Untangling Smart Cities

Preface: The landscape of smart cities ix

1 Moving beyond the smart city utopia 1.1 Utopian urbanism1.2 Smart cities and the new utopia1.3 Making sense of smart cities: Aim and structure of this book 9 References

2 Smart city development as an ICT-driven approach to urban sustainability 2.1 Introduction2.2 Cities in the digital era: Emerging technological trends2.2.1 Faster, cheaper, smaller: The evolutionary process in the ICT sector2.2.2 Intangible: The virtual image of cities2.2.3 Everywhere: Mobility, ubiquity, and the Internet of Things2.2.4 Volume, velocity, and variety: Data production in the digital era2.3 Smart stories: Deploying ICT to boost urban sustainability2.3.1 Facilitating the sustainable management of natural resources2.3.2 Ensuring equal access to basic services and infrastructures2.3.3 Improving food security2.3.4 Promoting environmentally sound waste management and reducing waste generation2.3.5 Improving the resilience of cities to natural disasters 41 2.4 The smart city movement is worldwideReferences

3 The first two decades of research on smart city development 3.1 Introduction3.2 Bibliometrics and the analysis of knowledge domains3.3 The first two decades of smart-city research3.3.1 New and fast-growing 64 3.3.2 Lack of cohesion3.3.3 Divergent roots3.3.4 Two leading knowledge hubs3.4 A promising but divided research field3.5 The need to act in concertReferences 80

4 Revealing the main development paths of smart cities 4.1 Introduction 89 4.2 Hybrid techniques for thematic cluster analysis4.3 Research methodology and results of the data processing phase4.4 Multiple smart city development paths4.4.1 Experimental path (C.02): Smart cities as testbeds for IoT solutions4.4.2 Ubiquitous path (C.05): The Korean experience of ubiquitous cities4.4.3 Corporate path (C.08): IBM and the corporate smart city model4.4.4 European path (C.14): Smart city for a low-carbon economy4.4.5 Holistic path (C.17): Digital, intelligent, smart4.5 The dichotomous nature of smart city research4.5.1 Dichotomy 1: Technology-led or holistic?4.5.2 Dichotomy 2: Top-down or bottom-up?4.5.3 Dichotomy 3: Double or quadruple-helix?4.5.4 Dichotomy 4: Monodimensional or integrated?References

5 Smart city development in Europe 5.1 Introduction5.2 Hypothesis testing with case study research: Phase 15.3 A multiple case study analysis into European best practices5.3.1 Dichotomy 1: Technology-led or holistic strategy5.3.2 Dichotomy 2: Double- or quadruple-helix model of collaboration5.3.3 Dichotomy 3: Top-down or bottom-up approach5.3.4 Dichotomy 4: Monodimensional or integrated intervention logic5.4 Strategic principles for smart city development: Lessons from Europe5.4.1 Strategic principle 1: Look beyond technology5.4.2 Strategic principle 2: Move toward a quadruple-helix collaborative model5.4.3 Strategic principle 3: Combine top-down (government-led) and bottom-up (community-driven)5.4.4 Strategic principle 4: Build a strategic framework5.4.5 Strategic principle 5: Boost the digital transformation by establishing a smart city accelerator5.4.6 Strategic principle 6: Adopt an integrated intervention logic5.5 Toward a smart-city knowledge platform 161 References

6 Smart city development in North America6.1 The architecture of smart cities6.2 Hypothesis testing with case study research: Phase 26.3 Smart city development in New York City6.3.1 Building Block A: Collaborative environment6.3.2 Building Block B: Strategic framework6.3.3 Building Block C: Network infrastructure6.3.4 Building Block D: ICT services and applications6.4 Extending the generalization 206 6.4.1 Philadelphia, Quebec City, Mexico City and Seattle6.4.2 Camden 208 6.4.3 Kansas City 209 References

7 The social shaping of smart cities7.1 Smart cities and the dynamics of expectations7.2 Separating the hype from reality: Key lessons and recommendations7.2.1 Reframing smart city research7.2.2 Smart cities as complex adaptive systems for urban innovation7.2.3 Strategizing and operationalizing the smart cityReferences