Description This book considers the different concepts of hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) of surfactants and solid particles and the main physicochemical
properties of surfactant and solid interfaces which are used to definite the hydrophile-lipophile balance. The book comprehensively
analyses all interfacial and bulk properties of surfactants used for the determination of HLB (such as interfacial tension, distribution
coefficient, adsorption, surface pressure, surfactants solubility, structure characteristics, distribution between heteropolar phases,
micellar formation, chromatographic characteristics, phase separation in emulsions, phase inversion temperature, formation of three phase
systems). The central point of the book is the energetic interpretation of the balance, i.e. the hydrophile-lipophile ratio. At
the same time the HLB-number systems of Griffin and Davies and other independant methods of the hydrophile-lipophile balance definitions
are discussed: PIT, polarity indexes, surfactant affinity difference etc. The possibility of application of the different characteristics
of the hydrophile-lipophile balance as a criterion of phase inversion in emulsions and microemulsion systems water-oil-surfactant are
considered. For the first time the different methods of the hydrophile-lilophile balance definition for solid particles in compact
and dispersed form are suggested by the author. The use of hydrophile-lipophile characteristics of solid particles as a criterion of
phase inversion in emulsion stabilisation and for other applications is discussed.
Audience
For chemists, biologists, engineers and undergraduates interested in colloid dispersions, colloid stability, surfactants and polymers,
surfaces and interfaces, technological applications, and environmental colloid science.
Contents
Preface.
Introduction.
Physicochemical properties of surfactants used in the definition of
hydrophile-lipophile balance. Classification of surfactants with respect to structure and chemical nature. Surface-related
properties of surfactants. Bulk properties of surfactants. The contributions to Gibbs' energy corresponding to the transfer of surfactant
molecules from bulk phases to interfaces as compared to the transfer to other bulk phases. The interpretation of Traube's rule. Brief
review of surfactant chromatography. References.
Stabilising ability of surfactants in emulsification and foam formation.
Physicochemical properties of emulsion films. Kinetics of flocculation and coalescence. Phase inversion in emulsions. Effect of temperature
on emulsion stability - phase inversion temperature PIT. Relation between foam stability and hydrophile-lipophile balance. References.
Hydrophile-lipophile balance of surfactants. Griffin's system of HLB numbers. Kinetic and thermodynamic rationalisation
of HLB numbers - Davies' HLBD number. Critical micellisation concentration and HLB numbers. Phase inversion temperature
in emulsion - measure of hydrophile-lipophile
balance. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and chromatographic characteristics of surfactants.
Comparative analysis of Griffin's and Davies' HLB numbers, consideration of the influence of the medium and the surfactant structure
on the HLB number systems. Thermodynamic approaches to the determination of hydrophile-lipophile balance. Hydrophile-oleophile ratio
determined from the micellisation energy. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and phase inversion of emulsions. Hydrophilic-oleophilic ratio
and the formation of micellar systems (surfactant phases). References.
Hydrophile-lipophile balance of solid particles.
Behaviour of drops at solid surfaces, and solid spherical particles at liquid/liquid interface. Stabilisation of emulsions by solid
particles. Work of wetting and determination of the hydrophile-lipophile balance for solid particles. Calculation of the hydrophile-lipophile
balance for highly disperse solid emulsifiers. The dependence of emulsion stability on the work of wetting of emulsifier particles.
HLB used as criterion of phase inversion in emulsions stabilised by solid particles. References.
Examples of the implementation
of hydrophilicity-lipophility concepts in the development of the formulations of surfactants and selection of solid particles for certain
purposes. Physicochemical properties of microemulsion systems. Emulsion systems and emulsion technologies. Use of microemulsion
systems for enhanced oil recovery from reservoirs. Breakdown of dilute emulsions. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and foaming properties
of microemulsions.
Hydrophile-lipophile balance and selection of reagents in the processes of surface (foam) separation of dissolved
substances, colloid particles and oil drops. Hydrophile-lipophile balance and sanitary-technical characteristics of
surfactants. Hydrophile-lipophile
balance and protein structure. Use of the hydrophile-lipophile balance concept for the characterisation of solid surfaces with respect
to its application. References.
List of symbols.
Abbreviations of surfactants and surfactant mixtures.
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