The typeset area includes a line for the page number and a running headline, plus one line of space between the page number and the first line of text. Use the full-page length except: (i) on chapter openings - start at a lower level; (ii) do not begin a new section directly at the bottom of the page, but transfer the heading to the top of the next page; (iii) you may exceed the length of the text area by one line in order to complete a section or a paragraph or to fit in a slightly too long table.

Recommended fonts are Times Roman, New Century Schoolbook, Palatino or Bookman.

A good point size to use is 10 points with a 12 point line space, i.e. 10/12 pt. Situations will occur where text needs to be set with slightly larger line space, 10/13 pt, or with a bigger type font: 11/13 pt or 11/14 pt. In general, about 70 characters per full line and approx. 44 lines per page mean a good choice of type font and line spacing. However, if your text contains complicated mathematical expressions or chemical formulae, you may need to increase the line spacing even more.

The printout submitted should be an original with all illustrations in place; a photocopy is not acceptable. Use good quality plain white A4 (or US Letter) paper size. The printout should only be on one side of an A4 page and never on the reverse side, as this would make the scanning process a lot more expensive.

Make sure the contrast of text lettering is uniform, sharp, and equally dark over the whole page and throughout the complete manuscript.

Illustrations and tables should be originals or sharp prints. All illustrations, both line art and photographs, including colour (if any), should be placed in position on or near the page where they are first mentioned or treated in detail. They should preferably be placed either at the top or at the bottom of the page.

Figure captions
All line art should be placed in position. Figure captions should be placed below each illustration, leaving approximately 1 cm between caption and text and 1 cm between text and top of the figure. Figures should be placed flush-left; two narrow figures may be placed side-by-side.

Photographs
Photographs must always have a high resolution of at least 300 dpi. For submitting high-quality artwork see the file formats information on our website http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/authorartworkinstructions

Color
Costs for the processing and printing of color images will be passed on to the author. As the costs involved are on a per-page basis, care should be taken in the selection of size and shape so that preferably two or more photos can be fitted together on one page.

Tables
Set table number and title flush left above table. To distinguish tables from the main text, use single space and/or a smaller type font. Horizontal lines should be placed above and below table headings, above the subheadings and at the bottom of the table above any notes. Vertical lines should be avoided.

Position these tables at the top or bottom of a page, with at least 2 lines extra space between tables and text.  

Preliminary pages
The preliminary pages are the introductory sections of the book which precede the main text. They are numbered in lower case Roman numerals and consist minimally of title and copyright pages, a preface or foreword, and a table of contents. Dedication page, acknowledgement(s), lists of figures, tables, symbols, contributors (in multi-author volumes) may be added to these.

The title and copyright pages, pages i-iv, will be prepared by the Publisher. Your manuscript should start on page v, preferably with a Preface. (See also: the pagination information.)

Chapter opening pages
Chapter titles, as well as the titles of parts which form the preliminary and end material, should be placed a few lines lower than the top of the text area. Set these titles all in the same style and at the same height throughout.

Long titles should not be filled out over the full width but broken off where it makes good sense (avoid hyphenation in titles). Use single line spacing.

Section headings
The way chapter titles and other headings are displayed in these instructions are meant to provide examples of a possible style. You are free to choose another style, e.g. numbered (sub)sections may not be necessary in your case. However, whatever your choice, make sure that you are consistent in the use of capitalization and choice of type for each level of heading.

Titles and (sub)section headings (on a separate line) should never have a full stop at the end.

Footnotes
Footnotes placed at the bottom of the page should fit within the type area. Separate them clearly from the text by adding two lines spaces and by setting them one point size smaller than the type in the text. Alternatively, include a list of notes at the end of each chapter, before the list of references, or at the end of the manuscript. Differentiate numbered notes clearly from numbered references.

Equations
Make sure that placing and numbering of equations is consistent throughout your manuscript whatever style you choose. Leave one extra line space above and below the equation.

The preliminary pages of your manuscript are numbered in (lower case) Roman numerals whereas the rest of the typescript is numbered in Arabic numerals.

The first 4 pages are reserved for the Publisher. Usually, page v is the first page of your part of the typescript. A possible Dedication is placed on this page v, followed by a blank page vi. The Preface starts on page vii, followed by the List of Contents. If there is no Dedication, start the Preface on page v, and so on. It is usually best to start each new item on a right-hand, odd-numbered page. However, if your preliminary pages contain several short one-page items it may be better to use left-hand pages as well (see also the manuscript layout information).

The Arabic numbering starts on the first page of the main text. This is either the first page of the first chapter or the first Part/Section title page (followed by a blank page 2) in a volume divided into Parts or Sections. Start each new chapter on a right-hand, odd-numbered page. If a chapter ends on a right-hand, odd-numbered page, a blank page should be added before the next chapter starts.

Odd page numbers (on right-hand pages) are placed flush with the right-hand margin of the text. Even numbers (on left-hand pages) are placed flush with the left-hand margin of the text.

Running headlines (optional)
Running headlines are placed at the same level as the page numbers, above the text. The distance between page numbers and first line of text (or top edge of an illustration) should be consistent throughout the manuscript. Opening pages, i.e. those pages which have a title, do not require a running headline, only a page number.

A few possible styles for running headlines are given below. The author/editor should feel free to choose the system most appropriate for his/her volume.

For monographs:

• (Shortened version of) chapter title on left-hand pages. Section title on right-hand pages.
  
• Section titles on left-hand pages, subsection titles on right-hand pages.
  

Multi-author (edited) volumes:

• Author's name on left-hand pages. (Shortened version of) title on right-hand pages.
  
• "Chapter (1), (2), (3)" etc. on left-hand pages. (Shortened version of) chapter title on right-hand pages.

Use a font which is different from that used for the text. A smaller, italics letter is advised. Running headlines can be placed centred or flush-right on even-numbered pages and centred or flush-left on odd-numbered pages.

Citations in your text should be collected at the end of your manuscript (or at the end of each chapter in a multi-author volume) in a list of References. They should be prepared according to a recognised style, e.g. the Harvard (name/year system), sequential numeric system or the Vancouver system. Make sure that your accumulated list corresponds to the citations made in the text body and that all material mentioned is generally available to the reader.

Harvard system (name/year system)
Reference in the text to literature cited is given by the surname of the author(s) followed by the year of publication, e.g. "Smith (1994) has reported ..., which was more recently confirmed (Jackson and Sharp, 1996, p. 19).".

For references with more than two authors, text citations should be shortened to the first author followed by "et al.". However, in the List of References the names and initials of all authors should be mentioned.

Two or more references by the same author published in the same year are differentiated by the letters a, b, c, etc. immediately after the year.

The references should be listed in alphabetical order in the list of References, as shown in the following examples:

Bonzel, H.P., A.M. Bradshaw and G. Ertl, Eds., 1989, Physics and Chemistry of Alkali Metal Adsorption. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Hertel T., H. Over, H. Bludau, M. Gierer and G. Ertl, 1994a, Surf. Sci. 301, 1.

Hertel T., H. Over. H. Bludau and G. Ertl, 1994b, Phys. Rev. B 50, 8126. Kern, K., 1994, The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces, vol. 7: Phase Transitions and Adsorbate Restructuring at Metal Surfaces, Eds. D.A. King and D.P. Woodruff, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Kjurkchiev, N. and A. Andreev, 1990, Two-sided method for computation of all multiple roots of an algebraic polynomial, Serdica 15, 302 (in Russian).

Sequential numbering system
In this system the references are numbered in the order in which they are cited in the text. The numbers are placed between square brackets, e.g. "Kjurkchiev and Andreev [4] have reported ...", and collected in numerical sequence in the list of References.

[1] K. Kern, The Chemical Physics of Solid Surfaces, vol. 7: Phase Transitions and Adsorbate Restructuring at Metal Surfaces, Eds. D.A. King and D.P. Woodruff, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994.

[2] T. Hertel, H. Over, H. Bludau, M. Gierer and G. Ertl, Surf. Sci. 301 (1994) 1.

[3] H.P. Bonzel, A.M. Bradshaw and G. Ertl, Eds., Physics and Chemistry of Alkali Metal Adsorption, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1989.

[4] N. Kjurkchiev and A. Andreev, Two-sided method for computation of all multiple roots of an algebraic polynomial, Serdica 15 (1990) 302 (in Russian).

[5] T. Hertel, H. Over, H. Bludau and G. Ertl, Phys. Rev. B 50 (1994) 8126.

The publishing agreement states whether you are requested to submit your manuscript including an Author and/or Subject Index. As you will receive no proofs, the index(es) is (are) to be made on the basis of the final manuscript copy, paginated following the instructions given in the pagination section.

Indexes should preferably be set in smaller type and in two columns.

The main entries should always include a noun or gerund, and be kept as short as possible. Avoid vague or very general terms. Each main entry should begin with a capital. Do not use "the" or "a". Sub-entries should be in lower case, preceded by one (or more) dashes. Example:

Chromium 117, 118, 120, 124, 125, 131

- bearing magnetite 117

- content 124, 131

  -- calculation of 131

-, source of 117

-, see also Chromite

Sample pages
It is advisable to produce, at an early stage, a representative chapter following our guidelines and submit this to us for evaluation. This sample should not only include plain text but also examples of tables, illustrations and formulae. 'Please send this PDF file to your Publishing Editor or Development Editor.

Permissions
The author is responsible for obtaining permission to reproduce in his/her manuscript any copyrighted material (text, figures, tables). Acknowledgement of the permission should be made in the manuscript.

Title page
When sending us the manuscript please include a (draft) title page stating the definite title, subtitle (if any), author's or editor's name and affiliations as they should appear in the published book. In the case of more than one author or editor, the precise order should be clearly indicated.

Transfer of copyright (multi-author volumes only)
Each contributor will be asked to transfer the copyright of his/her article/chapter to the Publisher by signing a transfer of copyright agreement. These forms are distributed and collected by the editor and returned to us together with the manuscript.

Offprint order forms (multi-author volumes only)
When contributors are offered the possibility of ordering offprints of their articles, the forms are distributed and collected by the editor. They should be received by us at the time the manuscript is submitted. Offprints are printed at the same time as the book; the processing of late orders increases their price considerably. Check to see that the invoicing and delivery addresses on the forms are properly filled in.

In the case that free offprints will be made available, we need a complete list of all contributors' addresses together with the filled-in offprint forms.

Before the manuscript is sent to us, check that all pages are in the order in which they should be published. If it was agreed between you and the Publishing Editor that the final page numbering (and possibly also the running headlines) will be inserted at the publisher's office, make sure that all pages are numbered by hand. A hardcopy, as well as a PDF file on a CD-Rom, should be sent to your Publishing Editor or Development Editor. In the case of LaTeX files, please convert the files into PostScript, save on a CD-Rom and send this to your Elsevier Publishing Editor or Development Editor.

The following items should be included with the manuscript:

•  A draft of the title page stating the definite title, subtitle (if any), author's name (or editor's name in the case of a contributed volume) and affiliation as they should appear in the published book. First names are permitted. In the case of more than one author or editor the precise order should be clearly indicated. All affiliations should preferably be in English.

• A sheet listing full names of author(s) (or editor(s)), complete postal and e-mail address(es), telephone, telefax numbers, and date(s) of birth. The last information is needed by the Library of Congress.

•  The camera-ready copy for your book, including the material for front and back matter: dedication (if any), preface or foreword, acknowledgement(s), table of contents, author index, subject index, etc.

In addition (for editors only):

• All copyright transfer and reprint order forms and also any copyright questions requiring special attention.
  
• The names and addresses of all contributing authors, preferably on adhesive labels, to be used for the mailing of offprints and/or copies of the published volume.

Pack all materials carefully in a suitably strong cardboard box. Send the box(es), preferably by registered airmail or courier service, for the attention of the Publishing Editor.