The Nobel Prize in Physics

  Their Discovery...

John C. Mather and George F. Smoot are leaders in understanding the origins of the Universe. They analyzed data from NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), which studied the pattern of radiation from the first few moments after the universe was formed.

  John C. Mather - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, MD, USA
  George F. Smoot - University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA

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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

  Their Discovery...

Fire and Mello's breakthrough came when they found that double-stranded RNA, made up of complementary "sense" and "anti-sense" strands, silenced genes with a matching code in the worm Caenorhabditis elegans.

  Andrew Z. Fire - Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
  Craig C. Mello - University of Massachusetts Medical School, MA, USA

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The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel

  Phelps' Discovery...

Phelps suggested that macro models should be founded on micro-economic models in which individuals forecast the future paths of wages and prices. He is the inventor of the "golden rule of capital accumulation", which he established as a distinguishing factor between efficient and inefficient growth.

  Edmund S. Phelps - Columbia University, NY, USA

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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry

  Kornberg's Discovery...

In the 1970s, Kornberg discovered the nucleosome which is the protein complex packaging chromosomal DNA (usually known as "Chromatin") in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.He later captured the first crystallographic pictures of the dynamic transcription machinery. Those molecular-level images revealed the growth of an mRNA strand, and further elucidated the role of key players in the process.

  Roger D. Kornberg - Stanford University, CA, USA

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