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	ENCYCLOPEDIA OF FORENSIC AND LEGAL MEDICINE, 1-4 To order this title, and for more information, click here Jason Payne-James, Director - Forensic Healthcare Services Ltd, Forensic Medical Examiner - Metropolitan Police Service, City of London Police, Consulant - National Crime Faculty & National Injuries Database, Editor - Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine, UK Roger Byard, Specialist Forensic Pathologist, Forensic Science Centre, Adelaide; Clinical Professor, Departments of Pathology and Paediatrics, University of Adelaide; Consultant Paediatric Forensic Pathologist, Child Protection Unit, Women's & Children's Hospital, Adelaide; South Australia, Australia Tracey Corey, Division of Forensic Pathology; University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA Carol Henderson, Director, National Clearinghouse for Science, Technology and the Law at Stetson University College of Law; Professor of Law, Gulfport, FL USA Description Increasingly, high profile criminal and civil legal actions around the world highlight the interactions between medicine and the law. Forensic and legal medicine describes the body of knowledge that encompasses this interaction. The terms generally embrace forensic pathology and clinical forensic medicine. However, the nature of forensic and legal medicine is broad and may extend beyond medical and legal issues, into scientific and technical areas, and include specialist roles such as anthropology, toxicology, odontology and psychiatry. Separate from these issues is the much more widely recognized need to apply moral, ethical and human rights principles in the investigation of certain crimes, whether considering victims or perpetrators. Those involved in the practice of forensic and legal medicine and those in legal, judicial, police and other investigative organizations which require knowledge of aspects of forensic and legal medicine often need to identify appropriate and relevant information. The aim of this Encyclopedia is to provide a reliable starting point for validated information across these fields. The success of lawsuits and prosecutions is dependent on utilizing the best services available, and knowing when to use them appropriately. All aspects of medicine are now scrutinized, not only by medical, legal and scientific professionals – but also by the lay public. Such scrutiny drives and improves standards – and some of these standards have come about as a result of major cases in criminal and civil courts and other tribunals around the world. The drive for much of this scrutiny derives from the intense review that occurs as a result of events taking place throughout the world in criminal and civil courts. Thus, improved methodology of detecting and documenting evidence, ensuring chains of custody and scientifically testing evidence ensures that appropriate judicial outcomes are achieved. Teaching of forensic and legal medicine at an undergraduate level is – on a worldwide basis – underemphasized when compared with therapeutic specialities. Paradoxically, barely a day goes by without at least one medical news story being published of legal and forensic relevance and significance. The need for readily accessible knowledge has never been greater. The Encyclopedia of Forensic & Legal Medicine comprehensively covers forensic and legal medicine (including related specialities and scientific, technical and legal issues) and is available online and in three printed volumes, offering any practitioner in a forensic, medical, healthcare, legal, judicial, or investigative field easily accessible and authoritative overviews on a wide range of topics. The work is edited and written by experienced professionals with medical, legal or dual training – and who are internationally renowned for their experience or expertise within their areas of specialty. The Editorial Board reflects the multidisciplinary, multi-jurisdictional and global emphasis of forensic and legal medicine. The individual articles are written in a clear and concise manner and are supplemented by diagrams, tables and full-color images. Key further reading and extensive cross-referencing make this work an invaluable reference source for undergraduates and graduates looking for an introduction to key fields and experts reading outside their specialization. Online access to the Encyclopedia is available on ScienceDirect. The online version will offer all that the print version does plus smooth linking, eg, to cross-referenced articles, powerful search functions, and more. Visit www.info.sciencedirect.com/reference_works/index.shtml for contact and subscription information. Access options are available even if you?re not an existing ScienceDirect customer. Audience medical examiners; coroners; the police; prison medical officers; those involved in refugee medicine and allegations of torture; healthcare professionals also involved in this field: prison nurses, sexual assault nurse examiners and custody nurses. Contents (Contents subject to change prior to publication) Access to Medical Records - Rights Responsibilities & Limitations Accreditation: Crime scene investigation Accreditation: Forensic Specialities Accreditation Board Accreditation: Toxicology Age progression - age estimation in the living Alcohol: Acute and chronic use - post-mortem findings of Alcohol: Blood and body fluid analysis Alcohol: Breath alcohol analysis Allergies Animal attacks/injuries: Non-fatal and fatal Animal attacks/injuries: Predation Anthropology: Archaeology and the excavation and retrieval of forensic remains Anthropology: Bone pathology and ante-mortem trauma in forensic cases Anthropology: Cremated bones Anthropology: Determination of racial affinity Anthropology: Handedness Anthropology: Morphological age estimation Anthropology: Overview Anthropology: Paediatric and juvenile Anthropology: Role of DNA Anthropology: Sex determination Anthropology: Stature estimation from the skeleton Anthropology: Taphonomy Asphyxia: Closed and confined spaces Asphyxia: Findings in the survivor Asphyxia: Mechanisms of injury (including crushing) Asphyxia: Post-mortem findings Autoerotic death Autopsy: Adult Autopsy: Medicolegal considerations Autopsy: Organ retention and handling Autopsy: Pediatric Aviation accidents, role of pathologist Aviation medicine, illness and limitations for flying Back-tracking calculations Ballistic trauma, overview and statistics Blood Grouping Body cavity searches, practical issues and consent Carbon monoxide poisoning: Clinical findings sequelae in survivors Carbon monoxide poisoning: Incidence and findings at post-mortem Children: causes of sudden natural infant and childhood death Children: Childhood accidents Children: Children and courts Children: Cultural aspects of inflicted injury Children: Emotional abuse Children: Legal protection and rights of children Children: Physical abuse Children: Sexual abuse, epidemiology Children: Sexual abuse, overview Children: Stages of development and growth Clinical trials: Good Clinical Practice and Ethical Aspects Clinical trials: Legal aspects and consent Cold case review Coma definitions and differential diagnoses: Adult Coma definitions and differential diagnoses: PaediatricComplaints against doctors, healthcare workers and institutions Computer crime Consent: Confidentiality and disclosure in relation to medical treatment & Legal Proceedings Consent: Medical examination in custody Consent: Treatment without consent Court systems: China Court systems: Japan Court systems: Jewish (Halacha) law Court systems: Sharii'ah law Court systems: UK Court systems: US Courts, report writing Crime scene management: Continental European system Crime scene management: UK system Crime scene management: US system Crime-scene investigation and examination: Collection and chain of evidence Crime-scene investigation and examination: Major incident scene management Crime-scene investigation and examination: Recovery of human remains Crime-scene investigation and examination: Suspicious deaths Crime-scene investigation and examination: Underwater crime scene Criminal Profiling Crowd control agents: Deployment and planning Crowd control agents: Medical aspects Custody: Death in police and prison custody, UK and Continental Europe Custody: Death in police and prison custody, US Death: Death scene investigation Death: Interpretation of postmortem drug measurements Death: Perioperative and postoperative Death: Post-mortem changes Death: Post-mortem findings - drug deaths Death: Post-mortem findings - fire Death: Post-mortem findings - organic toxins Death: Postmortem drug sampling and redistribution Death: Postmortem electrolyte disturbances Death: Sports Death: The infectious autopsy Death: Trauma, abdominal cavity Death: Trauma, genito-urinary tract Death: Trauma, head and spine Death: Trauma, musculo-skeletal system Death: Trauma, thorax Death: Trauma, vascular system Death investigation: Chinese System (incl. medicolegal death investigator accreditation) Death Investigation: Japanese System (incl. medicolegal death investigator accreditation) Death investigation: Nordic systems (incl. medicolegal death investigator accreditation) Death investigation: second autopsy for nationals dying abroad Death investigation: UK System (incl. medicolegal death investigator accreditation) Death investigation: US System (incl. medicolegal death investigator accreditation) Death, post-mortem findings: drowning (incl. drowning mechanisms) Decomposition, patterns and rates Deliberate self-harm: Patterns Deoxyribonucleic acid: Basic principles Deoxyribonucleic acid: ethics of its forensic applications and databanks Deoxyribonucleic acid: Mitochondrial DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid: Postmortem analysis for heritable channelopathies Deoxyribonucleic acid: Risk of contamination Deoxyribonucleic acid: Statistical analysis Detainees: Care in police custody, France Detainees: Care in police custody, UK Detainees: Care in prison custody, France Detainees: Care in Prison Custody, Japan Detainees: Care in prison custody, UK Detainees: Fitness to be interviewed Dogs, use in police investigations Domestic violence (spousal abuse) Drug facilitated sexual assault Drug-induced injury, accidental and iatrogenic: legal and medical Drugs, prescribed: Licencing and registration Drugs, prescribed: Product liability Drugs, prescribed: Testamentary capacity Drugs, prescribed: Types and classification Elder abuse Electric shocks and electrocution, clinical effects and pathology Entomology Evidence: Rules of evidence Evidence: Statistical interpretation of evidence/ Bayesian analysis Excited delirium Exhumation: Legal and practical aspects Expert witness: Daubert and beyond Expert witness: Medical Expert witness: Qualifications, testimony and malpractice Extremes of temperature Fall from heights, physical findings: adult Fall from heights, physical findings: paediatric Female genital alteration Fire investigation - evidence recovery at the fire-scene Forensic botany Forensic Journals - bibliometrics and journal impact factors Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Assessment Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Criminal responsibility Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Deliberate self-harm Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Drug and alcohol addiction Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Ethics Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Fitness (competence) to stand trial Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Forensic interviewing Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Forensic psychiatry - education training and certification Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Forensic psychology - education training and certification Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Malingering Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Mental handicap and learning disability Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Multiple personality disorder Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Offender treatment Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Personality disorder Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Phobias Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Psychological autopsy Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Sex offenders - types, assessment, management Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Stalking Forensic psychiatry and forensic psychology: Suicide predictors and statistics Hair - DNA forensic analysis Head trauma: Neuropathology Head trauma: Pediatric and adult, clinical aspects Healing and repair - physiology - wounds and bones Histopathology History of forensic medicine History of torture History of toxicology Human Rights, controls and principles Identification: Facial Identification: Prints, challenges to fingerprints Identification: Prints, ear Identification: Prints, finger and palm Identification: prints, footprints Imaging: Photography Imaging: Radiology Imaging: Radiology, non-invasive autopsies Imaging: Radiology, Pediatric, scintigraphy and child abuse Immunoassays, overview of applications in forensic science Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Blunt injury Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Burns and scalds Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Documentation Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Explosive injury Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Firearm injuries Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Industrial and agricultural injuries Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Sharp and cutting-edge wounds Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Transportation Injury - air disasters Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Transportation Injury - commercial modes (trains, ships, ferries) Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Transportation Injury - motor vehicle Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Transportation Injury - recreational Injuries (land-based) Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Transportation Injury - recreational Injuries (sky-sports) Injury, fatal and non-fatal: Transportation Injury - recreational Injuries (water) Internet: Forensic medicine Internet: Toxicology Investigation of deaths and injuries during police incidents: Injuries and deaths during police Special Weapons and Training teams incidents Investigation of deaths and injuries during police incidents: Shootings during police stops and arrests Judicial punishment Legal definitions of death Male sexual assault: Overview Mass disasters: Organisation Mass disasters: Principles of identification Mass disasters: Role of forensic pathologists Mass murder Mass poisonings Medical certification of death Medical definitions of death Medical malpractice: Accident and Emergency Medical malpractice: Anaesthetics Medical malpractice: Cardiac surgery, cardiology and cardiothoracic surgery Medical malpractice: Child and adolescent psychiatry Medical malpractice: Colorectal surgery Medical malpractice: Ear Nose and Throat Medical malpractice: Endocrinology Medical malpractice: Facio-maxillary surgery Medical malpractice: Forensic pathology Medical malpractice: Forensic psychiatry Medical malpractice: Gastroenterology and endoscopy Medical malpractice: General and laparoscopic surgery Medical malpractice: General medicine Medical malpractice: General practice Medical malpractice: Haematology Medical malpractice: Intensive care Medical malpractice: Neonatology Medical malpractice: Nephrology Medical malpractice: Neurosurgery Medical malpractice: Nursing issues Medical malpractice: Obstetrics and Gynaecology Medical malpractice: Oncology Medical malpractice: Ophthalmology Medical malpractice: Oral surgery Medical malpractice: Orthopaedic and traumatic surgery Medical malpractice: Paediatric surgery Medical malpractice: Paediatrics Medical malpractice: Pharmacology Medical malpractice: Plastic and cosmetic surgery Medical malpractice: Police surgeon Medical malpractice: Psychiatry Medical malpractice: Psychology Medical malpractice: Radiotherapy Medical malpractice: Respiratory medicine Medical malpractice: Rheumatology Medical malpractice: Urology Medical malpractice: Vascular surgery Medical malpractice - medico-legal perspectives: Negligence quantum Medical malpractice - medico-legal perspectives: Negligence, causation Medical malpractice - medico-legal perspectives: Negligence, duty of Care Medical malpractice - medico-legal perspectives: Negligence, standard of care Medical misadventure Medical records, documentation, notekeeping Mob Justice - medico-social aspects Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy Murder-suicide (dyadic deaths) Neonaticide Nuclear terrorism and bioterrorism Occupational health: Pathologists Occupational health: Police Odontology: Bite marks analysis Odontology: Overview (age estimation, examination of the oral cavity, radiography, positive identification Organ and tissue transplantation, ethical and practical issues Organised crime: Yakuza Parentage testing Pattern evidence Pharmacology of legal and iIlicit drugs Poisoning, overview and statistics Post-mortem examination, procedures and standards Post-mortem interval: Preparation of witnesses: Scotland Preparation of witnesses: US Professional bodies: France Professional bodies: Rest of the World Professional bodies: UK Recovered memory Refugee medicine Religious attitudes to death Religious exception defence Restraint techniques, injuries and deaths Ritualistic crime Road traffic accidents, airbag-related injuries and deaths Road traffic offences: Standardised field sobriety tests and drug recognition training Road traffic, determination of fitness to drive: Driving offense Road traffic, determination of fitness to drive: General Road traffic, global overview of drug and alcohol statistics Serial murder Serology: Blood identification Serology: Bloodstain pattern analysis Serology: Overview Sexual devices Sexual offences: Adult anatomy Sexual offences: Adult normal human sexual response Sexual offences: injuries and findings after sexual contact Sexual offences, adult: Crime figures and statistics (global) Sexual offences, adult: Evidential sample collection Sexual offences, adult: Management Post Assault SIDS: Autopsy techniques and post-mortem findings SIDS: Etiology and epidemiology Spontaneous human combustion Starvation: Pathological findings and physiological aspects Substance misuse: Analysis Substance misuse: Ante-mortem blood analysis Substance misuse: Body fluid analysis Substance misuse: Cocaine and other stimulants Substance misuse: Hair analysis Substance misuse: Herbal medicine Substance misuse: Heroin Substance misuse: Medical effects Substance misuse: Miscellaneous (incl. volatiles, hallucinogenics and "club" drugs) Substance misuse: Patterns and statistics Substance misuse: Sedatives Substance misuse: Substance misuse and crime Substance misuse: Substitution drugs (methadone - buprenorphine) Substance misuse: Urine analysis Sudden Natural Death: Cardiovascular (including emboli) Sudden Natural Death: Central Nervous System Sudden Natural Death: Infectious diseases Sudden Natural Death: Miscellaneous Suicide: Other suicide - Etiology, methods and statistics Suicide: Parasuicide Suicide: Youth suicide Suicide bombing, scene and pathologic investigation Tactical medicine Tattoos - medico-legal significance Terrorism - medicolegal aspects Torture: Physical findings Torturel Psychological assessment Toxicology: Methods of analysis, ante-mortem Toxicology: Methods of analysis, post-mortem Toxicology: Overview Venom Veterinary aspects of forensic medicine, wild animals Victim recovery Victim support War crimes: Pathological investigation War crimes: Site investigation War crimes: Tribunals War injuries Bibliographic details Hardbound, 2000 pages, publication date: JUN-2005 ISBN-13: 978-0-12-547970-7 ISBN-10: 0-12-547970-0 Imprint: ACADEMIC PRESS Price and Ordering Price: EUR 990 GBP 690 USD 1,240 Books and book related electronic products are priced in US dollars (USD), euro (EUR), and Great Britain Pounds (GBP). USD prices apply to the Americas and Asia Pacific. EUR prices apply in Europe and the Middle East. GBP prices apply to the UK and all other countries. See also information about conditions of sale & ordering procedures, and links to our regional sales offices. 999/999 Last update: 27 Sep 2008	Full text online If you have a subscription to this title on ScienceDirect, you can access all chapters of this publication online. Access full text Book contents Table of contents Reviews View other people's reviews Submit your review Bookmark this page Recommend this publication Overview of all books