Description Publication 100 provides a Human Alimentary Tract Model (HATM) to complement the Publication 66 Human Respiratory Tract Model (HRTM),
published in 1994. Both models replaced Publication 30 (1979) models, which were developed specifically for the calculation of doses
from occupational exposures to radionuclides. An important aspect of both the HATM and HRTM is their treatment of intakes by children
as well as male and female adults and hence their applicability to environmental as well as occupational exposures. Another important
development in both models is the specific calculation of doses to target regions containing cells considered to be susceptible to cancer
induction.
Contents 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. The purpose of this report
1.2. Model used in ICRP Publication 30
1.3. The need for a new model
1.4.
Model development
1.5. Structure of the report
2. ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT SYSTEM
2.1. Introduction
2.2.
General features
2.3. Alimentation
2.4. Vascular supply and drainage
2.5. Micro-anatomy of the alimentary tract
2.6. Epithelia of the alimentary tract
3. ABSORPTION, RETENTION, AND SECRETION OF RADIONUCLIDES IN THE HUMAN ALIMENTARY TRACT
3.1.
Introduction
3.2. Radionuclide absorption
3.3. Radionuclide retention
3.4. Radionuclide secretion
3.5.
Examples used in this report
4. RADIATION EFFECTS
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Target cells
4.3. Radiation-induced
cancers in humans
4.4. Tissue damage
5. DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL
5.1. Overview
5.2. Main differences from
the ICRP Publication 30 model
5.3. Details of the model structure
5.4. Radionuclide-specific examples of the use of the
model
6. TRANSIT TIMES THROUGH THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Mouth
6.3. Oesophagus
6.4.
Stomach
6.5. Small intestine
6.6. Colon and rectum
6.7. Transfer coefficients
6.8. Uncertainty and variability
7. MORPHOMETRY AND DOSIMETRY
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Morphometry
7.3. Dosimetry
8. USE OF THE MODEL
8.1.
Introduction
8.2. Examples of doses using the HATM
8.3. Uncertainties
8.4. Key features of the HATM
ANNEX
A: EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN ALIMENTARY TRACT
A.1. Introduction
A.2. Embryology of the human alimentary tract
A.3.
General overview of the postnatal alimentary tract
A.4. Oral cavity, pharynx, and associated structures
A.5. Oesophagus
A.6.
Stomach
A.7. Liver, biliary tree, and pancreas
A.8. Small intestine
A.9. Large intestine
A.10. Rectum and
anal canal
ANNEX B: PHYSIOLOGY OF THE HUMAN ALIMENTARY TRACT
B.1. Introduction
B.2. Physiology of alimentary tract
motility
B.3. Physiology of blood and lymph circulation in the alimentary tract
B.4. Inputs and secretions in the alimentary
tract
B.5. Bacterial flora in the alimentary tract
B.6. Digestion, absorption, and retention in the gastrointestinal tract
ANNEX
C: REVIEW OF TRANSIT TIMES THROUGH MAJOR SEGMENTS OF THE ALIMENTARY TRACT
C.1. Mouth
C.2. Oesophagus
C.3. Stomach
C.4.
Small intestine
C.5. Large intestine
ANNEX D: ABSORPTION AND RETENTION OF RADIONUCLIDES
D.1. Introduction
D.2.
Oral cavity
D.3. Oesophagus
D.4. Stomach
D.5. Small intestine
D.6. Large intestine
D.7. Appendix
ANNEX
E: CONSISTENCY BETWEEN THE HATM AND THE HRTM
ANNEX F: ABSORBED FRACTIONS FOR ELECTRON EMISSIONS
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