Porosity Evolution and Diagenesis in a Sequence Stratigraphic Framework To order this title, and for more information, click here
By Clyde H. Moore, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA and Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA Recipient AAPG 2001 Distinguished Educator Award
Description This comprehensive text and accompanying CD-ROM will provide the reader with an integrated overview of diagenesis and porosity evolution
in carbonate petroleum reservoirs and ancient carbonate rock sequences.
The initial chapters of this volume provide an overview of
the carbonate sedimentologic system and the application of sequence stratigraphic concepts to carbonate rock sequences. The nature of
carbonate porosity and its control by diagenesis is explored. Porosity classification schemes are detailed, compared, and their utility
examined. The nature and characteristics of diagenetic environments and tools for their recognition in the ancient record are specified.
The middle chapters of the book consist of a thorough examination of the major, surficial diagenetic environments, such as normal marine,
evaporative marine and meteoric environments, emphasising porosity modifying processes illustrated by numerous case histories. There
follows a summary of early diagenesis and porosity evolution couched in a sequence stratigraphic, climatic and tectonic framework. Predictive
porosity/diagenesis models are developed. The fate of early-formed porosity is explored in the burial diagenetic regimen in a tectonic
framework. Factors controlling porosity destruction, porosity preservation and porosity enhancement are outlined and illustrated by
case histories.
The final chapter consists of three well-constrained economically important case histories that serve to summarise
the concepts and exploration/production strategies developed earlier.
The epilogue gives the reader a sense of the legacy of important
earlier workers, the present state of the art and the author's sense of where the science of carbonate reservoirs needs to go in the
future.
The accompanying CD-ROM provides color versions of all diagrams/illustrations found in the text.
This book should be useful
to any geologist interested in carbonate sediments and rocks, and the porosity/diagenesis models will be particularly useful to exploration/production
geologists. The book will be a good text for advanced carbonate courses at graduate level, and an appropriate reference book for graduate
students working with, or interested in, carbonate rock sequences and sediments.
A limited number of inspection copies of this book
are available for qualified course instructors. Requests for an Examination Copy (please provide full course details) should be sent
via e-mail to: j.kershaw@elsevier.nl
Contents
Preface.
Chapter 1. The Nature of the Carbonate Depositional System. The Basic Nature of Carbonate Sediments
and Sedimentation. (Sample images from CD-ROM in pdf format: Fig.1-13Fig.1-14Fig.1-17)
Introduction.
Origin of carbonate sediments.
The reef: a unique depositional environment.
Unique biological control
over the texture and fabric of carbonate sediments.
Carbonate grain composition.
Carbonate rock classification.
Efficiency of the carbonate
factory and its impact on patterns of carbonate sedimentation.
Carbonate platform types and facies models.
Summary.
Chapter 2. Concepts of Sequence Stratigraphy as Applied to Carbonate Depositional Systems. (Sample images from CD-ROM
in pdf format: Fig.2-3Fig.2-6Fig.2-13)
Introduction.
Sequence
Stratigraphy.
Eustasy, tectonics and sedimentation: the basic accommodation model.
Hierarchy of Stratigraphic Cycles.
Introduction
of Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphic Models.
The Ramp Sequence Stratigraphic Model.
The Rimmed Shelf Sequence Stratigraphic Model.
The
Escarpment Margin Sequence Stratigraphic Model.
Sequence Stratigraphic Model of Isolated Platforms.
High-frequency cyclicity on carbonate
platforms: carbonate parasequences.
The Consequences of the High-Chemical Reactivity of Carbonate Sediments and Rocks During
Exposure at Sequence Boundaries.
Carbonate minerals and their relative stability.
Controls over the mineralogy of carbonate
sediments, today and in the past.
Mineralogy of ancient limestones: the concept of early progressive mineral stabilization and porosity
evolution.
Summary.
Chapter 3. The Classification of Carbonate Porosity. (Sample images from CD-ROM
in pdf format: Fig.3-8Fig.3-12Fig.3-21)
Introduction.
The Nature
and Classification of Carbonate Porosity.
Choquette and Pray porosity classification.
The Lucia rock fabric/petrophysical carbonate
porosity classification.
The Nature of Primary Porosity in Modern Sediments.
Intergrain porosity.
Intragrain porosity.
Depositional porosity of mud-bearing sediments.
Framework and fenestral porosity.
Secondary Porosity.
Introduction.
Secondary porosity formation by dissolution.
Secondary porosity associated with dolomitization.
Secondary porosity associated with breccias.
Secondary porosity associated with fractures.
Summary.
Chapter 4. Diagenetic Environments of Porosity Modification
and Tools for their Recognition in the Geologic Record61. (Sample images from CD-ROM in pdf format: Fig.4-1Fig.4-4Fig.4-17)
Introduction.
Marine environment.
Meteoric environment.
Subsurface environment.
Petrography-cement morphology.
Petrography-cement
distribution patterns.
Petrography-grain-cement relationships relative to compaction.
Trace element geochemistry of calcite cements and
dolomites.
Stable isotopes.
Strontium isotopes.
Fluid Inclusions.
Chapter 5. Normal Marine Diagenetic Environments.
(Sample images from CD-ROM in pdf format: Fig.5-3Fig.5-16Fig.5-29)
Introduction.
Shallow
Water, Normal Marine Diagenetic Environments.
Abiotic shallow marine carbonate cementation.
Recognition of ancient shallow marine
abiotic cements.
Biologically mediated marine carbonate cementation and diagenesis.
Diagenetic setting in the intertidal zone.
Modern
shallow water submarine hardgrounds.
Recognition and significance of ancient hardgrounds.
Diagenetic setting in the modern reef environment.
Recognition of reef-related marine diagenesis in the ancient record.
Early marine lithification of the Permian Capitan reef complex New
Mexico, USA.
Porosity evolution of the Golden Lane of Mexico and the Stuart City of Texas.
Porosity evolution of Devonian reefs: Western
Canadian Sedimentary Basin.
Slope To Deep Marine Diagenetic Environments.
Introduction to diagenesis in the slope to
deep marine environment.
Carbonate diagenesis associated with ramp to slope mud mounds.
Carbonate diagenesis of mounds near hydrothermal
and hydrocarbon vents.
Carbonate diagenesis associated with escarpment shelf margins: Enewetak Atoll.
Carbonate diagenesis of steep escarpment
shelf margins: Bahama Platform.
Summary.
Chapter 6. Evaporative Marine Diagenetic Environments. (Sample
images from CD-ROM in pdf format: Fig.6-27Fig.6-36Fig.6-42)
Introduction.
Introduction
to diagenesis in evaporative marine environments.
The Marginal Marine Sabkha Diagenetic Environment.
Modern marginal
marine sabkhas.
Diagenetic patterns association with ancient marginal marine sabkhas.
Ordovician Red River marginal marine sabkha reservoirs,
Williston Basin, USA.
Mississippian Mission Canyon marine sabkha reservoirs, Williston Basin, USA.
Ordovician Ellenburger marine sabkha-related
dolomite reservoirs, west Texas, USA.
Criteria for the recognition of ancient marginal marine sabkha dolomites.
Marginal Marine
Evaporative Lagoons Reflux Dolomitization.
The marginal marine evaporative lagoon as a diagenetic environment.
Permian Guadalupian
west Texas, USA: an ancient evaporative lagoon complex.
Permian reservoirs of the South Cowden Field, Texas: reflux dolomitization.
Jurassic
Smackover dolomitization, Texas, USA: a reflux dolomitization event.
Criteria for the recognition of ancient reflux dolomites.
Regional
evaporite basins, coastal salinas, their setting and diagenetic environment.
The MacLeod salt basin.
The Elk Point Basin of Canada.
Michigan
Basin, USA.
Jurassic Hith Evaporite and the Arab Formation, Middle East.
Summary.
Chapter 7. Diagenesis in the
Meteoric Environment. (Sample images from CD-ROM in pdf format: Fig.7-8Fig.7-33Fig.7-36)
Introduction.
Geochemical and Mineralogical Considerations.
Geochemistry of meteoric pore fluids and
precipitates.
Isotopic composition of meteoric waters and meteoric carbonate precipitates.
Mineralogic drive of diagenesis within the
meteoric environment.
Implication of kinetics of the CaC03-H20-C02 system in meteoric environments.
Climatic effects.
Hydrologic setting
of the meteoric diagenetic environment.
The Vadose Diagenetic Environment.
Introduction.
Upper vadose soil or caliche
zone.
Lower vadose zone.
Porosity development in the vadose diagenetic environment.
The Meteoric Phreatic Diagenetic Environment.
Introduction.
Immature hydrologic phase: island-based and land-tied floating meteoric water lenses developed in mineralogically immature
sediments.
Bermuda, a case study of an island with a permanent floating fresh water lens.
Meteoric diagenesis in Quintana Roo, Mexico
strandplains.
The Oaks Field, meteoric diagenesis in a Jurassic shoreline, Louisiana, USA.
The mature hydrologic phase: regional meteoric
water systems in sea level lowstands.
Mature hydrologic system: regional system in a sea level lowstand: Bahama Bank.
Mature hydrologic
system: regional gravity-driven system developed during relative sea level lowstand on a land-tied carbonate shelf.
Porosity development
and predictability in regional meteoric aquifer environments.
Geochemical trends characteristic of a regional meteoric aquifer system.
Mississippian grainstones of a southwestern New Mexico, USA: a case history of porosity destruction in a regional meteoric aquifer system.
Karst Processes, Products and Related Porosity.
Introduction.
Solution, cementation, and porosity evolution in a mature
karst system.
Yates Field, Texas, USA: case history of an unconformity-related karsted reservoir.
Dolomitization Associated with
Meteoric and Mixed Meteoric-Marine Waters.
Introduction.
Meteoric-marine mixing, or Dorag model of dolomitization.
Concerns
about the validity of the mixing model of dolomitization.
Modern mixing zone dolomitization.
Pleistocene to Miocene mixing zone dolomitization.
Mississippian North Bridgeport Field, Illinois Basin, USA: mixed water dolomite reservoirs.
Where do we stand on mixing zone dolomitization
today?
Summary.
Chapter 8. Summary of Early Diagenesis and Porosity Modification of Carbonate Reservoirs in
a Sequence Stratigraphic and Climatic Framework. (Sample images from CD-ROM in pdf format: Fig.8-1Fig.8-11Fig.8-14)
Introduction.
Reservoir Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution During 3rd Order Sea Level Lowstands (LST).
Introduction.
Diagenesis/porosity model of a carbonate ramp during sea level lowstand (LST).
Diagenesis/porosity model of a steep-rimmed
carbonate shelf during sea level lowstand (LST).
Diagenesis/porosity model of a rimmed isolated carbonate platform during sea level lowstand
(LST).
Reservoir Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution During 3rd Order Sea Level Rises (TST).
Introduction.
Diagenesis/porosity
model for a ramp in a rising sea level (TST).
Diagenesis/porosity model for a rimmed shelf during a rising sea level (TST).
Diagenesis/porosity
model of a rimmed isolated carbonate platform during sea level rise (TST).
Reservoir Diagenesis and Porosity Evolution During
3rd Order Sea Level Highstands (HST).
Introduction.
Diagenesis/porosity model for a ramp during a sea level highstand (HST).
Diagenesis/porosity model for a rimmed shelf during a sea level highstand (HST).
Diagenesis/porosity model for an isolated carbonate
platform during a sea level highstand (HST).
Diagenesis and Porosity at the Parasequence Scale.
Introduction.
Cumulative
diagenesis associated with parasequence stacking patterns in a 3rd order sequence.
Diagenesis and Porosity at the Supersequence
(2nd Order) Scale: Sequence Stacking Patterns.
Introduction.
Progradational sequence set and diagenesis.
Aggradational sequence
set diagenesis.
Retrogradational sequence set and diagenesis.
Diagenesis and Porosity at the 1st Order Scale: Icehouse Versus
Greenhouse.
Introduction.
Long-term temporal changes in carbonate mineralogy: impact on diagenesis and porosity evolution.
The
architecture of sedimentary sequences and their diagenesis/porosity evolution as a function of long-term climatic cycles (icehouse versus
greenhouse).
Case Histories.
Introduction.
Controls over porosity evolution in Upper Paleozoic shelf limestones, Southwest
Andrews area, Central Basin Platform of the Permian Basin, USA: porosity development as a function of subaerial exposure during an icehouse
time.
Stratigraphic controls over porosity development in an Albian ramp sequence, offshore Angola, Africa: porosity evolution under
greenhouse conditions in a mixed siliciclastic/carbonate/evaporite setting.
Summary.
Chapter 9. Burial Diagenetic
Environment. (Sample images from CD-ROM in pdf format: Fig.9-5Fig.9-28Fig.9-37)
Introduction.
The Burial Setting.
Introduction.
Pressure.
Temperature.
Deep burial pore fluids.
Tectonic
and basin hydrology.
Passive Margin Burial Regiment.
Introduction.
Mechanical compaction and de-watering.
Chemical compaction.
Factors affecting the efficiency of chemical compaction.
Subsurface cements in a passive margin setting.
Petrography of burial cements.
Impact of late subsurface cementation on reservoir porosity.
Subsurface dissolution in a passive margin setting.
The North Sea Ekofisk
Field: a case history of porosity preservation in chalks.
The Active or Collision Margin Burial Regiment.
Introduction.
Lower Ordovician Upper Knox Dolomite of the southern Appalachians, USA.
Dolomitization in Devonian carbonates, Western Canada Sedimentary
Basin, Alberta, Canada.
The Post Tectonic Diagenetic Regimen.
Introduction.
Mississippian Madison Aquifer of the mid-continent,
USA.
Post orogenic aquifer system in Paleozoic carbonates of the Greater Permian Basin.
Predicting Changes in Porosity with Depth.
Summary.
Chapter 10. Porosity Evolution from Sediment to Reservoir: Case Histories. (Sample images
from CD-ROM in pdf format: Fig.10-9Fig.10-26Fig.10-34)
Introduction.
The
Mississippian Madison at Madden Field Wind River Basin, Wyoming, USA.
Introduction.
General setting.
Stratigraphic and depositional
setting.
Correlation of surface exposures into the deep subsurface at Madden.
Burial history of the Madison.
Porosity/permeability of
Madison reservoirs and outcrop dolomites.
Diagenetic history of the Madison, Wind River Basin.
Conclusions and lessons learned from the
Madison at Madden Field, Wyoming.
The Upper Jurassic Smackover and Related Formation, Central U.S. Gulf Coast: A Mature Petroleum
Fairway.
Introduction.
General setting.
Sequence stratigraphic and depositional framework of the Upper Jurassic.
Early diagenesis
and porosity modification related to depositional sequences and sea level.
Burial diagenesis and subsurface porosity evolution, Oxfordian
reservoirs, central Gulf of Mexico.
Upper Jurassic exploration and production constraints and strategies, central Gulf of Mexico.
Conclusions
and lessons learned from the Smackover of the central Gulf of Mexico.
The Tertiary Malampaya and Camago Buildups, Offshore Palawan,
Philippines: 3-D Reservoir Modeling.
Introduction.
Geologic setting.
Lithofacies and depositional model.
Diagenetic history.
Reservoir rock types as model input parameters.
The model.
Conclusions and lessons learned from the 3-D modeling of the Tertiary Malampaya
and Camago buildups.
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