 |
|
| ISOTOPE TRACERS IN CATCHMENT HYDROLOGY
| |
| | |
|
|
To order this title, and for more information, click here
Edited By
C. Kendall, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
J.J. McDonnell, SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, USA
Description
This book represents a new "earth systems" approach to catchments that encompasses the physical and biogeochemical interactions that control
the hydrology and biogeochemistry of the system. The text provides a comprehensive treatment of the fundamentals of catchment hydrology,
principles of isotope geochemistry, and the isotope variability in the hydrologic cycle -- but the main focus of the book is on case
studies in isotope hydrology and isotope geochemistry that explore the applications of isotope techniques for investigating modern environmental
problems.
Isotope Tracers in Catchment Hydrology is the first synthesis of physical hydrology and isotope geochemistry with
catchment focus, and is a valuable reference for professionals and students alike in the fields of hydrology, hydrochemistry, and environmental
science. This important interdisciplinary text provides extensive guidelines for the application of isotope techniques for all investigatores
facing the challenge of protecting precious water, soil, and ecological resources from the ever-increasing problems associated with population
growth and environmental change, including those from urban development and agricultural land uses.
Contents
PART I. BASIC PRINCIPLES. Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Small Catchment Hydrology ( J.M. Buttle).
Introduction to Small
Catchments. The Catchment Water Balance. General components of the water balance. Precipitation, interception, net precipitation, Snowmelt.
Infiltration and soil water storage. Evaporation and evapotranspiration. Storage in lakes, wetlands and stream channels. Runoff outputs
via streamflow. Mechanisms of stormflow generation. Groundwater flow. Questions of Spatial and Temporal Scale in Catchment Hydrology.
Use of Isotopes in Catchment Research. Evaporation, evapotranspiration, interception. Pore-water mixing (the mobile-immobile water issue).
Soil and groundwater recharge rates. Soil water, groundwater and surface water residence times. Storm runoff components. Water sources
versus water flowpaths. Sources of solutes. New Research Directions. Summary.
Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry
(C. Kendall and E.A. Caldwell).
Introduction. Fundamentals of Isotope Geochemistry. Definitions. Terminology. Standards. Stable
Isotope Fractionation. Properties of isotopic molecules. Fractionation accompanying chemical reactions and phase changes. The Rayleigh
equations. Isotopic fractionation in open and closed systems. Biological fractionations. Sample Collection, Analysis, and Quality Assurance.
Sampling guidelines. Analytical methods and instrumentation. Quality assurance of contract laboratories. Applications of Isotope Tracers
in Catchment Hydrology. Water isotope hydrology. Solute isotope biogeochemistry. Mixing. Isotopically labeled materials. Stable isotopes
in geochemical modeling. Use of a multi-isotope approach for the determination of flowpaths. Summary.
PART II. PROCESSES
AFFECTING ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS. Chapter 3: Isotopic Variations in Precipitation (N.L. Ingraham).
Introduction. Global hydrologic
cycle. Natural Fractionation of Isotopes in Precipitation. Co-variance of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation. Systematics
of Isotope Variations in Precipitation. System fractionation. Unique types of precipitation. Observed effects. Temporal variation in
precipitation. Geographic variation in precipitation in convective systems. Continental effect in precipitation. Dependence of rain on
ambient temperature. Exchange with atmospheric vapor. Evaporation on the canopy. Mesoscale Circulation and Storm Trajectories. Tritium.
Origin. Recent elevated levels and decline. Observed terrestrial and marine distributions. Uses of tritium in catchment basin research.
Implications for Catchment Basin Research. Scale issues. Sample collection. Summary.
Chapter 4: Isotopic Fractionation in Snow
Cover (L.W. Cooper).
Introduction. Isotopic Changes to a Snowpack. Changes during snow accumulation. Changes during snowmelt.
Isotopic water balance and evaporation. Catchment scale and runoff considerations. Future Directions for Research.
Chapter 5:Isotopic
Exchange in Soil Water (C.J. Barnes, J.V. Turner).
Introduction. General discussion of isotopes. Analytical considerations.
Soil-water extraction techniques. Processes Leading to Soil Water Concentration Variations: Meteorological Inputs. Processes Leading
to Soil Water Concentration Variations: Evaporation. Introduction. Saturated soils. Unsaturated soils. Unsteady evaporation. Temperature
effects. Oxygen-18/deuterium relationship. Further modifications due to salinity and transpiration. New Research Directions. Summary.
Chapter 6: Plants, Isotopes and Water Use: a Catchment-Scale Perspective. (T.E. Dawson, J.R. Ehleringer).
Introduction.
Plants and catchment-level processes. Working premise concerning plants, isotopes and water use. Water Uptake and Water Transport in
Plants. Background. Measurements of water uptake and transport by plants. Stomatal Regulation of Water Movement in the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere
Continuum. Water movement and the regulatory role of plants: the leaf-level. Water movement and the regulatory role of plants: the stand-level.
Water Sources and Water Use by Plants: Case Studies Using Stable Isotopes. Riparian forest communities. Arid and semi-arid plant communities.
Temperate forest communities. Coastal plant communities. Current Issues Involving Plants and Catchment-Scale Hydrologic Processes. Invasive
plants and site water balance. Stream diversions and riparian manipulations. Deforestation, reforestation and desertification. Long-term
Record of Water Use by Plants. Merging the Study of Stable Isotopes in Water with Studies of Water Uptake and Water Use in Plants and
the Hydrology of Catchments.
Chapter 7: Isotopes in Groundwater Hydrology (R. Gonfiantini, K. Fröhlich, L. Araguás-Araguás,
K. Rozanski).
Introduction. Isotopic Variations in Waters Recharging the Aquifers. The isotopic composition of precipitation.
The isotopic composition of surface waters. Isotopic Effects in the Unsaturated Zone. Mechanisms of infiltration. Water movement in the
unsaturated zone. Dissolution processes. Shallow Aquifers. Recharge by precipitation. Recharge from surface waters. Hydrodynamical models
of shallow groundwater systems based on isotopic data. Deep Groundwater. Groundwater movement in confined aquifers. Groundwater age.
Interconnections between aquifers. Geothermal groundwaters. Groundwater Studies in Catchments. Present situation and case study examples.
Research trends and needs.
Chapter 8: Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Tracers in Catchment Hydrology (G.J. Nimz).
Introduction.
Processes that Affect Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Isotopic Compositions in Hydrologic Systems. Lithogenic and cosmogenic solutes used in
hydrologic analysis. Origin of lithogenic nuclides in natural waters: mineral reactions. Origin of lithogenic nuclides in natural waters:
trace element exchange. Origin of isotopic variations: radiogenic nuclides. Origin of isotopic variations: the mineral weathering sequence.
Origin of isotopic variations: uranium isotopes and alpha recoil. Origin of isotopic variations: cosmogenic nuclides. Origin of isotopic
variations: fission products. Hydrologic application of cosmogenic nuclides. The Application of Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Nuclides to
Catchment Hydrology. Input: precipitation, dry deposition, and throughfall. The shallow system: hydrograph separation, weathering, and
arid-region infiltration. Evaporation / transpiration. The deep system: groundwater flow. System (basin) closure: mixing of water masses.
Streamflow: mass balance within the catchment. Lithogenic and cosmogenic nuclides: summary. New Directions in Lithogenic and Cosmogenic
Nuclides. The other geologic giant: neodymium. Lithogenic elements with fractionating isotopes. New directions in catchment hydrology
for cosmogenic nuclides. Lithogenic and Cosmogenic Tracers in Catchment Hydrology: Concluding Remarks.
Chapter 9: Dissolved Gases
in Subsurface Hydrology (D.K. Solomon, P.G. Cook, W.E. Sanford).
Introduction. Occurrence and Transport of Dissolved Gases.
Shallow Groundwater Dating. 3H/3He. Chlorofluorocarbons. 85 Kr. Radiogenic 4He. Field examples
of groundwater dating. Groundwater Surface-Water Interactions. 4He. 222Rn. Injected Dissolved Gas Tracers. Field
example: noble gas tracer experiment. Future Directions.
PART III. CASE STUDIES IN ISOTOPE HYDROLOGY. Chapter 10: Oxygen and
Hydrogen Isotopes in Rainfall-Runoff Studies (D.P. Genereux, R.P. Hooper).
Introduction. Hydrograph Separation. Terminology.
Requirements and assumptions in hydrograph separation. Findings and examples. Scale dependence of f
pe values. Intra-component
variability in tracer concentrations. Recommendations for field studies. New Directions. Subsurface mixing and residence time. Use of
isotopes in model calibration. Conclusions.
Chapter 11: High Rainfall, Response-Dominated Catchments: A Comparative Study of
Experiments in Tropical Northeast Queensland with Temperate New Zealand (M. Bonell, C.J. Barnes, C.R. Grant, A. Howard, J. Burns).
Introduction. Previous Studies in High Rainfall, Response - Dominated Catchments. The Maimai catchments. Linkages between the Maimai
and Babinda studies. Physical Background. Experimental Methods. Precipitation. Streamflow. Hillslope instrumentation. Results: Event
of February 16, 1991. Antecedent catchment storage and rainfall-runoff of sample storm. Matric and hydraulic potential changes on sample
slope transects. Hydrograph analysis. Stream Hydrograph Analysis and Isotopic Response. Event analysis - general considerations. Soil
and groundwater isotopic changes. How High Rainfall Catchments Work. The Babinda model. The secondary store issue. New water dominance
at Babinda vs old water dominance at Maimai. Future Research Directions.
Chapter 12: Snowmelt-Dominated Systems (A. Rodhe).
Introduction.
Basic hydrological processes. Global geographical distribution. Isotopic characteristics of snowmelt. Hydrograph Separation Studies.
Historical studies. Recent studies with more complete characterization. Vertical Unsaturated Flow. Estimates of groundwater recharge
and particle velocity. Piston flow versus macropore flow. Transit times and flow pattern from lysimeter studies. Flow pattern in two
and three dimensions. Implications for catchment flow studies. Conclusions and Future Research Directions.
Chapter 13: Arid Catchments
(N.L. Ingraham, E.A. Caldwell, B.Th. Verhagen).
Introduction. The Use of Isotopes in Arid Catchment Studies. Precipitation.
Lakes. Rivers. Rivers displaying isotopic enrichment. Rivers without isotopic enrichment. Soil water. Infiltration and recharge in arid
regions. Groundwater. The 'd' value in arid groundwater. Sampling. Precipitation. Surface water. Soil water. Non-Traditional Techniques.
Strontium. 3He/Tritium. Chlorine-36. Noble Gases. Chlorofluorocarbons. Future Directions.
Chapter 14: Groundwater
and Surface-Water Interactions in Riparian and Lake-Dominated Systems (J.F. Walker, D.P. Krabbenhoft).
Introduction. Importance
of lake-dominated systems. Dominant hydrological processes. Previous Studies in Lake Systems. Estimating Groundwater Exchange with Lakes.
Stable-isotope mass-balance method. Index-lake method. Wisconsin WEBB Case Study. Study area. Study design. Isotopic flow-system progression.
Isotopic complexity. Concluding Remarks.
PART IV. CASE STUDIES IN ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY. Chapter 15: Use of Stable Isotopes in
Evaluating Sulfur Biogeochemistry of Forest Ecosystems (M.J. Mitchell, H.R. Krouse, B. Mayer, A.C. Stam, Y. Zhang).
Introduction:
Forest Ecosystem Sulfur Dynamics. Controls on Sulfur Isotope Composition. Isotope fractionation. Atmospheric sources of sulfur. Geological
sources of sulfur. Sulfur isotopes in the hydrosphere. Sulfur isotopes in soil and terrestrial vegetation. Natural Abundance Studies.
Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Bear Brook Watershed, Maine. Experimental Lakes Area, Ontario, Canada. Rocky Mountains,
Colorado and Wyoming. Black Forest, Germany .Applied Tracer Studies. Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire. Bear Brook Watershed,
Maine. West Whitecourt, Alberta, Canada. Bavaria, Germany. Höglwald, Germany. Black Forest, Germany. Skjervatjern Catchment, Norway. Lake Gordsjön Catchment, Sweden. New Research Directions. Summary.
Chapter 16: Tracing Nitrogen Sources and Cycles in Catchments
(C. Kendall).
Introduction. Fundamentals of nitrogen isotopes. Methods. The Nitrogen Cycle. Isotopic fractionations. Processes
affecting N isotopic compositions. δ15N Values of Nitrogen Sources and Reservoirs.Atmospheric sources. Fertilizers. Animal
waste. Plants. Soils. Groundwaters. δ18O Values of Nitrate Sources and Reservoirs. Atmospheric nitrate. Synthetic fertilizers
and reagents. Microbial nitrate. Other processes affecting nitrate δ8O values. Tracing Sources and Cycling of Nitrate.
Mixing. Denitrification. Application Studies. Agricultural and urban sources of nitrate. Sources of N in acid-rain affected forested
catchments Nitrogen-limited systems. Labeled-tracer studies. Food web studies. New Frontiers. Applications of the dual isotope method.
Tracing sources and sinks for DOM. Applications of compound-specific isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Use of isotopic techniques to assess
impacts of changes inland-management practices and landuse on water quality. Use of a multi-isotope or multi-tracer approach. Development
of linked hydrologic/geochemical models. Summary.
Chapter 17: Carbon Cycling in Terrestrial Environments (Y. Wang, T.G. Huntington,
L.J. Osher, L.I. Wassenaar, S.E. Trumbore, R.G. Amundson, J.W. Harden, D.M. McKnight, S.L. Schiff, G.R. Aiken, W.B. Lyons, R.O. Aravena,
J.S. Baron).
Introduction. Carbon Isotopes and Terminology. Carbon Dynamics in Soils. 14C age of soil organic matter.
Use of 14C to study C turnover in soils. The use of 13C to study C turnover in soils. Use of carbon isotopes in
understanding carbon dynamics in peatlands. Isotope Studies of Dissolved Organic Matter in Groundwater. Stable carbon isotopes. Nitrogen,
sulfur and hydrogen isotopes. Radiocarbon in DOC. Isotope Study of DOC in Lacustrine Environments. Isotope Studies and the Carbon Budget.
Chapter 18: Tracing of Weathering Reactions and Water Flowpaths: A Multi-isotope Approach. (T.D. Bullen, C. Kendall).
Introduction. Rationale for using water and solute isotopes as tracers in catchments. Theoretical bases of the strontium, lead and carbon
isotope systems. Geological/environmental factors leading to successful tracing with solute isotopes Influences on Isotopic Composition
of Sr, Pb and C in Catchment Waters. Lithologic controls on the isotopic composition of strontium and lead. Atmospheric/anthropogenic
inputs of Sr, Pb, and C. Effects of organic and inorganic cycling on isotopic composition of carbon. Multi-Isotope Studies at Selected
Watersheds.The combined use of O, H and Sr isotopes to understand differences in chemical evolution along different flowpaths in a sandy
aquifer in northern Wisconsin. Sr, Pb and C isotopes as surrogate tracers of water movement at a catchment nested in calc-silicate rocks,
Sleepers River, Vermont. C and Sr isotopes as tracers of sources of carbonate alkalinity at Catoctin Mountain, Maryland. Synthesis: an
isotopic view of a catchment. Additional Solute Isotope Tracers: Li, B, Fe. Summary.
Chapter 19: Erosion, Weathering, and Sedimentation.
(P.R. Bierman, A. Albrecht, M.H. Bothner, E.T. Brown, T.D. Bullen, L.B. Gray, L. Turpin).
Introduction. In Situ Produced Cosmogenic
Nuclides. Cosmogenic nuclides in exposed outcrops.
Cosmogenic nuclides in sediments. Case studies.
Atmospheric Nuclides: 210Pb.
Methods. Interpretation. Applications. Combined Approaches To Catchment Landscape Analysis: 137Cs and 210Pb. Lake
sediments. Soils. Water samples. Case studies. Tracing of Sediment Sources and Identification of Erosion Processes. Using Natural and
Anthropogenic Radionuclides. Nuclides of importance. Case studies. Sr and Weathering. Weathering and 87Sr/ 86Sr.
Typical 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Sr isotopes as tracers of solute sources.
Chapter 20: Applications of Uranium-
and Thorium-Series Radionuclides in Catchment Hydrology Studies. (T.F. Kraemer, D.P. Genereux).
Introduction. Review of Fundamental
Concepts. Decay chains and radioactive equilibrium. Physical and chemical processes that redistribute U and Th series radionuclides.
Radon Techniques in Catchment Hydrology. General considerations, mixing models. Mixing model without correction for volatilization. Mixing
model with degassing correction through stagnant film model. Mixing model with degassing correction through an injected tracer. Mixing
model, with partitioning of water inflow into different sources. Radium Isotopic Techniques in Catchment Hydrology. General considerations.
Radium as a tracer for groundwater input to an estuary system. Use of 228Ra and 226Ra in quantifying groundwater
input to a stream: conservative mixing. Use of 228Ra and 226Ra in quantifying groundwater input to a stream: non-conservative
mixing. Use of 228Ra and 226Ra in quantifying three end-member conservative mixing. Using 224Ra and 228Ra to determine residence time of water in short-residence time reservoirs. Using radium isotopes to identify the source
of water issuing from springs. New Research Directions.
PART V. SYNTHESIS. Chapter 21: Modeling of Isotopes and Hydrogeochemical
Responses in Catchment Hydrology. (J.V. Turner, C.J. Barnes).
Introduction. Some definitions and terms. Limitations of the
Mass Balance Hydrograph Separation Approach. Mass balance hydrograph separation models. Estimation of Transit Times - System Response
Functions of Catchments. System response functions. System response functions based on the IUH. Application of system response functions
based on the Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph. Identifying "old" and "new" water in terms of system response functions. Time series approaches
to system response functions. Kalman filtering and residence times. Comparisons of Models of Isotopic and Chemical Hydrograph Separation.
New Research Directions.
Chapter 22: Isotopes as Indicators of Environmental Change (J.B. Shanley, E. Pendall, C. Kendall, L.R.
Stevens, R.L. Michel, P.J. Phillips, R.M. Forester, D.L. Naftz, B. Liu, L. Stern, B.B. Wolfe, C.P. Chamberlain, S.W. Leavitt, T.H.E.
Heaton, B. Mayer, L.D. Cecil, W.B. Lyons, B.G. Katz, J.L. Betancourt, D.M. McKnight, J.D. Blum, T.W.D. Edwards, H.R. House, E. Ito, R.O.
Aravena, J.F. Whelan).
Introduction. Direct and proxy records of environmental change. Recent Environmental Change Indicators.
Groundwater dating. Direct use of water isotopes to infer recent global change. Changes in land use deduced from tracer studies. Isotope
tracers for tracking migratory patterns of birds. Changes in atmospheric deposition. Paleo-Climatic Indicators. Groundwater as an archive
of paleo-climatic information. Continental glaciers. Clay minerals, oxides, and hydroxides. Pedogenic carbonates. Paleoenvironmental
reconstruction from stable isotopes in
tree rings and plant fossils. Lacustrine environments: organics. Lacustrine environments: authigenic
carbonates. Lacustrine environments: ostracodes. New Research Directions. Summary.
A web page for this book is located at URL  http://wwwrcamnl.wr.usgs.gov/isoig/isopubs/.
This page includes copies of the table of contents and the index, colored versions of selected non-copyrighted figures that can be downloaded
for teaching purposes, a list of errata, selected portions of the non-copyrighted chapters and other useful isotope-related information.
These listings will be searchable on-line.
| Bibliographic details |
Paperback, 870 pages, publication date: JAN-1999
ISBN-13: 978-0-444-50155-4
ISBN-10: 0-444-50155-X
Imprint: ELSEVIER
|
| Price and Ordering |
Price:
EUR 73.95
USD 104
GBP 62.99
|  |
Books and book related electronic products are priced in US dollars (USD), euro (EUR), and Great Britain Pounds (GBP). USD prices apply to the Americas and Asia Pacific. EUR prices apply in Europe and the Middle East. GBP prices apply to the UK and all other countries.
|
See also information about conditions of sale & ordering procedures, and links to our regional sales offices.
|
070/704
Last update: 4 Sep 2009
|
|
| |
| | |
|
|
| |
Home | Elsevier Sites | Privacy Policy | Terms and Conditions | Feedback | Site Map | A Reed Elsevier Company