An International Journal Sponsored by the American Carbon Society

MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION
General : Manuscripts must be word processed, double−spaced with wide margins and a font size of 12 pt. The corresponding author should be identified by an asterisk (*) and contact details (fax number and e−mail address) given as a footnote to the first page. Full postal addresses and affiliations must be given for all co−authors. The Editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.

Abstracts : Abstracts are required for Letters to the Editor and for Research Papers. For Research Papers the abstract should be no longer than 200 words, and for Letters to the Editor no longer than 100 words. For Letters to the Editor make sure the abstract is clearly separated from the text.

Text : Follow this order when preparing manuscripts: Title, Authors, Affiliations, Abstract, (Please note that Keywords are no longer required), Main text, Acknowledgements, Appendix, References, a list of Captions for figures and Tables. All footnotes (except for table footnotes and that giving the corresponding author contact details) should be identified with superscript Arabic numbers. The paper should only contain a detailed technical description of methods used when such methods are new. Figures and tables should be embedded at an appropriate place in the text.

Sections : Sections should be given Arabic numbers with subsections numbered using the decimal system. For example:
3. Experimental
3.1 Sample preparation
3.1.1 Sample modification
Roman numerals are not used. The Editors reserve the right to combine sections when subdivisions have been used to excess.

Units : The SI system should be used for all scientific and laboratory data.

References

All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references following the text of the manuscript. All references must be archival. Web pages, private communications, unpublished results, etc. should be given as footnotes. Cite references in the text by a number in square brackets on the line (e.g. Because Palmer et al. [1]), suggested the use of ...). The full reference should be given in a numerical list at the end of the paper. References should be given in the Vancouver style. Use the following examples for guidance:

Journal Article
[1] Dresselhaus MS, Dresselhaus G. Saito R. Physics of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 1995; 33(7):883−91.
[2] Kaneko K, Katoris T, Shimizu N, Maeda T. Changes in the molecular adsorption properties of pitch−based activated carbon fibers by air oxidation. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 1993; 88(9):1305−9.
[3] Fonseca A, Hernadi K, Pioedigrosso P, Colomer JF, Mukhopadhyay K, Doome R, et al. Synthesis of single− and multi−wall carbon nanotubes over supported catalysts. Appl Phys A 1998;67(1):11−22.
[4] Van der Geer J, Hanraads JAJ, Lupton RA. The art of writing a scientific article. J Sci Commun 2000;163:51−9.

Entire special issue of journal
[18] McEnaney B, Mays TJ, Rodriguez−Reinoso F, editors. Fundamental aspects of active carbons. Special issue. Carbon 1998;36(10).

Book
[7] Pierson HO. Handbook of carbon, diamond and fullerenes. Park Ridge NJ: Noyes. 1993: 87−94.
[8] Strunk Jr W, White EB. The elements of style. 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan; 1979.

Chapter in edited book
[12] Radovic LR, Rodriguez−Reinoso F. Carbon materials in catalysis. In: Thrower PA, editor. Chemistry and physics of carbon, vol 25, New York; Dekker; 1975 p. 243−358.
[13] Mettam GR, Adams LB. How to prepare an electronic version of your article. In: Jones BS, Smith RZ, editors. Introduction to the electronic age, New York: E−Publishing Inc; 1999, p. 281−304.

Papers in published proceedings
[13] Brown DK, Garner CE, Mueller J. Unidirectional carbon/carbon for ion engine optics. Extended abstracts, 22nd biennial conf. on carbon. UC San Diego (California. USA): American Carbon Society, 1995; p. 152−3.

Report
[16] Henson RW. A simple theory of the thermal expansion of graphite. Harwell UK, AERE R6652, 1970.

Thesis
[14] Jones LE. The effect of boron on carbon fiber microstructure and reactivity. University Park PA USA, Penn State Univ, PhD thesis, 1987.

Patent
[8] Brunmore RT. Process for producing carbon fibers of high strength. US patent 358697, 1995.

IMPORTANT NOTES
List all authors in each reference. For references with more than six authors give the first six names followed by et al. (e.g. [3] above).
Give each reference a different number, do not use 14a. b. c etc.
The page span (first − last pages) is required for each article.
Article titles must be supplied for all references.

Illustrations

General : Charts, diagrams, schemes and photographs are all to be referred to as "Figures", and should be numbered consecutively in the order in which they are referred to. Low resolution figures should be embedded at the appropriate point in the text, with captions placed immediately above, or immediately below the figure. You will be asked to submit individual, original high−resolution figures which will be used in the production process.

Preferred Image Formats : For the production of your paper we require high?resolution graphic files in one of the preferred formats, TIFF or EPS. For detailed information about electronic artwork visit http://authors.elsevier.com/artwork. We will always aim to use the electronic artwork provided; however, electronic artwork files are not always usable due to stringent format, resolution, and font size requirements. We therefore ask you to be prepared to send high quality originals of your figures with captions on a separate sheet, after your paper has been accepted, to: Login Department, Elsevier, Stover Court, Bampfylde Street, Exeter, Devon, EX1 2AH, UK. Please ensure that all figures are labelled with the relevant figure number and with the unique code of your manuscript (allocated at submission stage).

Line Drawings : All lettering, graph lines and points on graphs should be sufficiently large and bold to permit reproduction when the diagram has been reduced to a size suitable for inclusion in the journal. Do not use any type of shading on computer?generated illustrations.

Photographs : Photographs should only be included where they are essential and must be supplied as they are to be reproduced (e.g. black and white or colour). Micrographs must have a clear scale mark in one corner.

Color Artwork: Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable color figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in color on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in color in the printed version. For color reproduction in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your preference for color in print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions. Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting color figures to "gray scale" (for the printed version should you not opt for color in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the color illustrations.

Tables : Tables should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals in the order in which they are referred to. Tables should be included at the appropriate point in the text. Footnotes to tables should be typed below the table and should be referred to by superscript lower case letters. No vertical rules should be used. Tables should not duplicate results presented elsewhere in the manuscript, (e.g. in graphs).

Supplementary Data : Elsevier now accepts electronic supplementary material to support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications, movies, animation sequences, high−resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier web products, including ScienceDirect http://www.sciencedirect.com. In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit http://authors.elsevier.com/artwork and follow the link to "Multimedia Files".

Letters to the Editor
Letters to the Editor should not be more than five double−spaced manuscript pages (including references) in length, and should include no more than five tables and figures combined. Letters should include an abstract of no more than 100 words and should not be divided into sections. The figures should be provided in a form suitable for reproduction in a single column of the journal. Letters to the Editor may be used to (a) report research results of special significance and importance, (b) comment on papers previously published in the journal and (c) document results on carbons produced from new precursors using established techniques but which show no unusual features.

Proofs
Electronic proofs (PDF format) of all manuscripts will be sent as an e−mail attachment to the submitting author. Corrections should be returned within 48 hours on a printed copy (by fax), or by e?mailing a list of corrections. Corrections should be restricted to typesetting errors; any others may be charged to the author. Please note that authors are urged to check their proofs carefully before return, since the inclusion of late corrections cannot be guaranteed.

Offprints
The corresponding author, at no cost, will be provided with a PDF file of the article via e−mail. The PDF file is a watermarked version of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions of use.

Copyright
All authors must sign the "Transfer of Copyright" agreement before the article can be published. This transfer agreement enables Elsevier Ltd to protect the copyrighted material for the authors, but does not relinquish the author's proprietary rights. The copyright transfer covers the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute the article, including reprints, photographic reproductions, microfilm or any other reproductions of similar nature and translations. This includes the right to adapt the article for use in conjunction with computer systems and programs, including reproduction or publication in machine−readable form and incorporation in retrieval systems. Authors are responsible for obtaining from the copyright holder permission to reproduce any figures for which copyright exists.

Ethics Statement
Submission of an article implies that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is approved by all authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted, it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the copyright-holder.

For information on Ethics in Publishing and Ethical guidelines for journal publication see http://www.elsevier.com/authorethics and http://www.elsevier.com/ethicalguidelines.

Conflict of Interest
All authors are requested to disclose any actual or potential conflict of interest including any financial, personal or other relationships with other people or organizations within three years of beginning the submitted work that could inappropriately influence, or be perceived to influence, their work. See also http://www.elsevier.com/conflictsofinterest. Furthermore, each author is required to declare his or her individual contribution to the article: all authors must have materially participated in the research and/or article preparation, so roles for all authors should be described. The statement that all authors have approved the final article should be true and included in the disclosure.

Author Enquiries

Authors can keep track of the progress of their accepted article, and set up e−mail alerts informing them of changes to their manuscript status, by using the "Track a Paper" feature of the Author Gateway, http://authors.elsevier.com/trackpaper.html.

The Author Gateway, http://authors.elsevier.com also contains detailed submission instructions, artwork guidelines and other author−related information. For specific enquires on the preparation of electronic artwork, consult http://authors.elsevier.com/artwork.

Contact details for questions arising after acceptance of an article, especially those relating to proofs, are provided when an article is accepted for publication.