ANALYSIS, FATE AND REMOVAL OF PHARMACEUTICALS IN THE WATER CYCLE, 50
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Mira Petrovic, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, Spain Damia Barcelo, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Jordi Girona, Barcelona, Spain
Description Pharmaceutically active substances are a class of new, so-called "emerging" contaminants that have raised great concern in recent years.
Human and veterinary drugs are constantly being introduced into the environment, mainly as a result of the manufacturing process. Over
a period of time, this level of chemical input may lead to long-term concentrations and promote continual, but unnoticed adverse effects
on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Analysis, Fate and Removal of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle discusses state-of-the-art
analytical methods for trace determination of pharmaceuticals in environmental samples while reviewing the fate and occurrence of pharmaceuticals
in the water cycle (elimination in wastewater and drinking water treatment). Focus is given to the newest developments in the treatment
technologies, such as membrane bioreactors and advance oxidation processes.
Audience
Chemistry students (undergraduate/graduate), analytical and environmental chemists, toxicologists, engineers, wastewater managers, risk assessors, and policy makers
Contents
Proposed Contents
1. Introduction: Pharmaceuticals in the environment
1.1. General introduction on pharmaceuticals
- therapeutic groups
- production and consumption rates
- excretion rates
1.2. Pharmaceuticals in the environment:
sources and their management
- sources and pathways for pharmaceuticals to the environment
- the means for minimizing these
sources (e.g. pollution prevention)
2. Analysis of Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants
2.1. Analysis of antibiotics
in aqueous samples
- sample preparation of waste/surface/drinking water
2.2. Analysis of antibiotics in solid samples
- sample
preparation of soil/sediment/sludge samples
2.3. Analysis of acidic drugs (analgesics/anti-inflammatory drugs, blood lipid reducing
agents and others) by LC
- sample preparation
- LC-MS methods
- LC-MS/MS methods
2.4. Analysis of acidic drugs (analgesics/anti-inflammatory
drugs, blood lipid reducing agents and others) by GC (including sample preparation and derivatization)
2.5. Analysis of neutral and
basic pharmaceuticals
- analysis of aqueous samples (extraction, clean up)
- analysis of solid samples
2.6. Analysis of
steroids/hormones
2.7. Analysis of X-ray contrast agents
2.8. Application of bioassays/biosensors for the analysis of pharmaceuticals
in environmental samples
3. Fate and Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in the Water Cycle
3.1. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in
the aqueous environment
- wastewater
- surface
- drinking water
3.2. Occurrence of pharmaceuticals in solid environmental
samples
- soil
- sediments (river and estuary)
- sewage sludges
3.3. Ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals
- acute toxicity
data
- chronic toxicity data
- impact of pharmaceuticals in the environment
- environmental risk assessment
4. Removal
of Pharmaceuticals
4.1. Biodegradation of pharmaceuticals
- laboratory biodegradation tests
- biodegradation pathways/metabolites
4.2. Abiotic degradation (photodegradation) of pharmaceuticals
4.3. Removal of pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants
(conventional technology – CAS)
4.4. Removal of pharmaceuticals by advanced treatment technologies
- membrane bioreactor technology
(MBR)
- ozonation and advanced oxidation processes (AOP)
4.5. Removal of pharmaceuticals during drinking water production
- elimination of pharmaceuticals by bank filtration
- elimination in waterworks
5. Conclusions and Needs for Future Research
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