and state the reasons for the investigation being reported.
• Materials and methods - description of methods, equipment and techniques (including statistical treatments used in the research)
• Results
• Discussion (may be combined with the results section)
• Conclusions (must not reiterate any discussion or introductory comments, they must be genuine conclusions drawn from the results of the study).
• Acknowledgements and any additional information concerning research grants, etc.
• Appendix (e.g. list of abbreviations used)
• References
• Tables
• Figure captions
• Illustrations/figures.

Note: Keywords are no longer required for submissions to International Dairy Journal

Following the Introduction, authors are free to structure papers as appropriate. However, for the sake of clarity and uniformity, the above or similar section headings are recommended. If necessary, each section may be divided into further subsections, but do not use more than two levels for subtitles.

The Materials and Methods section must provide enough detail that a competent worker can repeat the experiments. However, detailed descriptions of well-known methods should be avoided in the experimental section. References to the relevant literature are sufficient. The Results section should present clearly and succinctly the most important research results including statistical significance of the data being reported. The Discussion should not be a compilation of current literature, but a consideration of the significance and consequences of the authors' present findings. Each paper should contain a paragraph of Conclusions summarising the main aspects of the research being reported.

Units and Abbreviations

System International (SI) units must be used. You may wish to consult the website of the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures for guidance, http://www1.bipm.org/en/si.

Abbreviations for units should follow British Standards Institute standard SI units and recommendations for the use of their multiples and of certain other units (BS ISO 1000:1992, supersedes BS 5555). Further information is available on the BSI website http://www.bsi-global.com. The unit 'litre' must be abbreviated as 'L' (also mL, μL, etc.). Use the negative index system for all combinations of unit abbreviations (e.g. g mL^-1, not g/mL). However, the solidus can be used in cases of % w/w or % w/v. The unit billion (10⁹ in America, 10¹² in Europe) must not be used as it is ambiguous. Temperatures should be given in degrees Celsius (e.g. 37 °C).

In general, the journal follows the conventions of the CBE Style Manual (Council of Biology Editors, Bethesda, MD, 1983, 5th edn). Follow Chemical Abstracts and its indexes for chemical names. Enzyme nomenclature should follow the IUBMB Enzyme Commission recommendations ( http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/enzyme/) (relevant EC numbers should be given). Standard abbreviations of units of measurement should be used to identify the data. Please ensure that all figures have axes labelled properly, and the quantities on the axes specify the units used (use the negative index system, e.g. g mL^-1, not g/mL). Tables should not duplicate results presented in the manuscript as a different form (e.g. in graphs).

Abbreviations should be defined in brackets after their first mention in the text. Standard units of measurements and chemical symbols of elements may be used without definition in the body of the paper.

Milk is considered to be a "mass" or "non-countable" noun. Other such examples are ice, rice, wool, air, oxygen, weather, furniture, traffic, advice, sunshine, harm and so on. These nouns can be preceded by some, any, enough, this, that, and much. It is appropriate to precede these nouns with a definite or indefinite article - for example, the sunshine, the ice - but they frequently appear with no article. As milk is considered to be a non-countable noun, it is generally grammatically incorrect to use the term milks, except in some limited uses. What is generally "counted" are the samples or cartons or types of milk.

Tables

Tables should be numbered consecutively and given a suitable caption. Each table should be typed on a separate sheet. Do not include the Figures or Tables in the body of the manuscript. Tables and their footnotes should be typed using a readable uniform font of the same size as that used in the text. Do not use bold letters, or italics (except for microbiological terms or gene nomenclature). Each table should have a brief and self-explanatory title. The text should include reference to all tables. Footnotes to tables should be typed below the table and should be referred to by superscript lowercase letters. No vertical rules should be used; leave extra space between the columns instead. Column headings should be brief, but sufficiently explanatory.

Formulae and Equations
• Formulae must be typewritten, each on a separate line. Leave ample space around the formulae.
• Subscripts and superscripts should be clear.
•Take special care to show clearly the difference between zero (0) and the letter O, and between one (1) and the letter l.
• Give the meaning of all symbols immediately after the equation in which they are first used.
• For simple fractions use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line.
• All equations should be numbered serially at the right-hand side in parentheses.
• The use of fractional powers instead of root signs is recommended. Also powers of e are often more conveniently denoted by exp.
• Levels of statistical significance which can be mentioned without further explanation are P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.001.
• In chemical formulae, valence of ions must be given as e.g. Ca²⁺ and CO^2- ₃, not as Ca⁺⁺or CO₃ ^--.
• Isotope numbers should precede the symbols, e.g. ¹⁸O.
• The repeated writing of complicated chemical formulae in the text is to be avoided where reasonably possible; instead, the name of the compound followed by its abbreviation (ethylene-diamine-tetra-acetic acid, EDTA) should be given in full. The abbreviation is to be used in the case of a very long name or in the case of a compound being described as the end product of a gravimetric determination (e.g. phosphate as P₂O₅).

Footnotes

Footnotes should be avoided unless absolutely essential. In most cases it should be possible to incorporate the information in normal text. If used, they should be numbered in the text, indicated by superscript numbers, and kept as short as possible.

References

International Dairy Journal references are based on the style set by the American Psychological Association (APA).

Responsibility for the accuracy of bibliographic citations lies entirely with the authors. The manuscript should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of authors' names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference list.

Citations in Text
Please ensure that every reference cited in the text is also present in the reference list at the end of the manuscript (and vice versa).

All citations in the text should refer to:
1. Single author: the author's name (without initials, unless there is ambiguity) and the year of publication (Smith, 2003);
2. Two authors: both authors' names and the year of publication (Smith & Jones, 2004);
3. Three, four or five authors: all authors names and year of publication (Smith, Jones, & Brown, 2005). For all subsequent citations of this work use et al. (Smith et al., 2005).
4. Six or more authors: first author's name followed by et al. and the year of publication (Black et al., 2007).

Citations may be made directly or parenthetically. Groups of references should be listed first alphabetically, then chronologically. Examples: "as demonstrated (Allan, 1996a, b, 1999; Allan & Jones, 1995; Allen et al., 1994). Kramer et al. (2000) have recently shown..."

Reference List
The list of references must be as complete as possible, using the full title of articles and full title of journals, and year.

References should be alphabetically ordered by first author surname, then date. For references where the surnames (ignore initials) of the first authors are the same, papers with one author should precede papers with two authors, which in turn should precede papers with more than two authors. An example of the order of papers is:
Smith, Y., 1995
Smith, M., 2002
Smith, C., & Jones, A., 2008
Smith, A., Brown, B., & Jones, A., 1996
Smith, A., Brown, B., Good, O., & Jones, A., 1996

In the case of publications in any language other than English, the original title is to be retained. However, the titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets should be transliterated, and a notation such as "(in Russian)" or "(in Greek, with English abstract)" should be added.

References concerning unpublished data and "personal communications" must not be cited in the reference list but may be mentioned in the text, giving the full details (name and affiliation of the contact). References included in the reference list as "in press" should follow the standard reference style of the journal and should include a substitution of the publication data with "in press". Citation of a reference as "in press" implies that the item has been accepted for publication. In the final publication, material referenced as "submitted" is not acceptable - if it cannot be referenced as "in press" then the text needs to be revised to state "unpublished results" and the reference deleted from the reference list.

Citing and listing of web references. As a minimum, the full website address (URL) should be given. Any further information, if known (author names, dates, reference to a source publication, etc.), should also be given. Web references can be listed separately (e.g., after the reference list) under a different heading if desired, or can be included in the reference list. Use of web references should be minimised and limited to verifiable, credible sources only.

The following are examples of reference layouts. Please use a hanging indent (second and subsequent lines indented).

Reference to a chapter in a monograph:

Maubois, J.-L., & Olivier, G. (1992). Milk protein fractionation. In New applications of membrane processing (pp. 112-120). Brussels, Belgium: International Dairy Federation.

Reference to a chapter in a book

De Kruif, C. G., & Holt, C. (2003). Casein micelle structure, functions and interactions. In P. F. Fox & P. L. H. McSweeney (Eds.), Advanced dairy chemistry, Vol. 1: Proteins (3rd ed) (pp.233-276). New York, USA: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Reference to an article in a journal:

Lane, C. N., & Fox, P. F. (1997). Role of starter enzymes during ripening of Cheddar cheese made from pasteurized milk under controlled microbiological conditions. International Dairy Journal, 7, 55-63.
Note: If necessary, cite issue number if page numbering is not continuous.

Reference to a book:

Marsh, D. (1990). CRC handbook of lipid bilayers. Boston, USA: CRC Press.

Reference to a published standard:

IDF (1982). Cheese and processed cheese-determination of total solids content. IDF Standard 4a. Brussels, Belgium: International Dairy Federation.

Reference to a paper in published conference proceedings:

Maubois, J. L. (1998). Fractionation of milk proteins. In Proceedings of the 25th International Dairy Congress (Vol. II, pp. 74-86). Aarhus, Denmark:Danish National Committee of International Dairy Federation.

Reference to a thesis:

Alting, A. C. (2003). Cold gelation of globular proteins. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
Note: The thesis should be publicly available.

Reference to an article in an internet-only source:

Bryant, P., 1999. Biodiversity and Conservation. Retrieved October 4, 1999, from darwin.bio.uci.edu/~sustain/bio65/Titlpage.htm

Illustrations

Photographs, charts and diagrams are all to be referred to as "Figure(s)" and should be numbered consecutively in the order to which they are referred. They should accompany the manuscript, but should not be included within the text. All illustrations should be clearly marked with the figure number. All figures are to have a caption. Captions should be supplied on a separate sheet.

If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on the web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to 'grey scale' (for the printed version should you not opt for colour in print) please submit in addition usable black and white prints corresponding to all the colour illustrations.

Preparation of electronic illustrations
General points
• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.
• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol.
• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide all illustrations as separate files.
• Provide captions to illustrations separately.
• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.
A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions You are urged to visit this site.

Preparation of Supplementary Data

Elsevier now accepts electronic supplementary material (e-components) to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the Author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the final version of the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.

Copyright

All authors must sign the 'Transfer of Copyright' agreement before the article can be published. (for more information on copyright see http://www.elsevier.com/locate/authorsrights). This transfer agreement enables Elsevier Ltd to protect the copyrighted material for the authors, but does not relinquish the author's proprietary rights. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, photographic reproductions, microfilm or any other reproductions of similar nature and translations. It includes the right to adapt the article for use in conjunction with computer systems and programs, including the reproduction or publication in machine-readable form and incorporation in retrieval systems.

An author, when quoting from someone else's work or when considering reproducing an illustration or table from a book or journal article, should make sure that copyright is not being infringed. Authors are responsible for obtaining from the copyright holder permission to reproduce and figures for which copyright exists.

Although in general an author may quote from other published works, permission from the holder of the copyright should be obtained if substantial extracts are taken or tables, plates, or other illustrations are reproduced. If the copyright-holder is not the author of the quoted or reproduced material, it is recommended that the permission of the author should also be sought.

Material in unpublished letters and manuscripts is also protected and must not be published unless permission has been obtained.

A suitable acknowledgement of any borrowed material must always be made.

Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by Authors: contact Elsevier's Rights Department, Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail permissions@elsevier.com. Requests may also be completed on-line via the Elsevier homepage ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions).

Proofs

One set of page proofs in PDF format will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent by post). Elsevier now sends PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version 7 (or higher) available free from http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. Instructions on how to annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs. The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/acrrsystemreqs.html#70win. If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail, or by post. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of your article if no response is received.

Offprints

The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Additional paper offprints can be ordered by the authors. An order form with prices will be sent to the corresponding author.

Author Enquiries

Authors can keep a track on the progress of their accepted article, and set up e-mail alerts informing them of changes to their manuscript's status, by using the "Track a Paper" feature http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle. Other questions or queries will also be dealt with via the website http://authors.elsevier.com. Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, are provided when an article is accepted for publication.

International Dairy Journal carries no page charges.