HANDBOOK OF FIRE & EXPLOSION PROTECTION ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES FOR OIL, GAS, CHEMICAL, & RELATED FACILITIES
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By Dennis P. Nolan
Description The security and economic stability of many nations and multinational oil companies are highly dependent on the safe and uninterrupted
operation of their oil, gas and chemical facilities. One of the most critical impacts that can occur to these operations are fires and
explosions from accidental or political incidents. This publication is intended as a general engineering handbook and reference guideline
for those personnel involved with fire and explosion protection aspects of critical hydrocarbon facilities. Design guidelines and specifications
of major, small and independent oil companies as well as information from engineering firms and published industry references have been
reviewed to assist in its preparation. Some of the latest published practices and research into fire and explosions have also been mentioned.
Audience
Safety engineers, plants managers and hygiene personnel in the chemical and petrochemical industries.
Contents 1. Introduction
Historical Background
Legal Influences
Hazards and Their Prevention
Systems Approach
Fire Protection Engineering
Role
Risk Management and Insurance
Senior Management Responsibility and Accountability
2. Overview of Oil and Gas Facilities
Exploration
Production
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
Secondary Recovery
Tertiary Recovery
Transportation
Refining
Typical Refinery Process
Flow
Marketing
3. Philosophy of Protection Principals
General Philosophy
Worst Case Conditions
Independent Layers of Protection
(ILP)
Design Principles
Accountability and Auditability
4. Physical Properties of Hydrocarbons
General
Characteristics of Hydrocarbons
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)/Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)
Flash Point (FP)
Autoignition Temperature (AIT)
Vapor Density
Vapor
Pressure
Specific Gravity
Flammable
Combustible
Heat of Combustion
Description of Some Common Hydrocarbons
5. Characteristics
of Hydrocarbon Releases, Fires and Explosions
Hydrocarbon Releases
Gaseous Releases
Mists or Spray Releases
Liquid Releases
Nature and Chemistry of Hydrocarbon Combustion
Hydrocarbon Fires
Nature of Hydrocarbon Explosions
Semi-Confined Explosion Overpressures
Vapor Cloud Explosion Overpressures
Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosions (BLEVE)
Smoke and Combustion Gases
Mathematical
Consequence Modeling
Methods of Flame Extinguishment
Selection of Fire Control and Suppression Methods
Terminology of Hydrocarbon
Explosions and Fires
6. Historical Survey of Fire and Explosions in the Hydrocarbon Industries
Relevancy of Incidents
Offshore Oil
Production and Exploration (USA)
Summary
7. Risk Analysis
Safety Flow Chart
Risk Identification and Evaluation
Risk Acceptance
Criteria
Relevant and Accurate Data Resources
8. Segregation, Separation and Arrangement
Segregation
Separation
Manned Facilities
and Locations
Storage FacilitiesuTanks
Process Units
Flares
Critical Utilities and Support Systems
Fire Zones
Arrangement
Facility Access and Egress
9. Grading, Containment, and Drainage Systems
Drainage Systems
Surface Drainage
Spill Containment
10. Process Controls
Human Observation
Instrumentation and Automation
Electronic Process Control
Process System Instrumentation
and Alarms
Transfer and Storage Controls
Burner Management Systems
11. Emergency Shutdown
Definition and Objective
Design Philosophy
Activation Mechanisms
Levels of Shutdown
Reliability and Fail Safe Logic
ESD/DCS Interfaces
Activation Points
Activation
Hardware Features
Isolation Valve Requirements
Emergency Isolation Valves (EIV)
Subsea Isolation Valves (SSIV)
Protection Requirements
System Interactions
12. Depressurization, Blowdown and Venting
Objective
Blowdown
Venting
Flares
13. Overpressure and Thermal
Relief
Pressure Relief Valves (PSV)
Thermal Relief
Solar Heat
Pressure Relief Device Locations
14. Control of Ignition Sources
Open Flames, Hot Work and Smoking
Electrical Arrangements
Electrical Area Classification
Classified Locations and Release Sources
Protection Measures
Relocation of Devices
Surface Temperatures
Static
Lightning
Internal Combustion Engines
Spark Arrestors
Hand Tools
15. Elimination of Process Releases
Inventory Reduction
Vents and Relief Valves
Sample Points
Drainage Systems
Storage Facilities
Pump Seals
Vibration Stress Failure of Piping
Rotating Equipment
16. Fire and Explosion Resistant Systems
Explosions
Definition of Explosion Potentials
Explosion Protective Design Arrangements
Vapor Dispersion Enhancements
Damage
Limiting Construction
Fireproofing
Fireproofing Specifications
Fireproofing Materials
Radiation Shields
Water Cooling Sprays
Vapor Dispersion Water Sprays
Locations Requiring Consideration of Fire Resistant Measures
Flame Resistance
Fire Dampers
Smoke
Dampers
Flame and Spark Arrestors
Piping Detonation Arrestors
17. Fire and Gas Detection and Alarm Systems
Fire and Smoke Detection
Methods
Human Surveillance
Manual Activation Callpoint (MAC)/Manual Pull Station (MPS)
Telephone Reporting
Portable Radios
Smoke Detectors
Thermal or Heat Detectors
Optical (Flame) Detectors
Gas Detection
Application
Typical Hydrocarbon Facility
Applications
Catalytic Detectors
Infra-Red (IR) Beam Gas Detection
Alarm Setting
Calibration
Hazardous Area Classification
Rating
Fire and Gas Detection Control Panels
Graphic Annunciation
Power Supplies
Emergency Backup Power
Time Delay
Voting
Logic
Cross Zoning
Executive Action
Circuit Supervision
18. Evacuation
Alarms and Notifications
Alarm Initiation
Evacuation
Routes
Emergency Doors, Exits, and Escape Hatches Marking and Identification
Emergency Illumination
Offshore Evacuation
North/South
Atlantic and North/South Pacific Environments
Temperate and Tropic Environments
Means of Egress
Flotation Assistance
19. Methods
of Fire Suppression
Portable Fire Extinguishers
Water Suppression Systems
Water Supplies
Fire Pumps
Fire Pump Standards and
Tests
Firewater Distribution Systems
Firewater Control and Isolation Valves
Sprinkler Systems
Water Deluge Systems
Water Spray
Systems
Water Flooding
Steam Smothering
Water Curtains
Blow Out Water Injection System
Hydrants, Monitors and Hose Reels
Nozzles
Foamwater Suppression Systems
Gaseous Systems
Chemical Systems
Dual Agent Systems
20. Special Locations, Facilities and
Equipment
Arctic Environments
Desert Environments
Offshore Facilities
Offshore Floating Exploration and Production Facilities
Pipelines
WellheadsuExploration (Onshore and Offshore)
Loading Facilities
Electrical Equipment and Communication Rooms
Battery
Rooms
Enclosed Turbines or Gas Compressor Packages
Heat Transfer Systems
Cooling Towers
Oil Filled Transformers
Hydrocarbon
Testing Laboratories
Warehouses
Cafeterias and Kitchens
21. Human Factor and Ergonomic Considerations
Human Attitude
Access and
Acceptability
Instructions, Markings and Labeling
Color and Identification
Numbering and Identification
Instrumentation Alarm
Overload
Noise Control
Panic
Security
Accommodation of Religious Functions
Appendix A: Testing Firewater Systems
Appendix
B: Reference Data
Acronym List
Glossary
Index
Bibliographic details
Hardbound, 310 pages, publication date: DEC-1996
ISBN-13: 978-0-8155-1394-0
ISBN-10: 0-8155-1394-1
Imprint: WILLIAM ANDREW
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