Design and Structure-Property Relationships To order this title, and for more information, click here
Edited By M. Elices, Departamento de Ciencia de Materiales, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Caminos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
Reviews , David F. Williams Wherever you look in science policy statements these days, you come across phrases such as 'multidisciplinarity', 'interdisciplinary',
technology transfer, and so on. Scientists are being encouraged to work at the interfaces between disciplines or to engage in research
and scholarship that encompasses more than their parent discipline. Quite specifically, there is a great deal of current attention being
paid to the interface between engineering and the life sciences, and within small but significant sub-sectors, between materials engineering
and structural biology and between materials chemistry and cell and molecular biology.
These are exciting areas and much is going
on. This book, on Structural Biological Materials, edited by Manuel Elices addresses some of the aspects of the interface between biology
and materials science by covering the characteristics of natures own materials and describing how they relate to parameters of materials
that are traditionally discussed in the context of synthetic engineering materials. As the Editor points out, nature has tended to optimise
the performance of its own materials, so there is much to learn. They have provided the blueprints for some of the concepts of smart
materials and provide inspiration to materials scientists that try to emulate their performance in the design of novel, so-called biomimetic
materials.
The book is divided into four sections, dealing with basic concepts, soft tissues, hard tissues and engineering with fibres.
Both chapters on concepts have been authored by Dr Jeronimidis, a well-respected scientists in the field of biomimetics. These underline
the composite nature of most natural materials and introduce the principles of structure - property relationships, using several examples
of natural materials for this purpose. The section on hard tissue is a chapter on bone by Ontanon et al. This covers the major structural
features of bone and details of its histology. The main section of the chapter not surprisingly covers the mechanical properties of bone,
especially the elastic constants and the fracture and fatigue properties. It is rightly concluded that, as much information as there
is in the literature on these properties, it has still not been possible to develop models of the behaviour that predict failure.
The
properties of soft tissue cover more space and more ground, with special reference to cartilage and tendon, and to so-called bioartificial
implants and biomimickry. Bader and Lee have produced an excellent account of the characteristics and mechanical property of cartilage
and used this as a basis to describe techniques of tissue engineering within joints. The area of tendon is also discussed by Bader, with
a different co-author Schechtman, using the same strategy for construction of the chapter. Brown has produced a very interesting chapter
on bioartificial implants, starting with the concepts of tissue repair, and then describing the design principles of bioartificial constructs,
including materials for matrices and relevant cells. With all of the current interest in novel tissue engineering approaches to reconstructive
surgery, some sound principles and factual sections can be found here. The biomimetic smart materials described by Otero include electroactive
polymers, specifically with respect to artificial muscles, and organo-aqueous batteries and 'electric organs.'
The remainder of the
book discusses engineering characteristics of fibres, with specific reference to a few fibrous biological systems. Renuart and Viney
introduce the topic with a discussion of biological fibrous materials, self assembled structures and the optimised properties that can
be achieved. It naturally concentrates on proteins and polypeptides and materials such as wool, hair, horn, beaks and claws. It is not
surprising to note the prediction in the summary of this chapter that whole nanomachines will result from the examples provided by the
self assembly protocols learned from nature when one considers the exquisite form and structure-property relationships in components
such as insects antennae, which are self-assembled fibrous structures that are extremely small but mechanically robust, have the ability
to undergo controlled and rapid changes in shape and orientation, are self repairing and can detect and process chemical and thermal
information.
Silk is one of the most interesting of the natural fibres and is discussed by Viney in a separate chapter. The material
has some attractive properties but as yet has attracted little engineering interest because of the unpredictable mechanical properties,
poor heat tolerance and degradability. However, new biotechnological techniques open up channels for the reproducible synthesis of silk
like structures that should have far better performance. The chapter has a fascinating section on the lessons to be learnt from silk
for the molecular and microstructural design of engineering polymers, primarily based on the hierarchical structure. Also in this last
group of chapters are two contributions from Termonia, one on computer models for the mechanical properties of fibres in general and
one on the modelling of stress-strain behaviour of spider dragline. In the latter case, the material is described as one of the strongest
of all known materials, with the added benefit of a very high strain at break and toughness. It is a strongly hydrogen bonded polymer
in which small crystalline sheets create inside an amorphous phase a thin layer of very high modulus.
This book makes very interesting
reading for biologists who are interested in structure - property relationships in the materials they work with and for materials scientists
who wish to learn the lessons of natural history, where evolution has resulted in some exciting, smart, high performance materials.
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