Please follow these instructions carefully to ensure that the review and publication of your paper is as swift and efficient as possible. These notes may be copied freely.

Submission of manuscripts
Online submission of papers
The preferred mechanism of submission of manuscripts is electronic, by using the electronic submission tool at http://ees.elsevier.com/jvac. After registration, authors will be asked to upload their aricle and associated artwork. The submission tool will generate a PDF file to be used for the reviewing process. The submission tool generates an automatic reply which incorportates the manuscript number for future correspondence.
Full instructions on how to use the online submission tool are available at the above web address.
For those authors who cannot submit via EES, please refer to the appropriate Regional Editor to send a hardcopy to in accordance with the instructions below. It would be advised to email the Editor first as he/she may be able to assist with the (technical) submission problem.
Authors must include a cover letter that contains the title, authors, a brief outline of the work's originality, desired section of publication, corresponding author's name, address, telephone and fax numbers (including country and city codes), and e-mail address.

Vaccine also publishes Review articles (which are usually invited by Reviews Editor), Letters and Reports, Book Reviews and Conference Reports. With the exception of Review articles, all other submissions should be sent to the Editor or one of the Regional Editors. Contributions are normally received on the understanding that they compromise original, unpublished material and are not being submitted for publication elsewhere. Translated material, which has not been published in English, will also be considered. All submissions should be accompanied by a written declaration, signed by all authors, that the paper has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere. Authors are solely responsible for the factual accuracy of their papers. The receipt of manuscript will be acknowledged.

Any queries regarding accepted papers, proofs or offprints should be addressed to the Production Office, Vaccine, Elsevier Ltd, Bampfylde Street, Exeter EX1 2AH, UK. Telephone: +44 (1392) 251558. Fax: +44 (1392) 425370.

Review process
All contributions are read by two or more referees to ensure both accuracy and relevance, and revisions to the script may thus be required. On acceptance, contributions are subject to editorial amendment to suit house style. When a manuscript is returned for revision prior to final acceptance, the revised version must be submitted as soon as possible after the author's receipt of the referee's reports. Revised manuscripts returned after four months will be considered as new submissions subject to full re-review.

Suggestions for potential reviewers
Authors are invited to provide the names, addresses, phone numbers and e-mail addresses of up to six potential reviewers. It would not be appropriate to nominate individuals that have had any input into the manuscripts submitted or any recent collaboration with the authors. The Editors may or may not take these suggestions into account during the reviewing process.

Copyright
The submission of a paper will imply that, if accepted for publication, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in any language, without the consent of the Publisher. Before publication, authors are requested to assign copyright to Elsevier Ltd to sanction reprints and photocopies, and to authorize the reprinting of complete issues or volumes according to demand. It is the author's responsibility to obtain written permission to quote material that has appeared in another publication.

Preparation of scripts
You should write in clear and concise English. Spelling should follow the Oxford English Dictionary. Authors whose native tongue is not English are assured that in-house editorial attention to their contributions will improve clarity and acceptability to readers. Please double space all text and number every sheet of paper. Authors are responsible for ensuring that all manuscripts (whether original or revised) are accurately typed before final submission. Manuscripts will be returned to the authors with a set of instructions if they are not presented according to these Notes for Authors.

Arrangements of papers
You should arrange your contribution in the following order:
1. Paper title, author's name, affiliation, full postal address, telephone and fax numbers and e-mail address. Affiliation and addresses of co-authors should be clearly indicated. The title should be short, specific and informative.
2. A self-contained abstract of approximately 100 words (on a separate sheet of paper), outlining in a single paragraph the aims, scope and conclusions of the paper; three keywords, for indexing purposes; abbreviated article title, for use as a running headline.
3. The text, suitably divided under headings.
4. Acknowledgements (if any).
5. References (double spaced, and following the journal style).
6. Appendix (if any).
7. Tables (each on a separate sheet).
8. Captions to illustrations (grouped on a separate sheet or sheets).
9. Illustrations, each on a separate sheet containing no text and clearly labelled with the journal title, author's name and illustration number.

Style of text
Subdivide your paper in the simplest way possible, consistent with clarity. The text should usually follow the standard sequence of Introduction, Materials and Method, Results and Discussion. Headings and subheadings for different sections of the paper should be clearly indicated and numbered 1., 2., 2.1, etc. Ensure that all figures and tables are mentioned in the text, and that all references are cited in number order. Note that trade names should have an initial capital letter.

Units and abbreviations
All measurements and data should be given in SI units, or if SI units do not exist, in an internationally accepted unit. If you use any symbol or unit that may not be generally recognized, please include an explanatory footnote the first time it is used, to help the referees, editors and readers. It is also helpful to identify Greek symbols by name in the margin the first time they appear. Abbreviations and acronyms should only be used for unwieldy terms and names which occur frequently in the manuscript. Abbreviations should be used consistently throughout the text, and must be clearly defined in full on first use.

Mathematical and technical setting
Detailed mathematical discussion should be placed in an appendix. Equations and formulae should be typewritten wherever possible. Equations should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in parentheses on the right hand side of the page. Special symbols should be identified in the margin, and the meaning of all symbols should be explained in the text where they first occur. If you use several symbols, a list of definitions (not necessarily for publication) will help the editor. Type or mark mathematical equations exactly as they should appear in print. Journal style for letter symbols is as follows: variables, italic type (indicated by underlining); constants; roman type; matrices and vectors, bold type (indicated by wavy underlining).


Preparation of supplementary data. Elsevier now accepts electronic supplementary material (e-components) to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the Author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside th electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions


Tables
Tables should be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals, and given a suitable caption. All table columns should have an explanatory heading, and, where appropriate, units of measurements. Footnotes to tables should be typed below the table, and should be referred to by superscript letters. Avoid the use of vertical rules. Tables should not duplicate results presented elsewhere in the manuscript, e.g. in graphs.

Illustrations
All graphs, photographs, diagrams and other drawings (including chemical structures) should be referred to as Figures, and numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals. All illustrations must be clearly labelled with the journal title, author's name and figure number.
Illustrations should be provided in camera ready form, suitable for reproduction without retouching, and should be either 85 mm (one column width) or 176 mm wide (two column width). Wherever possible figures should fit one column and so may be photographically reduced, so please ensure that lines and labeling are sufficiently large to allow for any reduction in size. Please ensure that all artwork complies with these requirements. Please ensure that all illustrations within a paper are consistent in style and quality.
A table is usually more effective than a graph or a paragraph of text for recording data.

Graphs and line drawings
The minimum amount of descriptive text should be used on graphs and drawings; label curves, etc., with single-letter symbols (i.e. a, b, c, etc.) and place descriptive matter in the figure caption. Scale grids should not be used in graphs unless required for actual measurements. Please use a selection of the following symbols on graphs: +, x, (open square), (closed square), (open circle), (closed circle), (closed triangle), (upside down closed triangle). Graph axes should be labelled with the variable written out in full, along the length of the axis, with the unit in parentheses (for example, Length of sample (mm)). Lower case letters should be used throughout, with an initial capital letter for the first word only.

If your illustrations are computer generated, please supply the blackest possible laser output.

Photographs
Supply four sets of black and white prints. If necessary, a scale should be marked on the photograph. Please note that photocopies of photographs are not acceptable. Colour reproduction is available if the author is willing to bear the additional reproduction and printing costs. Please contact the editorial office for details. A letter confirming the author's willingness to accept these costs should be sent with the revised manuscript. Authors should note that illustrations will not be returned unless specifically requested.

Colour illustrations with Colourful e-Product
Submit colour illustrations as original photographs, high-quality computer prints or transparencies, close to the size expected in publication, or as 35 mm slides. Please make sure the artwork is in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS, MS Office files) and is at the correct resolution. Polaroid colour prints are not suitable. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on the web (e.g., Science Direct and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions
[Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to "grey scale" (for printed version should you not opt for colour in print) please submit in addition usable black and white prints corresponding to all the colour illustrations.]

References
In the text, references should be numbered consecutively within square brackets (e.g. [1]). If you cite a reference more than once in the text, use the same number each time. References in the reference list should accord with the system in Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals (N Engl J Med 1991;34:424-428). Please ensure that references are complete.

Examples (journal [1], book [2] and book chapter [3]):
[1] Marsano LS, West DJ, Chan I, Hesley TM, Cox J, Hackworth V, Greenberg RN. A two-dose hepatitis B vaccine regimen: proof of priming and memory responses in young adults. Vaccine 1998;16(6):624-29.
[2] Sherlock S. Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1981.
[3] Katz JM, Lu X, Galphin JC, Clements, JD. Heat-labile enterotoxin from Escherichia coli as an adjuvant for oral influenza vaccination. In: Brown LE, Hampson AW Webster RG, editors. Options for the Control of Influenza III. New York, Elsevier, 1996: 292-97.

Please note that all authors should be listed when six or less; when seven or more list only the first six and add et al. Do not include references to personal communications, unpublished data or manuscripts in preparation or submitted for publication.

Proofs
Correspondence and proofs for correction will be sent to the first named author unless otherwise indicated.
Proofs should be checked carefully. Changes or additions to the edited manuscript cannot be allowed at this stage. Corrected proofs should be returned to the Publisher by airmail, and preferably also by fax, within two days of receipt.

Offprints and reprints
The corresponding author at no extra cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail or, alternatively, 25 free paper offprints. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a coversheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use. Extra copies of offprints, minimum 50, can be ordered on the form sent out to you.

Author enquiries
For enquiries relating to the submission of articles (including electronic submission where available) please visit this journal's homepage at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/vaccine. You can track accepted articles at http://www.elsevier.com/trackarticle and set up e-mail alerts to inform you of when an article's status has changed, as well as copyright information, frequently asked questions and more.

Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, are provided after registration of an article for publication.

Page Charges
There are no page charges.