It is hoped that this list will be useful during the final checking of an article prior to sending it to
the journal's Editor for review. Please consult this Guide for Authors for further details of any item.
Ensure that the following
items are present: • One Author designated as corresponding Author: • E-mail address • Full postal address
• Telephone and fax numbers • All necessary files have been uploaded • Keywords • All figure captions
• All tables (including title, description, footnotes)
Further considerations
• Manuscript has been
"spellchecked", text in double line spacing with line numbers • References are in the correct format for this journal •
All references mentioned in the Reference list are cited in the text, and vice versa • Permission has been obtained for use
of copyrighted material from other sources (including the Web) • Colour figures are clearly marked as being intended for colour
reproduction on the Web (free of charge) and in print or to be reproduced in colour on the Web (free of charge) and in black-and-white
in print • If only colour on the Web is required, black and white versions of the figures are also supplied for printing purposes
The manuscript should follow conventional protocols for scientific publishing
including appropriately placing the work in the context of prior and existing research and clearly describing materials, methods and
results of the research. The scientific results should be critically analyzed and discussed in a factual and objective context.
Submission
of an article implies that the work described is original, has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract or as
part of a published lecture or academic thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, that its publication is
approved by all Authors and tacitly or explicitly by the responsible authorities where the work was carried out, and that, if accepted,
it will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or in any other language, without the written consent of the Publisher.
If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the Author(s) must obtain written permission from the copyright owners and
credit the source(s) in the article. Elsevier has preprinted forms for use by Authors in these cases: contact Elsevier's Rights Department,
Oxford, UK: phone (+44) 1865 843830, fax (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail permissions@elsevier.com. Requests may also be completed
online via the Elsevier homepage ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/permissions).
Authors' rights
As an
author you (or your employer or institution) may do the following:
- make copies (print or electronic) of the article for your own
personal use, including for your own classroom teaching use
- make copies and distribute such copies (including through e-mail) of
the article to research colleagues, for the personal use by such colleagues (but not commercially or systematically, e.g., via an e-mail
list or list server)
- post a pre-print version of the article on Internet websites including electronic pre-print servers, and to
retain indefinitely such version on such servers or sites
- post a revised personal version of the final text of the article (to
reflect changes made in the peer review and editing process) on your personal or institutional website or server, with a link to the
journal homepage (on elsevier.com)
- present the article at a meeting or conference and to distribute copies of the article to the
delegates attending such a meeting
- for your employer, if the article is a 'work for hire', made within the scope of your employment,
your employer may use all or part of the information in the article for other intra-company use (e.g., training)
- retain patent
and trademark rights and rights to any processes or procedure described in the article
- include the article in full or in part in
a thesis or dissertation (provided that this is not to be published commercially)
- use the article or any part thereof in a printed
compilation of your works, such as collected writings or lecture notes (subsequent to publication of your article in the journal)
- prepare other derivative works, to extend the article into book-length form, or to otherwise re-use portions or excerpts in other works,
with full acknowledgement of its original publication in the journal
Prospective Reviewers
Please submit, with the manuscript,
the names and addresses of 4 potential Referees. You may also mention persons who you would prefer not to review your paper.
Online submission to the journal prior to acceptance
Authors should submit their article via the Elsevier Editorial System
(EES), at http://ees.elsevier.com/pss. Use the following guidelines to prepare your article. Via the homepage of this journal
(http://www.elsevier.com/journals) you will be guided stepwise through the creation and uploading of the various files.
The system automatically converts source files to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer-review
process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source
files are needed for further processing after acceptance. All correspondence, including notification of the Editor's decision and requests
for revision, takes place by e-mail and via the Author's homepage, removing the need for a hard-copy paper trail.
The above represents
a very brief outline of this form of submission. It can be advantageous to print this "Guide for Authors" section from the site for reference
in the subsequent stages of article preparation.
Preparation of text
Presentation of manuscript
General
Please write your text in good English (American or British usage is accepted, but not a mixture of these). Italics are
not to be used for expressions of Latin origin, for example, in vivo, et al., per se. Use decimal points (not commas); use a space for
thousands (10 000 and above). Language Polishing. Authors who require information about language editing and copy editing
services pre- and post-submission please visit http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorshome.authors/languagepolishing or
contact authorsupport@elsevier.com for more information. Please note Elsevier neither endorses nor takes responsibility
for any products, goods or services offered by outside vendors through our services or in any advertising. For more information please
refer to our Terms & Conditions http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/termsconditions.cws_home/termsconditions
Provide
the following data on the title page (in the order given).
Title. Concise and informative. Titles are often used in information-retrieval
systems. Avoid abbreviations and formulae where possible. Author names and affiliations. Where the family name may be ambiguous
(e.g., a double name), please indicate this clearly. Present the Authors' affiliation addresses (where the actual work was done) below
the names. Indicate all affiliations with a lower-case superscript letter immediately after the Author's name and in front of the appropriate
address. Provide the full postal address of each affiliation, including the country name, and, if available, the e-mail address of each
Author. Corresponding Author. Clearly indicate who is willing to handle correspondence at all stages of refereeing and
publication, also post-publication. Ensure that telephone and fax numbers (with country and area code) are provided in addition to
the e-mail address and the complete postal address. Present/permanent address. If an Author has moved since the work described
in the article was done, or was visiting at the time, a "Present address" (or "Permanent address") may be indicated as a footnote to
that Author's name. The address at which the Author actually did the work must be retained as the main, affiliation address. Superscript
Arabic numerals are used for such footnotes. Abstract. A concise and factual abstract is required (maximum length 500 words).
The abstract should state briefly the purpose of the research, the principal results and major conclusions. A structured abstract is
required. For this, a recent copy of the journal should be consulted. An abstract is often presented separate from the article, so it
must be able to stand alone. References should therefore be avoided, but if essential, they must be cited in full, without reference
to the reference list. Non-standard or uncommon abbreviations should be avoided, but if essential they must be defined at their first
mention in the abstract itself. Keywords. Immediately after the abstract, provide a maximum of 4-6 keywords, avoiding general
and plural terms and multiple concepts (avoid, for example, "and", "of"). Be sparing with abbreviations: only abbreviations firmly established
in the field may be eligible. These keywords will be used for indexing purposes. Abbreviations. Define abbreviations that
are not standard in this field at their first occurrence in the article: in the abstract but also in the main text after it. Ensure consistency
of abbreviations throughout the article. N.B. Acknowledgements. Collate acknowledgements, including information on grants
received, in a separate section at the end of the article and do not, therefore, include them on the title page, as a footnote to the
title or otherwise.
Arrangement of the articleSubdivision of the article. Divide your article into clearly defined
and numbered sections. Subsections should be numbered 1.1 (then 1.1.1, 1.1.2, ?), 1.2, etc. (the abstract is not included in section
numbering). Use this numbering also for internal cross-referencing: do not just refer to "the text." Any subsection may be given a brief
heading. Each heading should appear on its own separate line.References. See separate section, below.Figure captions,
tables, figures, schemes. Present these, in this order, at the end of the article. They are described in more detail below. If you
are working with LaTeX and have such features embedded in the text, these can be left, but such embedding should not be done specifically
for publishing purposes. Further, high-resolution graphics files must be provided separately (see Preparation of illustrations). Text graphics. Present incidental graphics not suitable for mention as figures, plates or schemes at the end of the article
and number them "Graphic 1", etc. Their precise position in the text can then be indicated. See further under the section, Preparation
of illustrations. If you are working with LaTeX and have such features embedded in the text, these can be left, but such embedding should
not be done specifically for publishing purposes. Further, high-resolution graphics files must be provided separately (see Preparation
of illustrations). Submission of Ph.D. abstracts for the section New Graduates Forum. Abstracts of Ph.D. theses should be
submitted by the Ph.D. advisor responsible for the thesis work. The promotor should include his/her submission letter as a separate file,
but not make him/herself an author or co-author.
Do not include an abstract section, nor keywords. The PhD. abstract may start with
a few lines detailing the date and place of acceptance, and the name of the promotor. You may provide a website where the PhD. thesis
can be found.
The maximum length is one journal page, including figures and tables.
Specific remarks
Mathematical
formulae. Present simple formulae in the line of normal text where possible. In principle, variables are to be presented in
italics. Use the solidus (/) instead of a horizontal line, e.g., X/Y rather than X Y Powers of e are often more conveniently
denoted by exp. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separate from the text (if referred to explicitly in
the text).
Footnotes. Footnotes should be used sparingly. Number them consecutively throughout the article, using superscript
Arabic numbers. Many word processors build footnotes into the text, and this feature may be used. Should this not be the case, indicate
the position of footnotes in the text and present the footnotes themselves on a separate sheet at the end of the article. Do not include
footnotes in the Reference list.
Tables. Number tables consecutively in accordance with their appearance in the text. Place
footnotes to tables below the table body and indicate them with superscript lowercase letters. Avoid vertical rules. Be sparing in the
use of tables and ensure that the data presented in tables do not duplicate results described elsewhere in the article.
Nomenclature
and units. Follow internationally accepted rules and conventions: use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities
are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI.
Preparation of supplementary data. Elsevier accepts supplementary material to
support and enhance your scientific research. Supplementary files offer the Author additional possibilities to publish supporting applications,
movies, animation sequences, high-resolution images, background datasets, sound clips and more. Supplementary files supplied will be
published online alongside the electronic version of your article in Elsevier Web products, including ScienceDirect: http://www.sciencedirect.com.
In order to ensure that your submitted material is directly usable, please ensure that data is provided in one of our recommended file
formats. Authors should submit the material in electronic format together with the article and supply a concise and descriptive caption
for each file. For more detailed instructions please visit our artwork instruction pages at http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Electronic format requirements for accepted articles General points
We accept most wordprocessing formats,
but Word, WordPerfect or LaTeX is preferred. Always keep a backup copy of the electronic file for reference and safety. Save your files
using the default extension of the program used.
Wordprocessor documents
It is important that the file be saved
in the native format of the wordprocessor used. The text should be in single-column format. Keep the layout of the text as simple as
possible. Most formatting codes will be removed and replaced on processing the article. In particular, do not use the wordprocessor's
options to justify text or to hyphenate words. However, do use bold face, italics, subscripts, superscripts etc. Do not embed "graphically
designed" equations or tables, but prepare these using the wordprocessor's facility. When preparing tables, if you are using a table
grid, use only one grid for each individual table and not a grid for each row. If no grid is used, use tabs, not spaces, to align columns.
The electronic text should be prepared in a way very similar to that of conventional manuscripts (see also the Guide to Publishing with
Elsevier: ( http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorshome.authors/howtosubmitpaper). Do not import the figures into the
text file but, instead, indicate their approximate locations directly in the electronic text and on the manuscript. See also the section
on Preparation of electronic illustrations. To avoid unnecessary errors you are strongly advised to use the "spellchecker" function of
your wordprocessor.
LaTeX documents
If the LaTeX file is suitable, proofs will be produced without rekeying the text.
The article should preferably be written using Elsevier's document class "elsart", or alternatively the standard document class "article".
The Elsevier LaTeX package (including detailed instructions for LaTeX preparation) can be obtained from the Quickguide: http://www.elsevier.com/latex.
It consists of the files: elsart.cls, guidelines for users of elsart, a template file for quick start, and the instruction booklet "Preparing
articles with LaTeX".
References
All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references following the
text of the manuscript. In the text refer to the author's name (without initials) and year of publication (e.g. "Since Peterson (1993)
has shown that..." or "This is in the agreement with results obtained later (Kramer, 1994)"). For three or more authors use the first
author followed by "et al.", in the text. The list of references should be arranged alphabetically by authors' names. The manuscript
should be carefully checked to ensure that the spelling of authors' names and dates are exactly the same in the text as in the reference
list.
References should be given in the following form:
Kisabeth, J.L., 1979. On calculating magnetic and vector potential field
due to large-scale magnetospheric current systems and induced currents in an infinitely conducting earth. In: Olson, W. P. (Ed.), Quantitative
Modelling Magnetospheric Processes. American Geophysical Union.
Marov, M.Ya., Ioltukhovski, A.A., Kolesnichenko, A.V., Krasitsky,
O.P., Shari, V.P., 1994. On earth ozonosphere space monitoring by stars occultation. Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics. Reprint
No. 33, Moscow (in Russian).
Vijayakumar, G., Parameswaran, R., Rajan, R., 1998. Aerosols in the atmospheric boundary layer and its
association with surface wind speed at a coastal site. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 60 (16), 1531-1542.
Preparation
of illustrations Preparation of electronic illustrations
General points
Manuscripts must
be in double-spaced form with wide margins and numbered lines! A font size of 12 or 10 pt is required. The corresponding author should
be identified (include a Fax number and E-mail address). Full postal addresses must be given for all co-authors. Authors should consult
a recent issue of the journal or the journal's website ( http://www.elsevier.com/locate/pss) for style if possible. The
Editors reserve the right to adjust style to certain standards of uniformity.
Paper Length: Papers should be written in the
most concise form. Occasionally long papers are accepted, particularly those of a review nature. Short reports, termed 'Rapid Communications',
are encouraged.
Abstracts: An abstract in English should be provided with all papers, including Rapid Communications.
Keywords: The authors are kindly requested to supply 4-6 keywords that can be used for indexing/abstracting purposes.
Text: Follow this order when composing manuscripts: Title, Authors, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords, Main text, Acknowledgements, Appendix,
References, Figure Captions and then Tables. Do not import the Figures or Tables into your text. The corresponding author should be identified
with an asterisk and footnote. All other footnotes (except for table footnotes) should be identified with superscript Arabic numbers.
A detailed guide on electronic artwork is available on our website: http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
You are urged to visit this site; some excerpts from the detailed information are given here.
Formats
Regardless of
the application used, when your electronic artwork is finalised, please "save as" or convert the images to one of the following formats
(note the resolution requirements for line drawings, halftones, and line/halftone combinations given below):
EPS: Vector drawings.
Embed the font or save the text as "graphics".
TIFF: Colour or greyscale photographs (halftones): always use a minimum of 300 dpi.
TIFF: Bitmapped line drawings: use a minimum of 1000 dpi.
TIFF: Combinations bitmapped line/half-tone (colour or greyscale):
a minimum of 500 dpi is required.
DOC, XLS or PPT: If your electronic artwork is created in any of these Microsoft Office applications
please supply "as is".
Please do not: • embed graphics in your word processor (spreadsheet, presentation) document
• supply files that are optimised for screen use (like GIF, BMP, PICT, WPG) the resolution is too low; • supply files that
are too low in resolution • submit graphics that are disproportionately large for the content.
Captions
Ensure that each illustration has a caption. Supply captions separately, not attached to the figure. A caption should comprise a brief
title (not on the figure itself) and a description of the illustration. Keep text in the illustrations themselves to a minimum
but explain all symbols and abbreviations used.
Line drawings
The lettering and symbols, as well as other details,
should have proportionate dimensions, so as not to become illegible or unclear after possible reduction; in general, the figures should
be designed for a reduction factor of two to three. The degree of reduction will be determined by the Publisher. Illustrations will not
be enlarged. Consider the page format of the journal when designing the illustrations. Do not use any type of shading on computer-generated
illustrations.
Photographs (halftones)
Remove non-essential areas of a photograph. Do not mount photographs unless
they form part of a composite figure (plate). Where necessary, insert a scale bar in the illustration (not below it), as opposed to giving
a magnification factor in the caption.
Colour illustrations
Please make sure that artwork files are in an acceptable
format (TIFF, EPS or MS Office files) and with the correct resolution. If, together with your accepted article, you submit usable colour
figures then Elsevier will ensure, at no additional charge, that these figures will appear in colour on the Web (e.g., ScienceDirect
and other sites) regardless of whether or not these illustrations are reproduced in colour in the printed version. For colour reproduction
in print, you will receive information regarding the costs from Elsevier after receipt of your accepted article. Please indicate your
preference for colour in print or on the Web only. For further information on the preparation of electronic artwork, please see http://www.elsevier.com/artworkinstructions.
Please note: Because of technical complications which can arise by converting colour figures to "grey scale" (for the printed version
should you not opt for colour in print) please submit in addition usable black and white versions of all the colour illustrations.
Revisions and accepted papers
Upon acceptance of an article, Authors will be asked to sign a 'Journal Publishing Agreement'
(for more information on this and copyright see http://www.elsevier.com/copyright). Acceptance of the agreement will ensure
the widest possible dissemination of information. An e-mail will be sent to the corresponding Author confirming receipt of the manuscript
together with a 'Journal Publishing Agreement' form or a link to the online version of this agreement.
Should Authors be requested
by the Editor to revise the text, the revised version should be submitted within 3 months. After this period, the article will be regarded
as a new submission.
Proofs
One set of page proofs in PDF format will be sent by e-mail to the corresponding Author.
Elsevier now sends PDF proofs which can be annotated; for this you will need to download Adobe Reader version 7 available free from
http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep2.html. Instructions on how to annotate PDF files will accompany the proofs.
If you do not wish to use the PDF annotations function, you may list the corrections (including replies to the Query Form) and return
to Elsevier in an e-mail. Please list your corrections quoting line number. If, for any reason, this is not possible, then mark the corrections
and any other comments (including replies to the Query Form) on a printout of your proof and return by fax, or scan the pages and e-mail,
or by post.
Please use this proof only for checking the typesetting, editing, completeness and correctness of the text, tables and
figures. Significant changes to the article as accepted for publication will only be considered at this stage with permission from the
Editor. We will do everything possible to get your article published quickly and accurately. Therefore, it is important to ensure that
all of your corrections are sent back to us in one communication: please check carefully before replying, as inclusion of any subsequent
corrections cannot be guaranteed. Proofreading is solely your responsibility. Note that Elsevier may proceed with the publication of
your article if no response is received.
Electronic offprints (e-offprints)
The corresponding author, at no cost, will
be provided with a PDF file of the article via e-mail or, alternatively, 25 free paper offprints. The PDF file is a watermarked version
of the published article and includes a cover sheet with the journal cover image and a disclaimer outlining the terms and conditions
of use.
