Williams Textbook of Endocrinology

14th Edition - November 14, 2019
Authors: Shlomo Melmed, Ronald Koenig, Clifford J. Rosen, Richard J. Auchus, Allison B. Goldfine
Language: English
Hardback ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 5 5 5 9 6 - 8
eBook ISBN:
9 7 8 - 0 - 3 2 3 - 7 1 1 5 4 - 8

Expertly bridging the gap between basic science and clinical information, Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 14th Edition, brings together an outstanding collection of wo… Read more

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Expertly bridging the gap between basic science and clinical information, Williams Textbook of Endocrinology, 14th Edition, brings together an outstanding collection of world-renowned authors to provide authoritative discussions of the full spectrum of adult and pediatric endocrine system disorders. New chapters and significant revisions throughout keep you up to date with recent advances in medications, therapies, clinical trials, and more. This essential reference is a must-have resource for endocrinologists, endocrine surgeons, gynecologists, internists, pediatricians, and other clinicians who need current, comprehensive coverage of this multifaceted field.

Cover image
Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Contributors
Preface
Section I. Hormones and Hormone Action
1. Principles of Endocrinology
The Evolutionary Perspective
Endocrine Glands
Transport of Hormones in Blood
Target Cells as Active Participants
Control of Hormone Secretion
Hormone Measurement
Endocrine Diseases
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses of Hormones
Future Perspectives
2. Principles of Hormone Action
Introduction to Hormone Signaling
Ligands That Act Through Cell Surface Receptors
Binding Properties of Cell Surface Receptors
Cell Surface Hormone Receptors
Coupling of Cell Surface Receptors to Intracellular Signaling
Disease Caused by Defective Cell Surface Receptors
Ligands That Act Through Nuclear Receptors
Nuclear Receptor Signaling Mechanisms
Receptor Regulation of Gene Transcription
Nongenomic Actions of Nuclear Receptor Ligands
3. Genetics of Endocrinology
The Role of Genetics in Endocrinology
Principles of Genetics
Genetics of Endocrine Diseases
Considerations for Clinical Use of Genetic Information and Sequencing in Endocrinology
4. Laboratory Techniques for Recognition of Endocrine Disorders
Laboratory Methods
Analytic Validation
Quality Control
Quality Assurance
Classes of Assays
Conclusion
5. The Global Burden of Endocrine Diseases
Introduction
Obesity and Excess Weight
The Burden of Diabetes
The Burden of Thyroid Diseases
Perspectives for the Next Decade
6. Navigating Through Clinical Practice Guidelines in Endocrinology
Introduction
Development of Trustworthy Clinical Practice Guidelines
Clinical Practice Guidelines Recommendations
Clinical Practice Guidelines in Endocrinology
Using Clinical Practice Guidelines in Patient Care
Case Study: Management of Gestational Diabetes Using Clinical Practice Guidelines in Patient Care
Shortcomings of Clinical Practice Guidelines
Guidelines as Tools That Support (Not Dictate) Care
Disease-Specific and Context-Blind Guidelines
Guideline Focus on Surrogate Outcomes (Not Patient-Important Outcomes)
Quality and Trustworthiness of Clinical Practice Guidelines
Conclusions
Section II. Hypothalamus and Pituitary
7. Neuroendocrinology
Historic Perspective
Neural Control of Endocrine Secretion
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Unit
Circumventricular Organs
Pineal Gland
Hypophysiotropic Hormones and Neuroendocrine Axes
Thermoregulation and Sleep-Wake Cycle
Neuroendocrine Disease
8. Pituitary Physiology and Diagnostic Evaluation
Anatomy, Development, and Overview of Control of Hormone Secretion
Physiology and Disorders of Pituitary Hormone Axes
Developmental, Genetic, and Acquired Causes of Pituitary Failure
9. Pituitary Masses and Tumors
Pituitary Masses
Parasellar Masses
Classification of Pituitary Tumors
Prolactin-Secreting Adenomas
Nonfunctioning Pituitary Tumors
Acromegaly
ACTH-Secreting Tumors (Cushing Disease)
Thyrotrophic Hormone-Secreting Tumors
10. Posterior Pituitary
Anatomy
Synthesis and Release of Neurohypophyseal Hormones
Physiology of Secretion of Vasopressin and Thirst
Diabetes Insipidus
The Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis
Oxytocin
Section III. Thyroid
11. Thyroid Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Evaluation
Phylogeny, Embryology, and Ontogeny
Anatomy and Histology
Iodine and the Synthesis and Secretion of Thyroid Hormones
Thyroid Hormones in Peripheral Tissues
Regulation of Thyroid Function
Physical Evaluation of the Thyroid Gland
Laboratory Assessment of Thyroid Status
Quantitation of Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentrations
12. Hyperthyroid Disorders
Clinical Manifestations of Thyrotoxicosis
Laboratory Diagnosis
Graves Disease
Graves Hyperthyroidism
Graves Orbitopathy
Graves Dermopathy
Pregnancy and the Thyroid
Inherited Nonimmune Hyperthyroidism
Toxic Multinodular Goiter
Toxic Adenoma
Subclinical Hyperthyroidism
Iodide-Induced Hyperthyroidism
Amiodarone-Induced Thyrotoxicosis
Hyperthyroidism Due to Thyrotropin Secretion
Tumor Chorionic Gonadotropin-Induced Hyperthyroidism
Transient Thyrotoxicosis
Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis With a Low Radioiodine Uptake
13. Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis
Hypothyroidism
Thyroiditis
14. Nontoxic Diffuse Goiter, Nodular Thyroid Disorders, and Thyroid Malignancies
Structural and Functional Imaging of the Thyroid
Nontoxic Goiter and Thyroid Nodular Disease
Management Options for Patients With Nontoxic Diffuse Goiter and Nodular Thyroid Disease
Malignant Thyroid Disorders
The Surgical Treatment of Thyroid Malignancy
Postoperative Management of Thyroid Malignancy
Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients With Thyroid Cancer Following Initial Therapy
Section IV. Adrenal Cortex and Endocrine Hypertension
15. The Adrenal Cortex
The Adrenal Cortex—Historical Milestones
Anatomy and Development
Adrenal Steroids and Steroidogenesis
Corticosteroid Hormone Action
Classification and Pathophysiology of Cushing Syndrome
Glucocorticoid Deficiency
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Adrenal Adenomas, Incidentalomas, and Carcinomas
16. Endocrine Hypertension
Adrenal Medulla and Catecholamines
Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Primary Aldosteronism
Other Forms of Mineralocorticoid Excess or Effect
Other Endocrine Disorders Associated With Hypertension
Section V. Sexual Development and Function
Chapter 17. Physiology and Pathology of the Female Reproductive Axis
Reproductive Physiology
Reproductive Functions of the Hypothalamus
Reproductive Functions of the Anterior Pituitary
Ovary
Endometrium
Approach to the Woman With Reproductive Dysfunction
Disorders of the Female Reproductive System
Diagnosis and Management of Anovulatory Uterine Bleeding
Hormone-Dependent Benign Gynecologic Disorders
Management of Menopause
Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy
18. Hormonal Contraception
Choosing a Contraceptive Method
Combined Estrogen and Progestin Contraceptives
Progestin-Only Contraceptive Methods
Emergency Contraception
Clinical Challenges in Contraceptive Care
19. Testicular Disorders
Functional Anatomy and Histology
Testis Development
Adult Physiology
Male Hypogonadism
20. Sexual Dysfunction in Men and Women
Human Sexual Response Cycle
Physiologic Mechanisms of Human Sexual Response
Role of Testosterone in Regulating Sexual Function in Men
Physiology of Physical Sexual Arousal in Women: Genital Congestion
Physiology of Orgasm
Revised Definitions of Sexual Dysfunction in Men
Current Definitions of Sexual Disorders in Women
Sexual Dysfunction in the Context of Endocrine Disease
Assessment of Sexual Dysfunction
Management of Sexual Dysfunction in Men
Management of Sexual Dysfunction in Women
21. Transgender Endocrinology
Introduction
Care of Transgender Youth
Care of Transgender Adults
Barriers to Care and Priorities for Research for Transgender Youth and Adults
Endocrinology and the Life Span
Section VIA. Maternal-Fetal
22. Endocrine Changes in Pregnancy
Placental Development
Maternal Adaptations to Pregnancy
Maternal Endocrine Alterations
Placental Hormone Production
Endocrinology of Pregnancy and Parturition
Summary
23. Endocrinology of Fetal Development
Placental Transfer of Hormones
Ectopic Fetal Hormone Production
Fetal Endocrine Systems
Fetal Growth
Neutralization of Hormone Actions in the Fetus
Programming of Fetal Endocrine Systems
Transition to Extrauterine Life
Maternal and Fetal Medicine
Section VIB. Childhood
24. Disorders of Sex Development
Development of the Reproductive Systems
Disorders (Differences) of Sex Development
Investigation and Management of Disorders of Sex Development
25. Normal and Aberrant Growth in Children
Normal Growth
Endocrine Regulation of Growth
Pathologic Basis of Growth Retardation
Pathologic Basis of Excess Growth
Evaluation and Treatment of Growth Abnormalities
26. Physiology and Disorders of Puberty
Puberty and Evolution
Fetal Origins of Adult Disease
Determinants of the Age of Puberty and Menarche
Secondary Sexual Characteristics and Physical Changes of Puberty
Central Nervous System Anatomy, Function, Psychology, and Electroencephalographic Rhythm in Puberty
Hormonal and Metabolic Changes in Puberty
Central Nervous System and Puberty
Adrenal Androgens and Adrenarche
Disorders of Puberty
Section VIC. Adult
27. Hormones and Athletic Performance
Effect of Athletic Performance on Hormonal Systems
Performance-Enhancing (Ab)use of Hormones
28. Endocrinology and Aging
Aging and Physical Frailty
The Endocrinology of Aging
Menopause
Andropause Versus Late-Onset Hypogonadism
Adrenopause
Somatopause
The Concept of Successful Aging
Section VII. Mineral Metabolism
29. Hormones and Disorders of Mineral Metabolism
Basic Biology of Mineral Metabolism: Roles of the Mineral Ions
Parathyroid Hormone
Calcitonin
Vitamin D
Fibroblast Growth Factor-23
Calcium and Phosphate Homeostasis
Laboratory Assessment of Mineral Metabolism
Hypercalcemic Disorders
Hypocalcemic Disorders
Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism
Disorders of Magnesium Metabolism
30. Osteoporosis: Basic and Clinical Aspects
Historical Context
Skeletal Biology
Bone Remodeling and Its Regulation
Epidemiology of Osteoporosis and Fractures
Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis
Approach to Management of Osteoporosis
31. Rickets and Osteomalacia
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Epidemiology and Demographics
Bone Remodeling and Mineralization
Pathogenesis of Rickets and Osteomalacia
Clinical Manifestations of Classical Rickets and Osteomalacia
Treatment of Nutritional Rickets and Osteomalacia
Rickets Due to Genetic Disorders of Vitamin D Metabolism
Tumor-Induced Osteomalacia
Drug-Induced Osteomalacia
Conditions That Resemble Rickets and Osteomalacia
Concluding Remarks
32. Kidney Stones
Epidemiology of Stone Formation
Pathogenesis of Stone Formation
Clinical Presentation and Evaluation
Therapy
Section VIII. Disorders of Carbohydrate and Fat Metabolism
33. Physiology of Insulin Secretion
Introduction
Neural Regulation of Beta-Cell Function
Beta-Cell Mass
Beta-Cell Insulin Content
Insulin Secretion Versus Plasma Insulin
Characteristics of Insulin Secretion In Vivo
Modes of Beta-Cell Response
Insulin Secretion in the Fasting State
Insulin Secretory Response to Intravenous Glucose
Slow Beta-Cell Response Modes and Adaptation Mechanisms
Insulin Secretory Response to Oral Stimuli
Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity
Genetic Influences on Insulin Secretion
Insulin Secretion, Insulin Action, and Glucose Homeostasis
34. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Insulin Signaling
Insulin Resistance and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Special Conditions That Induce Insulin Resistance
35. Therapeutics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Epidemiology
Glucose-Lowering Pharmacotherapy
Practical Aspects of Treatment
Considerations in Personalizing Therapy
Special Situations in Clinical Management
Preventing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Future Directions
36. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Diagnosis
Animal Models
Histopathology
Natural History of T1DM—Historical Concepts
Genetics
Environmental Factors
Natural History of T1DM—Emerging Concepts
Immunotherapy for the Prevention and Reversal of T1DM
Pancreas and Islet Cell Transplantation
Disorders Associated With Immunity to Insulin/Insulin Receptor
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
Acute Diabetic Emergencies
37. Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology
Diabetic Retinopathy and Other Ocular Complications of Diabetes
Diabetic Nephropathy
Diabetic Neuropathies
Diabetic Heart Disease
The Diabetic Foot
38. Hypoglycemia
Physiology of Defense Against Hypoglycemia
Clinical Hypoglycemia
Hypoglycemia in Persons With Diabetes
Hypoglycemia in Persons Without Diabetes
Hypoglycemia in Infancy and Childhood
Disclosures
39. Neuroendocrine Control of Energy Stores
The Biologic Control of Energy Balance
The Hypothalamic Melanocortin System
Central Nervous System Control of Thermogenesis
Control of Glucose Homeostasis by the Brain
Intersection of Energy Balance and Reward Circuits
Brainstem Circuits That Regulate Energy Balance
40. Obesity
Definition of Obesity
Physiology of Energy Balance
Energy Expenditure
Pathogenesis of Obesity: Genes and Environment
Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine and Immune Organ
Metabolically Normal Obesity
Adverse Consequences of Obesity
Summary
41. Disorders of Lipid Metabolism
Lipid Biochemistry and Metabolism
Integrative Physiology of Lipid Metabolism
Overview of Hyperlipidemia, Dyslipidemia, and Atherogenesis
Hypertriglyceridemia
Hypercholesterolemia Without Hypertriglyceridemia
Elevated Triglycerides and Cholesterol
Hypocholesterolemia
Treatment of Lipid Disorders
Section IX. Polyendocrine and Neoplastic Disorders
42. Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Introduction to Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes
MEN Type 1
MEN Types 2 and 3
MEN Type 4
Future Directions and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
43. The Immunoendocrinopathy Syndromes
Autoimmunity Primer
Natural History of Autoimmune Disorders
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type I
Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndrome Type II
Other Polyendocrine Deficiency Autoimmune Syndromes
Conclusion
44. Endocrinology of HIV/AIDS
Adrenal Function
Gonadal Function
Thyroid Function
Fluid Balance and Electrolytes
Calcium Homeostasis and Bone Changes
The GH/IGF1 Axis
Glucose Homeostasis and Pancreatic Function
Metabolic and Body Composition Changes in HIV-Infected Patients
CVD in HIV-Infected Patients
45. Neuroendocrine Tumors and Related Disorders
Phylogenesis and Embryology
Molecular Genetics
Classification
Biochemistry
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
Other Flushing Disorders
46. Managing Reproductive Disorders in Cancer
What Is Oncofertility, and Why Is It Important?
Logistics of Fertility Preservation
Challenges of Fertility Preservation
Summary and Next Steps
Index

Shlomo Melmed

Shlomo Melmed, MB, ChB, FRCP, MACP, is Executive VP and Dean of the Medical Faculty at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He leads Cedars-Sinai’s research and education programs, recruiting nationally recognized faculty leadership, establishing new educational programs and maintaining the highest academic standards. Dr. Melmed holds the Helene A. and Philip E. Hixon Distinguished Chair in Investigative Medicine. An international authority on pituitary medicine, he has pioneered the discovery and application of novel treatments for endocrine tumors and has authored more than 350 peer-reviewed articles. Dr. Melmed has been a faculty leader at Cedars-Sinai for nearly 40 years and has been the health system’s chief academic officer since 1998. Dr. Melmed's laboratory consistently has received competitive grant awards from the National Institutes of Health since 1980, and he has trained over 80 physicians, scientists and graduate students who occupy leading positions in academic endocrinology worldwide. He is on the editorial board of the Journal of Clinical Investigation and is also an Associate Dean of the UCLA School of Medicine.

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Medicine, Dean of the Medical Faculty, Cedars Sinai Health System, USA

Clifford J. Rosen

Affiliations and expertise

Professor of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

Richard J. Auchus

Affiliations and expertise

Professor, Departments of Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Endocrinology Service Chief, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan

Allison B. Goldfine

Affiliations and expertise

Associate Physician, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital; Lecturer, Part-Time, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, Director, Translational Medicine Cardiometabolic Disease, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts