Veterinary Toxicology
Basic and Clinical Principles
Resources
Description
Key Features
- Selected for inclusion in Doody's Core Titles 2013, an essential collection development tool for health sciences libraries
- New chapters covering important and timely topics such as melamine and cyanuric acid, toxicogenomics, toxic gases and veterinary medical geology
- Expanded look at international topics, such as epidemiology of animal poisonings, regulatory guidelines and poisonous plants in Europe
- Heavily contributed book with chapters written by qualified and well-experienced authorities across all areas of veterinary toxicology
- Problem solving strategies are offered for treatment as well as in-depth knowledge of the basic mechanisms of veterinary toxicology
Readership
Practitioners, professors and students of veterinary medicine and veterinary toxicology, poison control centers, marine biologists, environmentalists and animal scientists.
Table of Contents
Dedication
Preface
List of Contributors
SECTION I. General
Chapter 1. Veterinary toxicology
The emergence of veterinary toxicology
Professional organization and academic recognition of veterinary toxicology
Published veterinary toxicology literature
…And where will veterinary toxicology go from here?
Chapter 2. Concepts in veterinary toxicology
Introduction
Historical perspective
Evolution of veterinary toxicology
A framework for acquiring information
Sources of information
Toxicologic descriptors
Conclusions and summary
Dedication
Acknowledgments
Chapter 3. Toxicokinetics
Introduction
Underlying physiology
Traditional (compartmental) toxicokinetic models
Physiologically based toxicokinetics
Conclusions
Chapter 4. Factors affecting chemical toxicity
Introduction
Individual factors
Non-individual factors
Conclusion
Chapter 5. Toxicological testing
Introduction
In vivo models in toxicity testing
In vitro models of toxicity testing
General summary and conclusions
Chapter 6. Epidemiology of animal poisonings in the United States
Introduction
Background
Demographics
Dogs
Cats
Other species
Agents involved
Signs and outcomes
Conclusions
Chapter 7. Epidemiology of animal poisonings in Europe
Introduction
Species involved
Toxic classes
Non-metals and metalloids
Metals
Pesticides
Oil
Feed associated toxicants
Drugs and related compounds
Household products
Toxins
Conclusions
Chapter 8. Chemicals of terrorism
Introduction
Chlorine gas
Phosgene
Mustard gas
Lewisite
Phosgene oxime
Cyanide and hydrogen cyanide
Military nerve agents
Chapter 9. Regulatory considerations in veterinary toxicology
Introduction
Section I Food and Drug Administration and the Center for Veterinary Medicine
Section II Environmental Protection Agency
Section III U.S. Department of Agriculture
Section IV Drug Enforcement Administration
Section V Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Section VI Statutes, Regulations and Guidelines
Chapter 10. Regulatory aspects for the drugs and chemicals used in food-producing animals in the European Union
Introduction
Veterinary medicinal products legislation
Human health risks from drug residues in foods
Biocidal substances used in animal husbandry
Feed additives legislation
Comparative setting toxicological standards for food safety
Industrial chemicals
Conclusions
Chapter 11. Safety evaluation of new molecular entities for pharmaceutical development
Introduction
Nonclinical safety evaluation
Estimation of the first dose in humans
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 12. Statistics in veterinary toxicology
Introduction
Objective of the analysis
Types of data
Identifying constraints
Graphing and summarizing data
Choosing appropriate techniques
Performing the analysis
Interpreting and displaying the results
Learning more
Chapter 13. Toxicology and the law
Introduction
Reasons for conducting toxicology analyses
Jurisdiction – What are the rules in this fight and who decides the winner?
Standard of proof – How sure do I need to be?
Evidence
Admissibility of expert testimony
Specific causation – the differential diagnosis
Application of Daubert in toxicology cases
Some questions to consider when using laboratory results in a legal case
Acknowledgment
Further Reading
SECTION II. Organ Toxicity
Chapter 14. Nervous system toxicity
Introduction
Structural toxicoses
Functional toxicoses
Ion channels
Other mechanisms of neurotoxicity
Conclusions
Chapter 15. Respiratory toxicity
Introduction
The upper airways
The gas exchange region
General principles in the pathogenesis of lung damage caused by chemicals
Lung to injury
Chapter 16. Cardiovascular toxicity
Introduction
Plant-related cardiotoxicity
Glycoside-containing plants (See Table 16.1)
Cyanide-containing plants
Alkaloid-containing plants (See Table 16.2)
Oxalates
Gousiekte
Mushrooms
Xenobiotics that may cause cardiac toxicity
Ancillary causes of cardiac toxicity
Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 17. Liver toxicity
Introduction
Structural and functional organization of the liver
Factors Influencing Toxic Liver Injury
Types of toxicant-induced liver injury
Mechanisms of liver damage
Idiosyncratic reactions
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 18. Renal toxicity
Introduction
Functional anatomy
Toxic effects on the kidney
Nephrotoxic agents
Conclusions
Chapter 19. Reproductive toxicity and endocrine disruption
Introduction
Important definitions and concepts
Normal animal reproduction
The Mechanisms and effects of reproductive toxicants
Concluding remarks
Chapter 20. Placental toxicity
Introduction
Role of the placenta
Types of placenta
Metabolism in placenta
Placental susceptibility to toxicants
Placental barrier for chemical toxicants
Factors that may influence the placental toxicity
Placental toxicity of metals
Placental toxicity of insecticides
Tobacco
Conclusions and future directions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 21. Dermal toxicity
Introduction
Absorption
Plants causing dermal toxicity in animals
Photosensitization
Topical chemicals causing dermal toxicity in animals
PAHs
VOCs
Pesticides
Detergents, solvents, corrosives and other household preparations
Systemic compounds causing dermal toxicity in animals
Assessment methods
Chapter 22. Blood and bone marrow toxicity
Introduction
Bone marrow
Hematopoietic stem cells
Blood components
Biochemical basis of hematopoietic toxicity
Toxicity-induced alterations of hematopoietic elements
Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 23. Immunotoxicity
Introduction
Immune system
Immunotoxic agents
Testing for immunotoxicity
Conclusions and future directions
SECTION III. Nanoparticles, Radiation and Carcinogens
Chapter 24. Toxicity of nanomaterials
Introduction
Nanomaterials characterization
Animal or tissue exposures
Epidemiological data
Emerging challenges
Chapter 25. Ionizing radiation and radioactive materials in health and disease
Introduction
Historical perspective
Types of ionizing radiation
Measuring ionizing radiation
Devices for measuring ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation: Risks and benefits
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 26. Carcinogenesis
Introduction
Terminology
Cancer epidemiology
Agents causing carcinogenesis
Epigenetic basis of carcinogenesis
Classification of carcinogens
Assays for carcinogens
Conclusions
Chapter 27. Oxidative stress and chemical toxicity
Introduction
Oxidative stressors: heavy metals and environmental toxicants
Mycotoxins, oxidative stress, DNA damage and apoptosis
Conclusions
SECTION IV. Drugs of Use and Abuse
Chapter 28. Toxicity of over-the-counter drugs
Introduction
Suspected OTC Drug Reactions
Analgesics
Cold, Cough and Allergy Medications
Drugs Used to Treat Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Topical Drugs
Conclusions
Chapter 29. Toxicity of drugs of abuse
Introduction
Stimulants
Hallucinogens and dissociative drugs
Conclusions
SECTION V. Metals and Micronutrients
Chapter 30. Aluminum
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 31. Arsenic
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 32. Cadmium
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding Remarks/Future Directions
Chapter 33. Chromium, iodine and phosphorus
Chromium
Iodine
Phosphorus
Chapter 34. Copper
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusion
Chapter 35. Fluoride
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks
Chapter 36. Iron
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks
Chapter 37. Lead
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks
Chapter 38. Manganese
Introduction and background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Concluding remarks and future directions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 39. Mercury
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 40. Molybdenum
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 41. Selenium
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 42. Sodium chloride (salt)
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks
Chapter 43. Sulfur
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 44. Zinc
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
SECTION VI. Insecticides and Molluscicides
Chapter 45. Organophosphates and carbamates
Introduction
Background
OP pesticides
OP nerve agents/gases
Carbamates
Pharmacokinetics of OPs and CMs
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment of acute poisoning
OP-induced intermediate syndrome
Chronic toxicity
Tolerance development
Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 46. Organochlorines
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
Chapter 47. Pyrethrins and pyrethroids
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
Chapter 48. Neonicotinoids
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Treatment
Concluding Remarks and Future Directions
Chapter 49. Amitraz
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 50. Fipronil
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 51. Macrocyclic lactone endectocides
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 52. Rotenone
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 53. Metaldehyde
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of Action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
SECTION VII. Herbicides and Fungicides
Chapter 54. Toxicity of herbicides
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Endocrine disruption
Treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 55. Toxicity of fungicides
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Endocrine disruption
Treatment
Conclusions and future directions
SECTION VIII. Rodenticides and Avicides
Chapter 56. Anticoagulant rodenticides
Introduction
Background
Target species
Non-Target species
Mechanism of action
Toxicokinetics
Toxicity
Diagnosis
Treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 57. Non-anticoagulant rodenticides
Strychnine
Bromethalin
Cholecalciferol
Red squill
Fluoroacetate
Alpha-naphthyl thiourea
Zinc phosphide
Thallium
Chapter 58. Avitrol
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
SECTION XI. Gases, Solvents and Other Industrial Toxicants
Chapter 59. Toxic gases
Introduction
General principles
Specific toxic gases
Chapter 60. Alcohols and glycols
Introduction
Background
Alcohol toxicoses
Glycol toxicoses
Conclusions
Chapter 61. Petroleum
Introduction
Oil and gas well drilling and completing
Coal bed methane and shale gas
Sources of toxic substances
Grease and motor oil
Toxicology of crude and refined petroleum
Veterinary medical and pesticide uses of petroleum
Sour gas
Hydrogen sulfide
Exposure to environmental sulfur
Toxicology of sulfur dioxide in cattle
Pathology of petroleum and oil field chemicals
Epidemiological studies: cattle
Wildlife
Analytical toxicology
Differential diagnosis
Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 62. Polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo--dioxins, and polychlorinated dibenzofurans
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 63. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Introduction
Exposure of farm animals to PAHs
Uptake, disposition, bioaccessibility, and bioavailability of PAHs in farm animals
Biotransformation of PAHs in farm animals
Health effects of PAHs in farm animals
Treatment
Conclusion and future directions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 64. Brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated chemicals
Introduction
Background
Physicochemical properties
Pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action and toxicity
Conclusion and future directions
Acknowledgments
SECTION X. Environmental Toxicology
Chapter 65. Veterinary geology
Introduction
Medical geology
Veterinary geology
Problems in animals associated with geochemistry
Problems associated with water
Conclusions
Chapter 66. Principles of ecotoxicology
Introduction and core concepts
Ecotoxicants in concert with other mechanisms of ecosystem disease
Direct toxicity of nutrients, stimulation of harmful algal blooms, and facilitation of lethal outbreaks of botulism
Petroleum disasters, wildlife toxicology, and human impacts
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Persistent organic pollutants
Contaminants from e-wastes
Pesticides
Endocrine-disrupting mixtures in surface waters
Metals, minerals, and mining
Oxides of nitrogen and sulfur and their interactions with metals
Radiation/radionuclides
The future of ecotoxicology
Chapter 67. Avian toxicology
Introduction
General comments about diagnosing avian intoxications
Natural toxicants
Metals
Environmental toxicants
Toxic gases
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 68. Aquatic toxicology
Introduction
Background
Water safety
Feed
Toxicology investigations
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 69. Toxicology and diversity of marine toxins
Introduction
Saxitoxins
Tetrodotoxin
Ciguatoxins and maitotoxins
Ciguatoxins
Maitotoxins
Domoic acid and analogs
Brevetoxins
Palytoxin and its analogs
Okadaic acid and its derivatives
Azaspiracids
Other lipophilic toxins
Pectenotoxins
Cyclic imine toxins
SECTION XI. Bacterial and Cyanobacterial Toxins
Chapter 70. Botulinum neurotoxins
Introduction
Background
Mechanism of action
Clinical botulism
Laboratory diagnosis
Species-specific disease
Chapter 71. Enterotoxins
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks
Chapter 72. Cyanobacterial (blue-green algae) toxins
Introduction
Background
Microcystins
Anatoxins
Miscellaneous freshwater cyanobacterial toxins
Concluding remarks and future directions
SECTION XII. Poisonous and Venomous Organisms
Chapter 73. Terrestrial zootoxins
Introduction
Arthropoda
Amphibia, anura: toads
Reptilia
Aves
Mammalia
Conclusions
Chapter 74. Mare reproductive loss syndrome
Introduction
Clinical manifestations
Mechanism of action
Treatment and prevention
Conclusions
SECTION XIII. Estrogenic Toxicants
Chapter 75. Chemical-induced estrogenicity
Introduction
Estrogens play a role in normal physiological function and disease
Estrogens as risk factors for male reproductive tract problems
Estrogenic chemicals of concern
Mechanisms of estrogen-induced transactivation
Xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens as selective ER modulators
Xenoestrogens and phytoestrogens as SERMs and implications for risk assessment
Acknowledgments
Chapter 76. Phytoestrogens
Introduction
Historical background
Pharmacokinectics/toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Adverse health effects
Risk assessment
Treatment
Concluding remarks and future directions
SECTION XIV. Poisonous Plants
Chapter 77. Poisonous plants of the United States
Introduction
Astragalus and oxytropis species (locoweeds, nitro spp., and selenium spp.)
Larkspurs (delphinium spp.)
Lupines (lupinus spp.)
Poison hemlock (conium maculatum)
Water hemlock (cicuta spp.)
Ponderosa Pine Needles (pinus spp.)
Broom Snakeweed (gutierrezia spp.)
Rayless Goldenrod (haplopappus heterophyllus)
Halogeton (halogeton glomeratus)
Oak poisoning
Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-containing plants
Photosensitizing plants
Death camas
Veratrum spp.
Bracken Fern (pteridium and aquilinum)
Milkweeds: asclepias spp.
Nightshades
Knapweeds: centaurea spp.
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 78. Poisonous plants of Europe
Introduction
Poisonous plants affecting animals
Treatment
Supportive therapy
Conclusions
Chapter 79. Poisonous plants of Australia and New Zealand
Introduction
Reducing livestock losses associated with poisonous plants in australia and new zealand
Conclusions
Chapter 80. Cyanogenic plants
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 81. Nitrate and nitrite accumulating plants
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks
Chapter 82. Toxicity of yew ( spp.) alkaloids
Introduction
Pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics
Physiology/mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 83. Oxalate-containing plants
Introduction
Oxalate chemistry
Eating behavior and gastrointestinal anatomy
Clinical toxicosis categories
Species-specific toxicity
Treatment
Prophylaxis/adaptation
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 84. Mushroom toxins
Introduction
Background
Hepatotoxic cyclopeptides
Hydrazines
Muscarinic agents
Isoxazoles
Psilocin and psilocybin
Gastrointestinal irritants
Renal toxic mushrooms
Ramaria flavo-brunnescens
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 85. species and related plants
Introduction
Chemistry
Toxicity as related to the plant part
Toxicodynamics and toxicokinetics of tropane alkaloids from datura spp.
Clinical signs of poisoning
Treatment
Conclusions and future directions
Chapter 86. Cottonseed toxicity
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks
Chapter 87. Fescue toxicosis
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics
Mechanisms of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Prevention
Concluding remarks
SECTION XV. Mycotoxins
Chapter 88. Aflatoxins
Introduction
Background
Provenance of aflatoxins in feedstuffs and foods
Sampling and analysis
Pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics
Toxicodynamics
Clinicopathology
Macroscopic and microscopic pathology
Differential diagnosis
Treatment and outcomes
Prevention of aflatoxins
Aflatoxin interactions
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 89. Ergot
Introduction
Background
Pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Concluding remarks
Chapter 90. Fumonisins
Introduction
Background
Pharmcokinetics/toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Diagnosis and treatment
Concluding remarks and future directions
Chapter 91. Ochratoxins and citrinin
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 92. Slaframine
Introduction
Background
Chemistry and toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Diagnosis and treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 93. Tremorgenic mycotoxins
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicodynamics
Clinical aspects of tremorgenic mycotoxicoses
Conclusions
Chapter 94. Trichothecenes
Introduction
Background
Sources
Toxicokinetics
Microbial metabolism
Mechanism of action and toxicity
Protein synthesis inhibition
Lipid peroxidation
Neurotransmitter effects
Immunotoxicity
Apoptosis
Cell membrane function
Reproductive toxicity
Genotoxicity and teratogenesis
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 95. Zearalenone
Introduction
Background
Toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
SECTION XVI. Feed and Water Contaminants
Chapter 96. Melamine and cyanuric acid
Introduction
Source
Pharmacokinetics/toxicokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Clinical signs
Clinical pathology
Pathology
Diagnosis
Treatment and prognosis
Conclusions
Chapter 97. Ionophores
Introduction
Background
Pharmacology/pharmacokinetics
Mechanism of action
Toxicity
Treatment
Conclusions
Chapter 98. Nonprotein nitrogen (urea) and hyperammonemia
Introduction and background
Toxicity
Clinical signs
Diagnostic criteria
Treatment
Ammonia
Conclusions
Chapter 99. Water quality and contaminants
Introduction
The assessment of water quality
Water quality standards for animals
Drinking water quality standards for humans
Water consumption tables
Rationale for livestock recommendations
Health effects of cyanotoxins from water
Conclusions
SECTION XVII. Diagnostic Toxicology
Chapter 100. Basic concepts of analytical toxicology
Introduction
History of chemical analysis
Trueness (accuracy) of chemical analytical results
Analytical method validation
An example of an SLV for the gas chromatographic determination of selenium (Se) in blood and liver
Calibration curve: how to measure a quantity of interest
Goodness of linearity of calibration curve
Example of an interlaboratory (collaborative) study for the validation of the semi-quantitative method
Laboratory quality management
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 101. Sample submission for toxicological analysis
Introduction
Required information for sample submission
Sample collection and submission for toxicological analysis
Shipping regulations for diagnostic specimens
Conclusions
Chapter 102. Toxicoproteomics in diagnostic toxicology
Introduction
Analytical tools for proteomic analyses
Proteomics applications in diagnostic toxicology
Conclusions
Chapter 103. Microscopic analysis of toxic substances in feeds and ingesta
Introduction
The search for clues
Background: principles of feed microscopy
The applications of feed microscopy
Classification of feed ingredients by sources
Classification of finished formula feeds by processing
Classification of forages by points of contact or potential toxicants
Identification of ingesta particles
The role of the attending veterinarian
Feed microscopy training and available literature
The feed microscopy laboratory
The equipment
Conclusions and future expectations
SECTION XVIII. Prevention and Treatment
Chapter 104. Prevention and treatment of poisoning
Prevention of poisoning
Stabilization and monitoring
Decontamination
Antidotal therapies
Conclusion
Index
Product details
- No. of pages: 1454
- Language: English
- Copyright: © Academic Press 2012
- Published: March 15, 2012
- Imprint: Academic Press
- eBook ISBN: 9780123859273
About the Editor
Ramesh C. Gupta
