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By
Pauline Doran
Description
The emergence and refinement of techniques in molecular biology has changed our perceptions of medicine, agriculture, and environmental
management. Scientific breakthroughs in gene expression, protein engineering, and cell fusion are being translated by a strengthening
biotechnology industry into revolutionary new products and services. Many a student has been enticed by the promise of biotechnology
and the excitement of being near the cutting edge of scientific advancement. However, graduates trained in molecular biology and cell
manipulation soon realize that these techniques are only part of the picture. Reaping the full benefits of biotechnology requires manufacturing
capability involving the large-scale processing of biological material. Increasingly, biotechnologists are being employed by companies
to work in cooperation with chemical engineers to achieve pragmatic commercial goals. For many years, aspects of biochemistry and molecular
genetics have been included in chemical engineering curricula, yet there has been little attempt until recently to teach aspects of engineering
applicable to process design to biotechnologists.
This textbook is the first to present the principles of bioprocess engineering in a
way that is accessible to biological scientists. Other texts on bioprocess engineering currently available assume that the reader already
has engineering training. On the other hand, chemical engineering textbooks do not consider examples from bioprocessing, and are written
almost exclusively with the petroleum and chemical industries in mind. This publication explains process analysis from an engineering
point of view, but refers exclusively to the treatment of biological systems. Over 170 problems and worked examples encompass a wide
range of applications, including recombinant plant and animal cell cultures, immobilized catalysts, as well as traditional fermentation
systems.
Audience
@aud:AUDIENCE: Senior undergraduate students in applied biology taking final year options in bioprocessing/biotechnology and graduate
students in biological sciences taking masters courses, or beginning research in engineering departments. This book should also be useful
to undergraduates taking new, emerging courses bridging the gap between biology and engineering, such as BS/BSc in process biotechnology,
biotechnology, and bioprocessing. In addition, undergraduates/graduates in chemical engineering taking courses in bioengineering will
benefit from this text. Finally, industrial practitioners working in biotechnology, pharmaceutical companies, food industries, and those
trained in molecular biology and cell manipulation, who need to acquire knowledge on the principles of large scale processing of biological
material.
Contents
Introduction:
Bioprocess Development: An Interdisciplinary Challenge:
Steps in Bioprocess Development:
A Typical New Product from Recombinant DNA.
A Quantitative Approach.
Introduction to Engineering Calculations:
Physical
Variables, Dimensions and Units.
Units.
Force and Weight.
Measurement Conventions.
Standard Conditions and Ideal Gases.
Physical and
Chemical Property Data.
Stoichiometry.
Presentation and Analysis of Data:
Errors in Data and Calculations.
Presentation
of Experimental Data.
Data Analysis.
Graph Paper with Logarithmic Coordinates.
General Procedures for Plotting Data.
Process Flow Diagrams.
Material and Energy Balances:
Material Balances:
Thermodynamic Preliminaries.
Law of Conservation of
Mass.
Procedure for Material-Balance Calculations.
Material-Balance Worked Examples.
Material Balances with Recycle, By-Pass and Purge
Streams.
Stoichiometry of Growth and Product Formation.
Energy Balances:
Basic Energy Concepts.
General Energy-Balance
Equations.
Enthalpy Calculation Procedures.
Enthalpy Change in Non-Reactive Processes.
Steam Tables.
Procedure for Energy-Balance Calculations
without Reaction.
Energy-Balance Worked Examples without Reaction.
Enthalpy Change Due to Reaction.
Heat of Reaction for Processes with
Biomass Production.
Energy-Balance Equation for Cell Culture.
Fermentation Energy-Balance Worked Examples.
Unsteady-State Material
and Energy Balances:
Unsteady-State Material-Balance Equations.
Unsteady-State Energy-Balance Equations.
Solving Differential
Equations.
Solving Unsteady-State Mass Balances.
Solving Unsteady-State Energy Balances.
Physical Processes:
Fluid
Flow and Mixing:
Classification of Fluids.
Fluids in Motion.
Viscosity.
Momentum Transfer.
Non-Newtonian Fluids.
Viscosity Measurement.
Rheological Properties of Fermentation Broths.
Factors Affecting Broth Viscosity.
Mixing. Power Requirements for Mixing.
Scale-Up of
Mixing Systems.
Improving Mixing in Fermenters.
Effects of Rheological Properties on Mixing.
Role of Shear in Stirred Fermenters.
Heat
Transfer:
Heat Transfer-Equipment.
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer.
Conduction.
Heat Transfer between Fluids.
Design Equations for
Heat-Transfer Systems.
Application of the Design Equations.
Mass Transfer:
Molecular Diffusion.
Role of Diffusion in
Bioprocessing.
Film Theory.
Convective Mass-Transfer.
Oxygen Uptake in Cell Cultures.
Oxygen Transfer in Fermenters.
Measuring Dissolved-Oxygen
Concentrations.
Estimating Oxygen Solubility.
Mass-Transfer Correlations.
Measurement of kLa.
Oxygen Transfer in Large Vessels.
Unit Operations:
Filtration.
Centrifugation.
Cell Disruption.
The Ideal-Stage Concept.
Aqueous Two-Phase Liquid Extraction.
Adsorption.
Chromatography.
Reactions and Reactors:
Homogenous Reactions:
Basic Reaction Theory.
Calculation
of Reaction Rates from Experimental Data.
General Reaction Kinetics for Biological Systems.
Determining Enzyme Kinetic Constants from
Batch Data.
Kinetics of Enzyme Deactivaton.
Yields in Cell Culture.
Cell Growth Kinetics.
Growth Kinetics with Plasmid Instability.
Production
Kinetics in Cell Culture.
Kinetics of Substrate Uptake in Cell Culture.
Effect of Culture Conditions on Cell Kinetics.
Determining Cell
Kinetic Parameters from Batch Data.
Effect of Maintenance on Yields.
Kinetics of Cell Death.
Heterogenous Reactions:
Heterogeneous Reactions in Bioprocessing.
Concentration Gradients and Reaction Rates in Solid Catalysts.
Internal Mass-Transfer and Reaction.
The Thiele Modulus and Effectiveness Factor.
External Mass-Transfer. Liquid-Solid Mass-Transfer Correlations.
Experimental Aspects.
Minimising
Mass-Transfer Effects.
Evaluating True Kinetic Parameters.
General Comments on Heterogeneous Reactions in Bioprocessing.
Reaction
Engineering:
Reactor Engineering in Perspective.
Bioreactor Configurations.
Practical Considerations for Bioreactor Construction.
Monitoring and Control of Bioreactors.
Ideal Reactor Operation.
Sterilisation.
Appendices:
Conversion Factors.
Physical
and Chemical Property Data.
Steam Tables.
Mathematical Rules.
Chapter Summaries, Problems, References, and Suggestions for Further Reading.
List of Symbols.
Index.
| Bibliographic details |
Paperback, 439 pages, publication date: APR-1995
ISBN-13: 978-0-12-220856-0
ISBN-10: 0-12-220856-0
Imprint: ACADEMIC PRESS
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Last update: 4 Sep 2009
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