By
Yoshikata Koga, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Description
As the title suggests, we introduce a novel differential approach to solution thermodynamics and use it for the study of aqueous solutions.
We evaluate the quantities of higher order derivative than the normal thermodynamic functions. We allow these higher derivative data
speak for themselves without resorting to any model system. We thus elucidate the molecular processes in solution, (referred to in this
book “mixing scheme”), to the depth equal to, if not deeper, than that gained by spectroscopic and other methods. We show that there
are three composition regions in aqueous solutions of non-electrolytes, each of which has a qualitatively distinct mixing scheme. The
boundary between the adjacent regions is associated with an anomaly in the third derivatives of G. The loci of the anomalies in the
temperature-composition field form the line sometimes referred as “Koga line”. We then take advantage of the anomaly of a third derivative
quantity of 1-propanol in the ternary aqueous solution, 1-propanol – sample species – H2O. We use its induced change as a probe of the
effect of a sample species on H2O. In this way, we clarified what a hydrophobe, or a hydrophile, and in turn, an amphiphile, does to
H2O. We also apply the same methodology to ions that have been ranked by the Hofmeister series. We show that the kosmotropes (salting
out, or stabilizing agents) are either hydrophobes or hydration centres, and that chaotropes (salting in, or destablizing agents) are
hydrophiles.
Audience:
Researchers, students
