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By Francois Bancilhon Claude Delobel Paris Kanellakis
Description
Modern database and software system technology must respond to a wide variety of needs. Advanced applications such as office automation,
CAD, or software engineering have new requirements in design environments, transaction mechanisms, and data types. This comprehensive
volume by designers, implementors and users covers all aspects of building an object-oriented software system from data model through
system implementation, interfaces, and applications. Utilizing techniques from databases, object-oriented languages, programming environments,
and user interfaces, O2 is a landmark object-oriented database system representing a new generation of database technology. This guide
will help researchers, database designers, and users to assess the nature and potential of object-oriented technology for themselves.
Contents
Building an Object-Oriented Database System: The Story of 02 Edited by Francois Bancilhon, Claude Delobel, and Paris Kanellakis
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I Introduction to Object-Oriented Database Systems
1 The Object-Oriented
Database System Manifesto, by Atkinson, Bancilhon, DeWitt, Dittrich, Maier, and Zdonik
1 Introduction
2 Mandatory
Features: The Golden Rules
2.1 Complex Objects
2.2 Object Identity
2.3 Encapsulation
2.4 Types
and Classes
2.5 Class or Type Hierarchies
2.6 Overriding, Overloading, and Late Binding
2.7 Computational
Completeness
2.8 Extensibility
2.9 Persistence
2.10 Secondary Storage Management
2.11 Concurrency
2.12 Recovery
2.13 Ad Hoc Query Facility
2.14 Summary
3 Optional Features: The Goodies
3.1 Multiple Inheritance
3.2 Type Checking and Type Inferencing
3.3 Distribution
3.4 Design Transactions
3.5 Versions
4 Open Choices
4.1 Programming Paradigm
4.2 Representation System
4.3
Type System
4.4 Uniformity
5 Conclusion
6 Acknowledgements
References
2 The Story of O2,, by Deux et al.
1 Introduction
1.1 A System Overview
2
A Programmer's View of the System
2.1 The Data Model and the Data Definition Language
2.2 The O2 Languages
2.3
Development and Execution Modes
2.4 Distribution
3 Looks, the User Interface Generator
3.1 Major
Features of Looks
3.2 A Simple Programming Example
4 OOPE, the Programming Environment
4.1 The
OOPE Design Principles
4.2 The Programming Functionalities
4.3 The Programming Tools
5 The Implementation
5.1 System Decomposition and Process Layout
5.2 The Schema Manager
5.3 The Object Manager
6 Performance of the O2 Prototype
6.1 Simple Tests
6.2 Wisconsin Benchmark Selection Times
7
Conclusion
8 Acknowledgements
References
Part II The O2 Data Model
3 Introduction
to the Data Model, by Kanellakis, Lecluse, and Richard
1 Historical View of the O2 Approach
2 Objects Versus
Values in OODBs
3 The O2 Data Model
3.1 Values and Objects
3.2 The Syntax of Types and Classes
3.3
Class Hierarchy and Subtyping
3.4 The Semantics of Types and Classes
3.5 Methods
3.6 Database Schema
3.7 Instances of a Database Schema
4 Acknowledgements
5 A Roadmap for Part 2
References
4 O2, an Object-Oriented Data Model, by Lecluse, Richard, and Velez
1 Introduction
2 Overview
3 Objects
4 Types
4.1 Type Structures
4.2 Methods
4.3 Type Systems
5
Databases
6 Conclusion
7 Acknowledgements
References
5 Object Identity as a
Query-Language Primitive, by Abiteboul and Kanellakis
1 Introduction
1.1 The Structural Part
1.2
The Operational Part
1.3 Expressive Power
1.4 Type Inheritance
1.5 Value-Based versus Object-Based
1.6 Relation to O2
2 An Object-based Data Model
3 The Identity Query Language
3.1 Syntax
3.2 Semantics
3.3 Shorthands and Examples
4 IQL Expressibility
5 The Sublanguages of IQL
6 Type Inheritance
7 A Value-based Data Model
8 Acknowledgements
References
6
Method Schemas, by Abiteboul, Knallakis, and Waller
1 Introduction
2 Method Schemas
2.1 Syntax
2.2 Semantics
2.3 Consistency
2.4 Variations
3 Recursion-Free Schemas
4 Schemas
with Recursion
5 Covariance
6 Practical Issues
6.1 Avoiding Recursion
6.2 Updates
7 Acknowledgements
References
7 A Framework for Schema Updates in an Object-Oriented Database
System, by Zicari
1 Introduction
1.1 Preliminary O2 Concepts
1.2 Updates: What Do We Want to Achieve?
1.3 Organization of the Paper
2 Ensuring Structural and Behavioral Consistency
2.1 Structural Consistency
2.2 Behavioral Consistency
2.3 The Interactive Consistency Checker
3 Schema Updates
3.1 Changes
to the Type Structure of a Class
3.2 Changes to the Methods of a Class
3.3 Changes tot he Class-Structure Graph
3.4 Basic Schema Updates
4 Method Updates
4.1 Adding a Method in a Class
4.2 Dropping a Method
from a Class
5 Type Updates
5.1 Structural Consistency
5.2 Behavioral Consistency
6 Class Updates
6.1 Addition of Edge
6.2 Removal of an Edge
6.3 Addition of a Node
6.4 Deletion
of a Node
7 Implementation Issues
8 Related Work
9 Conclusion and Future Work
9.1 Data
Structure
9.2 Update-Execution Model
9.3 Object Updates
9.4 High-Level Restructuring
9.5 Tools
9.6 Incomplete Types
10 Acknowledgements
References
Appendix: Cost Analysis
A.1 Architecture
A.2 Parameters
A.3 Assumptions
A.4 Notations
A.5 Costs
Part III The
Languages
8 Introduction to Languages, by Bancilhon and Maier
1 A Brief Survey
2 Historical
View of the O2 Approach
2.1 The O2 Database Programming Language
2.2 The O2 Query Language
3 Language
Integration in OODBs
4 Roadmap for Part 3
References
9 The O2 Database Programming Language,
by Lecluse and Richard
1 Introduction
2 Objects and Values in O2
3 Types and Classes
3.1
The Schema Definition Language
3.2 Object Creation
3.3 Naming and Persistence
4 Manipulation
of Objects and Values
4.1 Method Definition
4.2 Manipulating Values
4.3 Iterator
5 Subtyping
and Inheritance
5.1 Subtyping
5.2 Inheritance
5.3 Late Binding
6 Interesting Features
6.1 Exceptional Attributes
6.2 Exceptional Methods
7 Type Checking
8 Related Work
8.1
Other OODBs
8.2 Other Systems
9 Conclusion
10 Acknowledgements
References
10 Lisp O2: A Persistent Object-Oriented Lisp, by Barbedette
1 Introduction
2 Object-Oriented
Features
2.1 Objects and Classes, Values and Types
2.2 Inheritance
2.3 Operation Implementations: Methods
2.4 Object Creation: Constructor
2.5 Coping with Faults: Exceptions
2.6 Type-Checking Methods
3 Integrating Persistence Facilities in the Language
4 System Design
4.1 The Persistent Layer
4.2 The
Object Layer
5 Related Work
6 Future Work
7 Acknowledgements
References
11 A Query Language for O2, by Bancilhon, Cluet, and Delobel
1 Introduction
2 Object-Oriented
Database System
3 Uses of the Query Language
3.1 For Ad Hoc Queries
3.2 For Access to the Database
3.3 For Simple Programs
3.4 For Shortcuts in the Programming Language
4 The Design of a Query Language
4.1 Relationship with Encapsulation
4.2 Data Versus Methods
4.3 The Answer to a Query
4.4 Integration
in the Programming Language
4.5 Relationship with the Type or Class System
5 The O2 Data Model
6
Design Choices
7 The Query Language
7.1 Simple Queries
7.2 Access to All Levels of a Structure
7.3
Lists and Sets inside a Query?
7.4 Flat and Nested Values
8 Semantics of the O2 Query Language
9
Other Query Languages
9.1 The Query Language for Orion
9.2 OSQL, the Iris Query Language
9.3 The Query
Language for Exodus
9.4 Two Query Languages for O2
References
12 Reloop, and
Algebra-Based Query Language for O2 , by Cluet, Delobel, Lecluse, and Richard
1 Introduction
2 An Example
2.1 The Designer's View
2.2 The User's View
3 Design Issues
3.1 Classes and Encapsulation
3.2 Values
4 The Reloop Language
5 Reloop Semantics through an Algebra
5.1 The Algebra Operators
5.2 Reloop Semantics
6 Translation from Reloop to CO2
6.1 The CO2 Language
6.2 The Macro-Algebra
7 Conclusion
8 Acknowledgements
References
Appendix: Construction of the Algebraic Macro-Operators
A.1
The ( Operator
A.2 The U+ Operator
13 Using Database Applications to Compare Programming
Languages, by Gamerman, Lanquette, and Velez
1 Introduction
2. The Applications
2.1 The Bill of
Materials Application
2.2 The Unix Mail Application
3 C+ SQL
3.1 Developing the Bill of Materials
Application in C+SQL
3.2 Developing the Unix Mail Application in Basic
3.3 Conclusions
4 Basic-Pick
4.1 Developing the Bill of Materials Application in Basic
4.2 Developing the Unix Mail Application in Basic
4.3
Conclusions
5 Prolog
5.1 Developing the Bill of Materials Application in Prolog
5.2 Developing
the Unix Mail Application in Prolog
5.3 Conclusions
6 Smalltalk-80
6.1 Developing the Bill of
Materials Application in Smalltalk-80
6.2 Developing the Unix Mail Application in Smalltalk-80
6.3 Conclusions
7 The O2 System
7.1 Developing the Bill of Materials Application in O2
7.2 Developing the Unix Mail Application
in O2
7.3 Conclusions
8 Conclusions
8.1 Development Time
8.2 Code Size
8.3
Number of Variables
8.4 Conformity to Specifications
8.5 Other Aspects
8.6 General Conclusion
9 Acknowledgements
References
Appendix: The Programs
A.1 The C+SQL Programs
A.2 The
Basic Programs
A.3 The PROLOG Programs
A.4 The Smalltalk-80 Programs
A.5 The O2 Programs
Part IV The System
14 Introduction to the System, by Delobel and Velez
1 The Functionality of
an Object Manager
1.1 Direct Support for the Data Model
1.2 Efficient Access to Objects
1.3 Variations in
Object Size
1.4 Persistence of Objects between Program Executions
1.5 Database Distribution
1.6 Transaction
Processing
1.7 Database Versions
2 Historical View of the O2 Approach
2.1 the V0 Object Manager
2.2 The V1 Object Manager
3 The Capabilities of the O2 System
3.1 Data Model and Large Objects
3.2 Efficient Access to Objects
3.3 Persistence
3.4 Database Distribution
3.5 Transactions and Concurrency
3.6 Database Versions
4 A Roadmap for Part 4
References
15 The O2 Object
Manager: An Overview, by Velez, Bernard, and Darnis
1 Introduction
2 Functional Requirements
2.1
Data Model Requirements
2.2 Application Requirements
2.3 Architectural Requirements
3 Main Design
Choices
3.1 Modes of Operation
3.2 Handling Distribution
3.3 Object Access
3.4 Object Representation
3.5 Persistence
3.6 Clustering on Disk
3.7 Handling Concurrency at the O2 Level
4 Overview
of the System
4.1 The System Interface Module
4.2 The Memory-Management Module
4.3 The Communication Manager
5 Comparison with Related Work
5.1 GemStone
5.2 Orion
6 Conclusions and Future Work
7 Acknowledgements
References
16 Handling Distribution in the O2 System, by Bernard and Steve
1 Introduction
2 Overall Design of the Distribution
2.1 Workstation/Server Task Assignment
2.2
Tasks Involved in Distribution
3 Object-Transfer Protocol
3.1 Presentation Protocol
3.2 Minimizing
the Number of Messages
3.3 Minimizing the Number of Memory Copies
3.4 Serializing and Deserializing Data
4 The Execution-Transfer Protocol
4.1 Decoupling from Transport Protocol
4.2 Orphan Detection
4.3 Embedded
Calls
4.4 Coherence between the Two Sites
4.5 Argument Passing
5 Workstation/Server Interactions
5.1 Synchronous Interactions
5.2 Asynchronous Interactions
6 Fault Tolerance
6.1 Processes
Involved in O2
6.2 Starting O2 from a Workstation
6.3 Handling Abnormal Process Terminations
7
Related Work
References
17 Clustering Strategies in O2: An Overview, by Benzaken, Delobel, and
Harrus
1 Introduction
2 The O2 Clustering Strategies
2.1 Placement Trees
2.2 A Clustering
Algorithm
3 Self-adaptative Clustering Strategies
3.1 Definition of Good Placement Trees
3.2 Simplifying
Assumptions
3.3 Cost Function
3.4 Automatic Derivation of Placement Trees
4 Performance Measurements
4.1 Early Measurements
4.2 From Hypermodel to CluB-0
5 Conclusion
6 Acknowledgements
References
18 Three Alternative Workstation-Server Architectures, by DeWitt, Futtersack, Maier, and Velez
1 Introduction
2 The Three Workstation-Server Architectures
2.1 The Object-Server Architecture
2.2
Page-Server Architecture
2.3 The File-Server Architecture
3 Prototyping the Workstation-Server Architectures
3.1 File Server
3.2 Page Server
3.3 Object Server
3.4 Concurrency Control and Recovery
4 The Altair Complex-Object Benchmark
4.1 Database Design
4.2 Queries
4.3 Benchmark Organization
5 Performance Evaluation
5.1 Test Environment
5.2 Database Build Time
5.3 Clustering and Smearing Tests
5.4 Impact of Workstation Buffer Space
6 Related Work
7 Conclusions
8 Acknowledgements
References
19 Consistency of Versions in Object-Oriented Databases, by Cellary and Jomier
1
Introduction
2 The Database-Version Approach
3 Object-Version Identification
4 Operating on Objects
4.1
Reading
4.2 Updating
4.3 Deletion
4.4 Creation
5 Concurrency Control
6 Version
Management of Composite Objects
7 Conclusions
8 Acknowledgements
References
20
Integrating Concurrency Control, by Cart and Ferrie
1 Introduction
2 User Transactions and O2 Objects
2.1
Representation of O2 Objects
2.2 Hierarchy of Abstraction Levels
3 Constraints upon Concurrency
3.1
Classification of Methods on Classes and Instances
3.2 Compatibility of Methods
3.3 Access Control of Classes and
Instances
3.4 Creation and Deletion of Instances
3.5 Creation and Deletion of Classes
4 Object
and Operation Properties Exploited by CC
4.1 Primitive and Constructed Objects
4.2 Compatibility and Commutativity
between Operations
4.3 Independence of Objects at the Same Abstraction Level
5 Impact of a One-level Transaction
Model
5.1 Physical Locking
5.2 Physical and Logical Locking
6 Impact of a Multilevel Transaction
Model
6.1 Necessity of Object Independence
6.2 Multilevel Two-phase Locking
6.3 Exploiting Method Commutativity
7 Conclusion
8 Acknowledgements
References
Part V The Programming Environment
21
Introduction to the Programming Environment, by Delobel, Kanellakis, and Plateau
1 The Technical Challenges
1.1
Interaction between User and Database
1.2 The Software Engineering Problems
2 Historical View of the O2
Approach
3 A Roadmap for Part 5
References
22 Building User Interfaces with Looks, by
Plateau, Borras, Leveque, Mamou, and Tallot
1 Introduction
1.1 Existing User-Interface Tools
1.2
Looks
2 The Looks Data Model
3 Main Features of Looks
3.1 Generic Presentations
3.2
Editing Presentations
3.3 Masks
3.4 Placements
3.5 Modes
3.6 Links
3.7 Interactive
Method Activation
3.8 Specific Presentations
4 A Programming Example
5 Conclusion
References
23 The O2 Programming Environment, by Borras, Doucet, Pfeffer, and Tallot
1 Introduction
2 Design
Principles
3 Programming with OOPE
3.1 Programming Tools
3.2 A Tour with OOPE
4 Related
Work
5 Implementation Choices and Future Improvements
6 Conclusion
7 Acknowledgements
References
24 Using a Database System to Implement a Debugger, by Doucet and Pfeffer
1 Introduction
2 The
Compiling Process
3 The O2 Debugger
3.1 Information Managed by Debuggers
3.2 The O2 Debugger Architecture
3.3 The O2 Debugger Paradigm
4 The Symbol Database
4.1 Fine Granularity
4.2 Creation of a
Symbol Database
4.3 Structure of a Symbol Database
5 Database Management during the Debugger Process
5.1
Dynamic Binding
5.2 Management of the Execution Stack
6 Evaluation of Gains
6.1 Performance Gain
6.2 Space Gain
6.3 Functionality Gain
7 Related Work
7.1 A Similar Symbol Table Organization
7.2 Debuggers That Use a Database
8 Conclusion and Future Work
9 Acknowledgements
References
25 Incremental Compilation in O2, by Larcheveque
1 Introduction
2 A Survey of Language-based
Editors
3 Main Functionalities
3.1 Programs and Applications
3.2 User Interaction
4
The Semantic Component
4.1 Code Generation
4.2 Parse-time Semantic Actions
5 The Syntactic Component
5.1 Conventions
5.2 Requirements and Assumptions for the Incremental Parser
5.3 Extended Example
5.4
Augmenting the Parser for Optimal Context Reuse
5.5 Adding Flexibility to the Parser
6 Further Research
References
26 Self-explained Toolboxes, by Arango
1 Introduction
2 The Toolbox
Approach
2.1 What Is a Toolbox?
2.2 Class Identification
2.3 Classification of Operations
3 The Business-Application Toolbox
3.1 The Learning Mechanism
3.2 Using the Toolbox
3.3 Extending the
Toolbox
4 Conclusions
5 Acknowledgements
References
Part VI Examples of O2
Applications
27 A Guided Tour of an O2 Application, by Grosselin and James
1 The Altair Travel Agency
2 Displays and Data Capture
3 The O2 Query Language
4 Multimedia Objects
5 The O2 Programming Environment
28 Geographic Applications: An Experience with O2, by Scholl and Voisard
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