An International Journal

INTRODUCTION • Contact Details for Submission BEFORE YOU BEGIN • Ethics in Publishing • Conflict of interest • Submission declaration • Copyright • Retained author rights • Role of the funding source • Funding body agreements and policies • Language and language services • Sources PREPARATION • Essential title page information • Artwork • Submission checklist • Additional Samples of References • Additional Samples of Case Citations AFTER ACCEPTANCE • Use of the Digital Object Identifier • Proofs • Offprints

Contact Details for Submission

1. Manuscripts and editorial communications should be addressed to: Journal of Criminal Justice, P. O. Box 131279, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48113-1279, USA, Telephone (734) 662-7928, Fax (734) 662-1030, E-mail: jcjeditor@earthlink.net

2. Submission of a manuscript to the Journal clearly implies commitment to publish in it. Articles previously published and those under consideration by another journal are unacceptable.

3. Submit an electronic copy of the manuscript (including the title page, abstract, and any tables or figures). The electronic copy can be transmitted as an e-mail attachment sent to jcjeditor@earthlink.net. Alternatively, the electronic copy can be sent on a CD, floppy disk or other electronic storage device by mail to the Journal of Criminal Justice, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Lobby D, P.O. Box 131279, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48113. Please identify the software used e.g., Microsoft Word 7.0) and the computer used (i.e., IBM Compatible PC). A Microsoft Word document is the best choice if that software is available to you. As different software programs can produce different printed versions of an electronic file, authors may be required to provide an original paper copy before a paper is accepted for publication. Authors will be advised if a paper copy is required.

4. If applicable, include written permission of author(s) and publisher(s) to use any previously published material (figures, tables, or quotations of more than one hundred words).

5. Authors will be required to transfer the copyright of their accepted article to the publisher. Papers cannot be published until the copyright transfer form is received. This transfer will ensure the widest possible dissemination of the information.



Ethics in Publishing

For information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see http://www.elsevier.com/publishingethics and http://www.elsevier.com/ethicalguidelines.

Conflict of interest

All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also http://www.elsevier.com/conflictsofinterest.

Submission declaration

Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.

Copyright

Upon acceptance of an article, authors will be asked to complete a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' (for more information on this and copyright see http://www.elsevier.com/copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding author confirming receipt of the manuscript together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.
Subscribers may reproduce tables of contents or prepare lists of articles including abstracts for internal circulation within their institutions. Permission of the Publisher is required for resale or distribution outside the institution and for all other derivative works, including compilations and translations (please consult http://www.elsevier.com/permissions). If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by authors in these cases: please consult http://www.elsevier.com/permissions.

Retained author rights

As an author you (or your employer or institution) retain certain rights; for details you are referred to: http://www.elsevier.com/authorsrights.

Role of the funding source

You are requested to identify who provided financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article and to briefly describe the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the paper for publication. If the funding source(s) had no such involvement then this should be stated. Please see http://www.elsevier.com/funding.

Funding body agreements and policies

Elsevier has established agreements and developed policies to allow authors whose articles appear in journals published by Elsevier, to comply with potential manuscript archiving requirements as specified as conditions of their grant awards. To learn more about existing agreements and policies please visit http://www.elsevier.com/fundingbodies.

Language and language services

Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Authors who require information about language editing and copyediting services pre- and post-submission please visit http://www.elsevier.com/languagepolishing or our customer support site at http://epsupport.elsevier.com for more information. Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility for any products, goods or services offered by outside vendors through our services or in any advertising. For more information please refer to our Terms & Conditions: http://www.elsevier.com/termsandconditions.

Sources

The Journal follows the Chicago Manual of Style, 14th edition (University of Chicago Press). Use this manual while preparing your manuscript. The following are also useful for reference: Webster's The New International or New Collegiate dictionaries for spelling and hyphenation (Merriam-Webster Inc., Springfield, MA), and The Merriam Webster Dictionary of English Usage for grammar (Merriam-Webster Inc., Springfield, MA).



Type the manuscript on 8.5 x 11-inch (21.5 x 28 cm) white bond paper with ample margins. Use double spacing throughout, including the abstract and reference section. Conciseness in writing is required. Do not repeat data (i.e., generally use either tabular or graphical presentation of a set of data, not both). The authors' names should not appear within the body of the manuscript or on the figures or tables, so that author anonymity may be maintained during the review process (the title page is removed when the manuscript is sent out for review). Organize the manuscript in the order indicated below and with the page number typed in the upper right-hand corner of each page.

1. Title Page Essential Information

a. Title of the article should be included on Page 1 (eighty spaces maximum). Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems and should be concise and informative. The title of your article must be clear and descriptive, using words that are relevant to the subject area, and would most likely be used in an online search. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
b. Author names. Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly.
c. Author affiliations. Present the authors' affiliation addresses below the names. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation (department [if any], institution, city, state or country where the actual work was done, and zip code), and, if available, the e-mail address of each author. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address indicating which authors are associated with which affiliations.
d. Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who is willing to handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication (corresponding author name and address, including city, state or country, and zip code). Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address.
e. Present/permanent address. Please notify the editor of any change of address that occurs while an article is in the process of publication. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address"' (or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.

2. Abstract: Page 2 should include the title of the article followed by the abstract, which should be no more than 150 words in length. The abstract should succinctly state the purpose of the study, basic procedures, most important findings, and principal conclusions, with an emphasis on the new aspects of the study. The abstract should also contain words and common phrases for the subject area that may be used in an online search by some search engines.

3. Text: In preparing the text, follow the Chicago Manual for style of specific elements in text (e.g., questions of spelling, punctuation, format, etc.). The wraparound end-of-line feature should be used (i.e., no returns at the end of each line). Right margin justification should be turned off (end of each line will be uneven). Please pay particular attention to the following style guidelines:

a. First Person: Do not use first person (i.e., we, our, my, I).
b. Percent: Replace the % symbol with the word "percent."
c. Conjunctions: Do not begin sentences with conjunctions (i.e., however, but, and, because).
d. Numbers: Whole numbers from one to one hundred are to be spelled out, unless used with the word "percent," contained within a direct quote, used to identify variables, or used in a list of more than three numbers or number ranges.
e. Dates: All dates are to be written out.
f. Abbreviations: Use abbreviations that appear as word entries in Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. Use abbreviations for standard Latin terms, statistics, and reference terms in parenthetical material (e.g., i.e.). Terms appearing frequently within a paper may be abbreviated, but should be spelled out at first mention, with the abbreviation following in parentheses.
g. Paper versus Article/Study: The text of the article is to refer to itself as an article or study, but never as a paper (i.e., "This article measures... rather than "This paper measures...").
h. Present/Past Tense: It is incorrect to use the present tense when referring to a past study. For example, it is correct to use "This study examined factors..." but it is incorrect to use "This study examines factors..." The study has already been completed; thus, the information and results are in the past tense. It is acceptable to use present tense when discussing the results and to present the conclusions (i.e., "The results support the hypothesis...") since these are present-day hypotheses that are being discussed in the present. Specific results, however, are written in the past tense. This rule applies when discussing "an article" as opposed to a "study." The study examined, but the article (which is present now) examines.
i. Quotations: Quotations should be checked for accuracy. Brackets should be used to indicate insertions into the original text. Omissions from the quoted text should be marked by three ellipsis points.
j. Ethnic/Racial Categories: Capitalize all ethnic/racial categories, unless contained within a direct quote (e.g., White, non-White, Black, African American, Latino, Asian, etc.).
k. References in the text: The following system of references is used: in the body of the text, a paper is referred to by the author's surname, with the year in parentheses, e.g., Smithson (1968). If there is more than one work by an author in a given year, label them alphabetically within each year, e.g., Hall (1967a). If an article is referenced more than one time, cite appropriate page numbers in the text, e.g., (Jones, 1969, p. 347). If there are references with two or more primary authors with the same surname, include the first author's initials in all text citations, even if the year of publication differs, e.g., (A. Lee, 2003; W. G. Lee, 1995).

4. Acknowledgements: Acknowledgement of grant support and/or individuals who were of direct help in the preparation of the paper, as well as information regarding previous symposium presentations of the paper should be compiled into a separate section entitled "Acknowledgements," and placed before the Notes.

5. Notes: Note reference numbers should be called out in the text using sequential superscript numbers. The notes themselves should be placed in a separate section entitled "Notes" following the text, and any acknowledgements and appendixes, and preceding the references. Notes should be kept to a minimum and used only for substantive observations. Source citations are made within the text, not the notes. Note numbers and contents in this section should be double-spaced and the first line of each note should be indented. Use the same type size (usually 12) for the note numbers and contents in this section.

6. References: This journal follows the reference style of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition, 2001, Washington, DC: APA). Following the APA Manual, identify all source references at the appropriate point in the text by the author/date system, and list the references at the end of the manuscript in alphabetical order, double-spaced. The first line of each reference should be flush with the left margin and all subsequent lines should have a hanging indent. All references that are cited in the text must appear in the reference list. Conversely, all references that appear in the reference list must be cited in the text. It is imperative that all information is accurate. Make certain that the text citation and reference list entry are identical in spelling and year (this includes the spelling of all authors' names). Entries in the reference list should contain the following:

a. Authors' names, with all surnames and initials (not full name) or full name of a group author
b. Publication date
c. Title of article, chapter, or book
d. Publication information (for journals-complete journal name, volume number, inclusive pages; for books-city of publication and complete publisher's name)

Examples follow (also see the additional samples of references section). For others, consult the APA Manual.

Book:
Gunderson, M., Mayo, D. J., & Rhame, F. S. (1989). AIDS: Testing and privacy. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

Journal:
Blumberg, M., & Langston, D. (1991). Mandatory HIV testing in criminal justice settings. Crime and Delinquency, 37, 5-18.
Flanagan, J. C. (1964). The critical incident technique. Psychiatry Bulletin, 51, 327-358.

Article in edited book
Felkenes, G. (1992). Affirmative action: Concept, development and legality. In G. Felkenes & P. Unsinger (Eds.), Diversity, affirmative action and law enforcement (pp. 129-146). Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.

Misc./other:
Bureau of Census, U.S. Department of Commerce. (1992). The U.S. 1990 census of population: General population characteristics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Clark, W. B., & Midanik, L. (1982). Alcohol use and alcohol problems among U.S. adults: Results of the 1979 national survey. In National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Ed.), Alcohol consumption and related problems (Alcohol and Health Monograph No. 1., DHHS Publication No. ADM 82-1190, pp. 4-13). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Gallup Poll. (2000). Americans rate their local police. Retrieved April 15, 2001, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/releases/pr000911.asp.

Ricks, T. E. (1989, July 21). Dangerous game: How 4 pals who mixed golf and stock tips landed in the rough. Wall Street Journal, A1, p. 6.

Steele, L. T. (1995). The standard of care: Police attitudes on hot pursuit policy. Unpublished master's thesis, University of Maryland, College Park.

7. Cases Cited: For references to legal cases in the text, cite the name of the case (italicized) and the year of the decision, for example, Cordero v. Coughlin (1984). The full case citation which includes the source volume, reporter, and page reference should be typed alphabetically by case name in a Cases Cited bibliography at the end of the article according to the following examples (also see the additional samples of cases citations section):

Cordero v. Coughlin, 607 F. Supp. 9 (S.D.N.Y. 1984).
Hillman v. Columbia County, 164 Wis. 2d 376, 474 N.W. 2d 913 (1991).
Judd v. Packard, No. S.87-1514, slip. op. (D.C. Md. Sept. 24, 1987).
Micallef v. Miehle Co., 39 N.Y. 2d 376, 348 N.E. 2d 571, 384 N.Y.S. 2d 115 (1976).
Wood v. Ostrander, 879 F. 2d 583 (9th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 938 (1990).

8. Tables: Type each table, double-spaced, on a separate sheet of paper and place at the end of the manuscript following the references. If the table must exceed one typewritten page, duplicate all headings on the second sheet. Very wide tables are difficult and expensive to typeset and should be avoided by dividing the data into smaller tables. Every table should have a title, and every column in the table, including the left-hand column, should have an abbreviated heading. Define all abbreviations, and indicate the units of measurement for all values. Use only horizontal rules to separate sections. Explain all empty spaces or dashes. Indicate footnotes to the table with superscript letters (a, b, c, etc.) cited in alphabetical order as you read the table horizontally. Use *, **, ***, etc., for statistics in the table body and footnotes. If data from any other published source are used, obtain permission for their use and cite the source in a footnote to the table. All tables must be cited in the text. Number tables in the order in which they are cited in the text. All data cited in the text should be checked carefully against the data in the tables to ensure that they correspond.

9. Figures/Electronic Artwork: Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork. Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version. Be sure that all spelling is correct, that there are no broken letters or uneven type, and that abbreviations used are consistent with those in the text. You are urged to visit our Web site at http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions for a complete detailed guide on electronic artwork.

a. Fonts: Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Helvetica, Times, Symbol. Letters, numbers, and symbols should be clear throughout and should be large enough to remain legible if reduced for publication.
b. Numbering: Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text. When necessary, the top should be clearly marked.
c. Legends: Legends should be typed double-spaced and numbered with Arabic numerals corresponding to the illustrations. All figures must be cited in the text. When symbols, arrows, numbers, or letters are used to identify parts of the illustration, each should be explained clearly in the legend. The legends should permit the figures to be understood without reference to the text. If the figure has been previously published, obtain permission for its use, and include a credit line.
d. Formats: Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalized, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below): EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics". TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi. TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi. TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required. DOC, XLS, or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please supply "as is."
e. Naming/Saving Artwork Files: Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files, and supply a separate listing of the files and the software used. Provide captions to illustrations separately. Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font. Submit each figure as a separate file.

Essential title page information

• Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible.
• Author names and affiliations. Where the family name may be ambiguous (e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the author's name and in front of the appropriate address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each author.
• Corresponding author. Clearly indicate who will handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to the e-mail address and the complete postal address.
• Present/permanent address. If an author has moved since the work described in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address" (or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote to that author's name. The address at which the author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes.

Artwork

Electronic artwork
General points
• Make sure you use uniform lettering and sizing of your original artwork.
• Save text in illustrations as "graphics" or enclose the font.
• Only use the following fonts in your illustrations: Arial, Courier, Times, Symbol.
• Number the illustrations according to their sequence in the text.
• Use a logical naming convention for your artwork files.
• Provide captions to illustrations separately.
• Produce images near to the desired size of the printed version.
• Submit each figure as a separate file.

A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website:
http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.
Formats
Regardless of the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats (note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS: Vector drawings. Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".
TIFF: color or grayscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (color or grayscale): a minimum of 500 dpi is required.
DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications please supply "as is".
Please do not:
• Supply embedded graphics in your wordprocessor (spreadsheet, presentation) document;
• Supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG); the resolution is too low;
• Supply files that are too low in resolution;
• Submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.

Submission checklist

It is hoped that this list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to the journal's Editor for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.
Ensure that the following items are present:
One Author designated as corresponding Author:
• E-mail address
• Full postal address
• Telephone and fax numbers
All necessary files have been uploaded
• Keywords
• All figure captions
• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)
Further considerations
• Manuscript has been "spellchecked" and "grammar-checked"
• References are in the correct format for this journal
• All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa
• Permission has been obtained for use of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web)
• Color figures are clearly marked as being intended for color reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in color on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white in print
• If only color on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes
For any further information please visit our customer support site at http://epsupport.elsevier.com.

Review Process:
Manuscripts are examined by the Editor and external reviewers. Decisions of the Editor are final. The authors will remain anonymous to the reviewers. All material accepted for publication is subject to copyediting.

Accepted Manuscripts:
Instructions will be supplied once a manuscript has been reviewed, revised, and accepted. In order to speed publication, and ensure accuracy, authors are requested to submit one electronic copy containing the final version of the paper (i.e., after acceptance) along with two final double-spaced paper copies of the manuscript to the editorial office. Authors should observe the following criteria: (a) The paper should follow the general instructions on style and format, and in particular, the reference style of this journal as specified above. (b) The hard copy and the electronic file should be double-spaced and the wraparound end-of-line feature should be used (i.e., no returns at the end of each line). All paragraphs should be indented. (c) Automatic numbering or footnoting features must not be used. (d) The author should maintain a backup file for reference and safety.

Additional Samples of References

Branham, L. (1988). Opening the bloodgates: The blood testing of prisoners for the AIDS virus. Connecticut Law Review, 20, 763-711.
Branham, L. S. (1990). Out of sight, out of danger?: Procedural due process and the segregation of HIV-positive inmates. Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 17, 293.
Cook, P. J. (1991). The technology of personal violence. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 14, pp. 1-7). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Douglass, R. L. (1982). Youth, alcohol, and traffic accidents. In United States Department of Health and Human Services (Alcohol and Health Monograph No. 4, Special Population Issues, DHHS Publications No. ADM 82-1193, pp. 523-541). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Flanagan, T. (1988, April). Public support and confidence in the police: A multidimensional view of attitudes toward local police. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, San Francisco, CA.
Hammett, T. M. (1988). AIDS in correctional facilities: Issues and options (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
Hammett, T. M., Harrold, L., Gross, M., & Epstein, J. (1994). 1992 update: HIV/AIDS in correctional facilities. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. HIV/AIDS surveillance report. (1994). Washington, DC: Centers for Disease Control.
Hoffmann, J. P., & Ireland, T. (1995). Cloward and Ohlin's theory reexamined: An elaborated theoretical model. In F. Adler & W. Laufer (Eds.), The legacy of anomie: Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 6). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
In prison with AIDS: The constitutionality of mass screening and segregation policies. (1988). University of Illinois Law Review, 151-190.
Keller, H. E. M. (1969a). Selected detection and service systems in operation in the United States. Berkeley: University of California, Operations Research Center.
Keller, H. E. M. (1969b). An analysis of freeway emergency service systems (Report 69-20). Berkeley: University of California, Operations Research Center.
Lynch, M., & Groves, W. B. (1995). In defense of comparative criminology: A critique of general theory and the rational man. In F. Adler & W. Laufer (Eds.), The legacy of anomie: Advances in criminological theory (Vol. 6). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
Manning, P. K. (1985). The police: Mandate, strategies, and appearances. In W. C. Terry III (Ed.), Policing society: An occupational view (pp. 133-154). Newark, NJ: Wiley.
Parker, L. C., Jr., & Goldfeder, E. (1979). Productivity ratings of graduate programs in criminal justice based on publications in ten critical journals. Journal of Criminal Justice, 7, 125-133.
Pearson, R., Moran, T. K., Berger, J. C., Landon, K. C., McKenzie, J. R., & Bonita, T. J., III. (1980). Criminal justice education: The end of the beginning. New York: Doubleday.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. (1976). A study of problems and methods of police recruitment from disadvantaged minorities. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Additional Samples of Case Citations

Bowers v. Hardwick, 106 S.Ct. 2941 (1986).
Cain v. Hyatt, 734 F. Supp. 671 (E.D. Pa. 1990).
Davis v. Monsanto Co., 627 F. Supp. 418 (S.D. W.Va. 1986).
Doe v. Garrett, 903 F.2d 1455 (11th Cir. 1990).
Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97 (1976).
Glanz v. Vernick, 756 F. Supp. 632 (D. Mass. 1991).
Kohl v. Woodhaven Learning Center, 672 F. Supp. 1226 (W.D. Mo. 1987).
Leckelt v. Board of Commissioners of Hospital District No. 1, 909 F.2d 820 (5th Cir. 1990).
Muhammad v. United States Bureau of Prisons, 789 F. Supp. 449 (D.D.C. 1992).
Texas v. Morales, 826 S.W.2d 201 (Tex. Ct. App. 1992).
United States v. Freeman, 357 F.2d 606 (2^nd Cir. 1966).
United States v. O'Hagan, 521 U.S. 642 (1997).
Young v. Weston, 898 F. Supp. 744 (W.D. Wash. 1995).



Use of the Digital Object Identifier

The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) may be used to cite and link to electronic documents. The DOI consists of a unique alpha-numeric character string which is assigned to a document by the publisher upon the initial electronic publication. The assigned DOI never changes. Therefore, it is an ideal medium for citing a document, particularly 'Articles in press' because they have not yet received their full bibliographic information. The correct format for citing a DOI is shown as follows (example taken from a document in the journal Physics Letters B):
doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071
When you use the DOI to create URL hyperlinks to documents on the web, they are guaranteed never to change.

Proofs

One set of page proofs (as PDF files) will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding author (if we do not have an e-mail address then paper proofs will be sent by post) or, a link will be provided in the e-mail so that authors can download the files themselves. Elsevier now provides authors with PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version 7 (or higher) available free from http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. Instructions on how to annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs (also given online). The exact system requirements are given at the Adobe site: http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/acrrsystemreqs.html#70win.
If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return them to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail, or by post. Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of your article if no response is received.

Offprints

The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Additional paper offprints can be ordered by the authors. An order form with prices will be sent to the corresponding author.

AUTHOR INQUIRIES

For inquiries relating to the submission of articles (including electronic submission where available) please visit www.elsevier.com/locate/jcrimjus for the journal's homepage. The production process is tracked internally by the journal's editorial office. Inquiries should be sent to jcjeditor@earthlink.net to obtain current status information. Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, will be provided by the publisher.