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| SOLUTION THERMODYNAMICS AND ITS APPLICATION TO AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
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A Differential Approach
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By
Yoshikata Koga, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Description
As the title suggests, we introduce a novel differential approach to solution thermodynamics and use it for the study of aqueous solutions.
We evaluate the quantities of higher order derivative than the normal thermodynamic functions. We allow these higher derivative data
speak for themselves without resorting to any model system. We thus elucidate the molecular processes in solution, (referred to in this
book ?mixing scheme?), to the depth equal to, if not deeper, than that gained by spectroscopic and other methods. We show that there
are three composition regions in aqueous solutions of non-electrolytes, each of which has a qualitatively distinct mixing scheme. The
boundary between the adjacent regions is associated with an anomaly in the third derivatives of G. The loci of the anomalies in the
temperature-composition field form the line sometimes referred as ?Koga line?. We then take advantage of the anomaly of a third derivative
quantity of 1-propanol in the ternary aqueous solution, 1-propanol – sample species – H2O. We use its induced change as a probe of the
effect of a sample species on H2O. In this way, we clarified what a hydrophobe, or a hydrophile, and in turn, an amphiphile, does to
H2O. We also apply the same methodology to ions that have been ranked by the Hofmeister series. We show that the kosmotropes (salting
out, or stabilizing agents) are either hydrophobes or hydration centres, and that chaotropes (salting in, or destablizing agents) are
hydrophiles.
Audience
Researchers, students
Contents
Chapter 0 Introduction
[0-1] Introduction.
[0-2] Qualitative judgments and sciences.
[0-3] Outline of this book.
PART A A
Differential Approach to Solution Thermodynamics.
Chapter I. Basics of thermodynamics – Derivatives of Gibbs energy, G.
[I-1] System,
state, first and second laws of thermodynamics.
[I-2] Giles? derivation of entropy.
[I-2-1] State, process, and irreversibility
of process.
[I-2-2] Entropy and potentials – defining p and T.
[I-3] Logical (mathematical) deduction.
[I-4] Stability criteria.
[I-5] Multi-component system – Partial molar quantities.
[I-6] Excess quantities.
[I-7] Response functions.
[I-8] Thermodynamic quantities – order of derivative.
[I-9] Interaction functions – third derivatives.
Chapter II. Solution thermodynamics – Use of the second and
the third derivatives
of G.
[II-1] Mixture.
[II-2] Gibbs-Duhem relation.
[II-3] Vapor pressures.
[II-4] Raoult?s law and Henry?s
law.
[II-5] Process of mixing – mixing entropy.
[II-6] Conversion from ( , ) to ( , N) variable systems.
[II-7] Interaction functions
due to the ideal mixing entropy.
[II-8] Phase separation – Critical point (UCST or LCST).
[II-9] Azeotrope.
Chapter III. Determination
of the partial molar quantities.
[III-1] Introduction.
[III-2] Calculation of from .
[III-3] Experimental determination of excess
partial molar enthalpy
[III-4] Experimental determination of excess partial molar volume.
[III-5] Excess partial molar entropy – excess
chemical potential.
[III-6] Boissonnas analysis – excess chemical potential.
[III-7] Partial pressures of 1-propanol(1P) – H2O: How
to deal with an
azeotrope.
Chapter IV Fluctuations and partial molar fluctuations – Understanding H2O.
[IV-1] Introduction.
[IV-2]
Fluctuation functions – coarse grain.
[IV-3] H2O vs. n-hexane.
[IV-4] Site-correlated percolation model of H2O.
[IV-5] Concentration
fluctuation and Kirkwood-Buff integral.
PART B Studies of Aqueous Solutions using the Second and the Third Derivatives of
G.
Chapter
V Mixing schemes in binary aqueous mono-ols.
[V-1] Mixing schemes in 2-butoxyethanol (BE) – H2O.
[V-2] Mixing schemes of other mono-ols
(AL) – H2O.
[V-3] Fluctuation functions – More about Mixing Scheme I
[V-4] Concentration fluctuations – Mixing Scheme II.
[V-5] Mixing
Scheme III – Second and third derivative quantities in the
alcohol-rich region.
[V-6] Mixing schemes of aqueous alcohols (AL) studied
by other
techniques.
Chapter VI. Mixing schemes in aqueous solutions of non-electrolytes.
[VI-1] Introduction.
[VI-2] Type (a) – Aqueous
solutions of iso-butoxyethanol (iBE) at 20 oC and acetonitrile (ACN) at 6 to 45 oC.
[VI-3] Type (d) – Aqueous solutions of glycerol
(Gly), acetone (AC),
1,3-propanediol (13P), and tetramethyl urea (TMU).
[VI-4] Type (b) – Aqueous solutions of iso-butyric acid (IBA),
and
2-butanone (BUT).
[VI-5] Type (c) – Aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and
1,2-propanediol (12P).
[VI-6] Mixing
schemes of aqueous non-electrolytes studied by other
techniques.
Chapter VII. Effects of non-electrolytes on the molecular organization
of H2O:
1-Propanol (1P) probing methodology.
[VII-1] Introduction - 1-Propanol (1P) probing methodology
. [VII-2] Effects of methanol
(ME), 2-propanol (2P), and tert-butanol (TBA) on
H2O as probed by the pattern change.
[VII-3] Effects of urea (U), tetrtamethyl urea
(TMU) and acetone (AC) on
H2O as probed by the pattern change.
[VII-4] Effects of ethylene glycol (EG), 1,2- and 1,3- propanediol
(12P and
13P), glycerol (Gly), and poly(ethylene glycol) on H2O as probed
by the pattern change.
[VII-5] Concluding remarks-Summary.
Chapter VIII Effects of ions on the molecular organization of H2O:
1-Propanol (1P) probing methodology.
[VIII-1] Introduction – Hofmeister
series.
[VIII-2] Effects of NaF and NaCl on H2O as probed by the pattern
change.
[VIII-3] Effects of NaBr and NaI on H2O as probed
by the pattern
change.
[VIII-4] Effects of Na2SO4, NaOOCCH3(NaOAc), NaClO4, and NaSCN on
H2O as probed by the pattern change.
[VIII-5]
Effects of CaCl2, NH4Cl and tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMACl) on H2O as probed by the pattern change.
[VIII-6] Hydration numbers
of glycine and its slats as probed by the pattern change.
[VIII-7] Concluding remarks in relation to other studies on aqueous electrolytes
in the literature.
[VIII-7-1] Ion pairing.
[VIII-7-2] Hydration number, . [VIII-7-3] Hofmeister series.
Chapter IX
Interactions in ternary aqueous solutions – General treatment.
[IX-1] Introduction.
[IX-2] Solute-solute interactions in
tert-butanol (TBA) – dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) – H2O.
[IX-3] Solute-solute interactions in 2-butoxyethanol (BE) – dimethyl
sulfoxide
(DMSO) – H2O.
Chapter X In closing – Executive summary on the effect of solute on H2O.
Appendix A B-spline vs. manual graphical
differentiation.
Appendix B Gibbs-Konovalov correction.
Appendix C Heat capacity anomalies associated with phase transition – Two
level
approximation.
Appendix D Freezing point depression.
Appendix E Titration calorimetry with dilute titrant.
References.
| Bibliographic details |
Hardbound, 310 pages, publication date: OCT-2007
ISBN-13: 978-0-444-53073-8
ISBN-10: 0-444-53073-8
Imprint: ELSEVIER
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Last update: 5 Sep 2009
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